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Tesla Cybertruck

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This article is about the Tesla pickup. For Tesla's semi-trailer tractor-unit truck, see Tesla Semi.

Tesla Cybertruck
Cybertruck
Overview
ManufacturerTesla, Inc.
Production2023–present
AssemblyUnited States: Austin, Texas (Gigafactory Texas)
DesignerFranz von Holzhausen, Sahm Jafari,[1] Ian Kettle, WooTak Kim, Julien Bilodeau[2]
Body and chassis
ClassFull-size pickup truck
Body style4-door crew cab[3]
Layout
Powertrain
Transmission1-speed fixed gear ratio
Battery123 kWh 800 V
50 kWh ? V (range extender)
? kWh 48 V (crank)
Electric range250–340 mi (400–550 km)
440-470+ mi (708-756+ km) (with range extender battery mounted in truck bed)
Plug-in charging350 kW DC[4]
V2L: 9.6 kW
V2H: 11.5 kW
Dimensions
Wheelbase149.9 in (3,810 mm)[5]
Length223.7 in (5,680 mm)[6]
Width80–95 in (2,000–2,400 mm)[6]
Height70.5 in (1,790 mm)[6]
Curb weight
    • AWD: 6,603 lb (2,995 kg)[6]
    • Cyberbeast: 6,843 lb (3,104 kg)[6]

The Tesla Cybertruck is a battery electric full-size pickup truck built by Tesla, Inc. First announced in November 2019, pilot production began in July 2023,[7] with deliveries started on November 30, 2023 after being pushed back multiple times from 2021, 2022, and 2023.[8][9] Three models are offered: 'Cyberbeast', All Wheel Drive, and Rear-Wheel Drive, with EPA range estimates of 320–340 miles (510–550 km), depending on the model.[10]

History

Between the years 2012[11] and 2013, Elon Musk discussed the desire to build a truck with self-levelling suspension, making comparisons with a Ford F-250.[12][13] In early 2014 Musk predicted 4–5 years before work could start on the product.[14]

In mid-2016, Musk outlined the intent for a new kind of consumer pickup truck,[15] and suggested using the same chassis for a van and a pickup truck.[16] In late 2017, the size was estimated to be at least that of a Ford F-150, to be large enough to enable a "game-changing" feature.[17] During the Tesla Semi and Tesla Roadster unveiling in November 2017, a picture of a "pickup truck that can carry a pickup truck" was displayed.[18] Background ideas had been in preparation for nearly five years.[19]

In late 2018, Musk anticipated a prototype to be ready to show in 2019.[20]

In March 2019, following the Tesla Model Y launch, Musk distributed a teaser image of a vehicle described as having a cyberpunk or Blade Runner style,[21] with the form resembling a futuristic armored personnel carrier.[22][23][24] It was rumored to be named the Model B.[25][26][27] On November 6, 2019, Tesla filed for a trademark on "Cybrtrk", which was granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office but was later abandoned on August 10, 2020.[28]

Unveiling

In response to queries for an unveiling date,[29] Musk stated in late July 2019, "We're close, but the magic is in the final details. Maybe 2 to 3 months", indicating late 2019.[30] The unveiling was then scheduled for November 21, 2019, at the Tesla Design Studio, next to SpaceX headquarters in Los Angeles—the same month, year and location that the movie Blade Runner was set.[31][32][33][34][35] The truck was launched under a graffiti-themed logo of "Cybertruck", and a new trademark request was filed with the graffiti logo at the same time.[36]

The concept Tesla Cybertruck was unveiled at the Tesla Design Studio in Los Angeles on November 21, 2019. During the unveiling, Tesla claimed that the Cybertruck's "Armor Glass" windows were virtually unbreakable, but two windows shattered when Franz von Holzhausen threw a metal ball at each of them.[37] Musk jokingly exclaimed that "the ball didn't make it through" and "we'll fix it in post".[38] He later claimed that the windows were damaged because, in an earlier demonstration, the door was hit by a sledgehammer that cracked the base of the glass.[39] The 2019 prototype was equipped with a dual-motor powertrain.[40]

The stated goal of Tesla in developing the Cybertruck is to provide a sustainable energy substitute for the roughly 6,500 fossil-fuel-powered trucks sold per day in the United States.[41][42][43]

At the end of the presentation, the Tesla Cyberquad, an all-terrain vehicle (ATV), was driven onto the bed of the Cybertruck using built-in ramps in the tailgate. The Cyberquad was plugged into the Cybertruck's onboard power outlet to charge the Cyberquad's batteries. The ATV will be available for sale as an optional package with the Cybertruck.[44]

Many social media commentators disliked the sharp contours and unusual exterior.[45] Tesla, Inc. stock declined 6% following the announcement.[46] The prototype later was exhibited at the Petersen Automotive Museum for one week in June 2020,[47] and returned to the Petersen in November 2022 for a Tesla exhibition.[48]

Preorders

Beginning in November 2019, Tesla has accepted Cybertruck pre-orders with a US$100 deposit, and initially offered a 'full self-driving' option for US$7,000.[49][50][needs update] On November 23, 2019, Musk tweeted that Tesla had received 146,000 pre-orders in the first 1.5 days after the unveiling—each requiring a US$100 refundable deposit—with 42% choosing the dual-motor configuration, 41% choosing the tri-motor configuration, and 17% choosing the single-motor configuration.[51][52] Musk updated the number of preorders to a reported 250,000 on November 26.[53]

In January 2020, Automobile Magazine named Cybertruck the "Concept Car of the Year" for 2019.[54] The price of the "full self-driving" option increased to US$8,000 that July, and then US$10,000 in October.[55][56]

In October 2021, Tesla removed the Cybertruck's pricing and specifications from its website without explanation while still accepting deposits.[57] An updated prototype was spotted while undergoing internal testing on Tesla's test track in December 2021. The newer prototype could be distinguished from the original (2019) by the presence of a large windshield wiper and the omission of the truck's front light bar.[58]

At the 2022 Annual Shareholders meeting, in response to a question, Elon Musk stated that final specifications and pricing will be materially different from those unveiled on the concept vehicle in 2019.[59]

In December 2023 the pricing of the Cybertruck was determined as starting at $60,990 USD and would be available in 2025. The "Cyberbeast", the high performance variant and all wheel drive version, are to be sold for an estimated $80,000 - $100,000 USD and available in 2024.[60]

Pilot production

Release Candidate testing in San Mateo, California during October 2023

Franz von Holzhausen drove a pre-production prototype to the Petersen Automotive Museum for an event in late June 2023.[61]

In July 2023, the first Cybertruck was built on the production line at Gigafactory Texas;[62] and Tesla clarified in October that this was pilot production[7] with deliveries slated to begin in late November 2023.

Musk clarified on the July earnings call that it and other early production examples were "release candidates", borrowing a software testing term, which are used for testing and certification.[63] Some of the prototype units were marked with prominent "RC" lettering.[64]

Production

Production-specification Cybertrucks were sent to Tesla showrooms starting in late November 2023; the fit and finish of the displayed vehicles were improved compared to a prototype shown earlier in 2023.[65][66]

Tesla made its first 10 deliveries of the production version of the Cybertruck during an event on November 30, 2023 at Gigafactory Texas.[67] It will be available in three trim lines: single-motor, rear-wheel-drive (RWD, available 2025); dual-motor, all-wheel-drive (AWD, available 2024); and triple-motor, all-wheel-drive ("Cyberbeast", available 2024).[6][68]

Design

Styling

A lineup of preproduction Tesla vehicles, including the 2019 Cybertruck prototype, on display in September 2020

According to Musk, the design of the Cybertruck was inspired by Blade Runner and "Wet Nellie", the Lotus Esprit driven by James Bond in The Spy Who Loved Me, which doubled as a submarine.[69] In June 2019, Musk noted that an amphibious vehicle design concept was possible.[70][71] Musk had bought a Wet Nellie used in the filming at a 2013 Sotheby's auction.[69]

Syd Mead, the artistic director of Blade Runner, called the Cybertruck "stylistically breathtaking" shortly after the unveiling.[72] Frank Stephenson was critical, calling the design "almost repulsive" but tempered his criticism by noting it "has the potential to be extremely beautiful" by softening the hard lines.[73] Automotive designer Adrian Clarke was more unsparing: "The Cybertruck is a low polygon joke that only exists in the fever dreams of Tesla fans that stands high on the smell of Elon Musk’s flatulences".[74] Giorgetto Giugiaro, credited with originating the "origami" car design trend with the Lotus Esprit, BMW M1, and DMC DeLorean, stated in 2023 that "when you step outside the norms, it's almost always seen as a provocation ... the Cybertruck will surely be successful ... I'm convinced it will find its admirers".[75]

Journalist Paul Niedermeyer said he was "blown away", comparing the design to Giugiaro's Maserati Boomerang, as "never has anyone put something so uncompromising into production", adding that "in a world of look-alike cars and trucks, the Cybertruck is a very welcome addition to the streets".[76] Tom Halter wrote the polarizing design could mark the start of a new design trend for pickup trucks, arguing "the paramilitary 'stealth fighter' look of the Cybertruck successfully kicks aside the old urban cowboy look while not compromising the inherent manliness and toughness that attracts buyers to pickups in the first place".[77]

Exterior

Production-spec Cybertruck and Cyberquad in Tesla showroom (Nov 2023)

The Cybertruck uses stressed skin construction,[78][better source needed] which Tesla calls an "exoskeleton";[79][better source needed] this structure is used rather than the body-on-frame construction which is typical of trucks,[80] as a standard vehicle frame would conflict with the under-floor battery pack.[81] At the 2019 unveiling event, Musk likened it to the difference between biplane and monoplane aircraft structures.[80] In its 2021 patent application, Tesla clarified the vehicle still has a frame, but claimed the exterior panels serve to support at least one component, such as a hinge, handle, bolt, motor, or interior trim panel, and also provided side impact protection.[78]

The exterior stainless steel sheet-metal is said to be bullet-resistant.[82] It uses unusually thick 3 mm (1⁄8 in) 30x-series cold-rolled stainless steel body panels, which cannot be stamped like conventional automobile parts, but instead are laser-cut and then bent along straight lines,[83][84] resulting in a very distinctive faceted design which has been called "low-poly" or likened to origami.[85] It uses the same stainless steel alloy that SpaceX (owned by Musk) uses on their Starship rocket, because it distributes stress more evenly and allows for more interior volume.[86] Earlier design concepts for Cybertruck had proposed titanium outer panels, but this was later switched to stainless steel for additional strength,[87] using an alloy that was developed by Tesla[88] in partnership with Aperam.[84]

Powertrain

The powertrain for the rear-wheel drive version is expected[clarification needed] to have a single induction motor. The dual motor AWD version adds a permanent magnet motor in front.[83] The tri-motor "Cyberbeast" trim is equipped with a single motor for the front axle, driving both wheels through a electromechanically-locking differential with a maximum output of 300 hp (220 kW); the rear wheels are each individually driven by a motor, and the maximum combined output is 845 hp (630 kW) in "Beast Mode".[6]

After Tesla removed the initial Cybertruck specifications from its website in 2021,[57] powertrain details were not available until Tesla filed a VIN decoding document with the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in 2023, which showed Tesla intends to initially offer dual- and tri-motor drivetrain options;[59] the single-motor version will not be available at launch.[89]

Cybertruck model specifications[6][68][90][91]
Model Range (EPA est.) Range with Range Extender battery pack (EPA est.) 0 to 60 mph Output Wheel torque Top speed Payload Towing capacity Availability
Rear-wheel drive 250 mi (400 km) ? 6.5 sec. ? ? 112 mph (180 km/h) ? 7,500 lb (3,400 kg) 2025
Dual-motor AWD 340 mi (550 km) 470 mi (760 km) or more 4.1 sec. 600 hp (450 kW; 610 PS) 7,435 lb⋅ft (10,081 N⋅m) 112 mph (180 km/h) 2,500 lb (1,100 kg) 11,000 lb (5,000 kg) 2024
Tri-motor AWD "Cyberbeast" 320 mi (510 km) 440 mi (710 km) or more 2.6 sec. (with rollout subtracted) 845 hp (630 kW; 857 PS) 10,296 lb⋅ft (13,960 N⋅m) 130 mph (210 km/h) 2024

Suspension and chassis

The truck was planned to have self-leveling suspension which can compensate for variable load and some models were to be all-wheel drive.[82] Elon Musk proposed in April 2020 the dynamic air suspension travel of the Cybertruck could be increased for better off-road performance.[92][93][94][95] As an off-road vehicle, up to 17 inches (43 cm) of ground clearance is provided[96], with a 35 degree approach angle, and 28 degree departure angle.[41]

The gross vehicle weight rating ranges from 8,001 to 10,000 lb (3,629 to 4,536 kg), depending on powertrain configuration.[59]

In mid-2019, the towing capacity of the vehicle was stated to meet or exceed that of a Ford F-150.[97] Tesla released a video of Cybertruck pulling a rear-wheel-drive Ford F-150 uphill in a tug of war shortly after unveiling the prototype in November 2019.[98] Several news outlets pointed out this was simply due to the Cybertruck's heavier weight.[99][100]

After announcing that rear-wheel steering would be included with the Cybertruck in 2021,[101] a prototype demonstrating that feature was shown at the April 2022 "Cyber Rodeo" event;[102] subsequently, at least one pre-production prototype has been spotted with rear-wheel steering while undergoing road testing in 2023.[61][103]

Range

Tesla stated in 2019 that they expected the EPA range of the Cybertruck to be from 250–500 miles (400–800 km), depending on configuration selections.[104] In 2019, Musk claimed there would be a solar roof option which could add 15 miles (24 km) of range per day.[105]

During the launch event on November 30, 2023, Tesla announced the estimated range of the three planned models (single, dual, and tri-motor) was 250–340 mi (400–550 km).[68] The dual-motor and tri-motor configurations can be ordered with an additional "range extender" battery, that is taking about 1/3 of the bed to increase range by 120–130 mi (190–210 km). According to Elon Musk, it is intended for very long trips or towing heavy things up mountains. Details on installation, charging or cost for purchase or rental have not yet been released.[106]

Interior

Interior view, 2019 prototype

The interior of the prototype unveiled on November 21, 2019, included a 17-inch center display, seating for 6 using two bench seats with the front middle seat being a fold-down center arm rest, a digital rear-view camera based mirror, a race car style steering yoke, and a dashboard with a surface resembling marble.[107]

The "marble look" dashboard of the unveil prototype vehicle was a paper composite material made from "paper, wood-based fibers, natural wood pigments and non-petroleum based resins."[108]

In April 2022 Elon Musk drove the new prototype of the Cybertruck onstage at the Cyber Rodeo Event in Texas, where he revealed a new detail – no door handles. Musk said that the truck can sense your approach and "just knows that it needs to open the doors."[109]

Bed (vault)

Rear view, 2019 prototype

Preliminary specifications indicate the Cybertruck is planned to be offered with one bed, similar in size to a conventional pickup truck bed, 6.5 feet (2.0 m) long. It has a planned integral motorized roller shutter style tonneau cover to improve the aerodynamics of the vehicle. Tesla terms this 100-cubic-foot (2.8 m3) enclosed space "the vault," because of the additional security the company says it provides.[41] The 2019 prototype had vertical internal walls, while pre-production models photographed in 2023 have sloped side walls.[110]

Features of the vault include LED light strips along each side, an additional under-floor storage space behind the rear wheels, 120 and 240 V AC outlets,[21] and a compressed air outlet for pneumatic tools.[82][111] A pre-production prototype demonstrated a power tailgate, remotely controlled from the cabin, in June 2023.[61]

For the 2019 prototype, an article claimed the rear middle seat would fold down to allow long cargo to extend into the cab, similar to the Chevrolet Avalanche.[111] However, the displayed prototype lacked any corresponding opening in the front of the bed.[48][112] An updated prototype shown in 2022 reportedly has changed this feature to a retractable rear window, a feature found on many modern pickup trucks.[113]

Autonomous driving

All vehicles are also planned to come with Tesla Autopilot, and they are planned to have the hardware capabilities for fully autonomous operation.[82] Similar to other Tesla models, the Cybertruck can be pre-ordered with Full Self-Driving software upgrade, adding an additional US$10,000 to the price of the configuration.[41][114][needs update]

Vehicle-provided power

Cybertruck offers up to 9.6 kW of vehicle-to-load (V2L) continuous AC power through four 120 V 20 A outlets plus a single 240 V NEMA 14-50 outlet in the bed and cabin. In addition, Cybertruck supports up to 11.5 kW bidirectional charging with vehicle-to-home (V2H), or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), per emerging AC charging standards.[115]

Production

Cybertruck prototype on display at the Petersen Automotive Museum

As of November 2019, The Tesla Cybertruck production was slated to start in late 2021 and expand to offer more configurations in 2022.[116] By July 22, 2020, Tesla had chosen its Gigafactory Texas in Austin, Texas for the production of the Cybertruck and Model Y.[117] The factory will reportedly be open to the public and will include a boardwalk near the Colorado River, hiking trails, and biking trails.[118]

By March 2021 a Giga Press die casting machine capable of 8,000-tonne-force (80,000 kN; 20,000,000 lbf) had been ordered for production of the Cybertruck rear chassis casting.[119][120]

On August 9, 2021, the production of the Cybertruck was delayed to 2022 according to Tesla's website.[121] In January 2022, the production was further delayed into early 2023[9] and then again to end of 2023, two years after the initial production target date.[122][123]

Safety concerns

The Cybertruck's design has received criticism from automotive safety groups, including the Australasian New Car Assessment Program and the Euro NCAP, for not conforming to standards for pedestrian and cyclist safety. In its December 2019 form, the truck would likely not be street-legal in either Australia or the European Union.[124] Particular concerns highlighted by these two bodies include the high stiffness of the "exoskeleton" exterior resulting in a lack of crumple zones, as well as the tall, flat front of the truck, which could increase the severity of leg injuries for pedestrians.[125]

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