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List of banned films

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For nearly the entire history of film production, certain films have been either boycotted by political and religious groups or literally banned by a regime for political or moral reasons. Paradoxically, banning a movie often completely fails to achieve its intention of preventing a movie from being seen—the publicity given worldwide to banned films often results in it being given attention it might not otherwise receive.

With the advent of the Internet, the ability of groups or governments to ban a film is hindered. High-speed Internet access and better file compression give more people access to digital copies of movies that might not be available for viewing in cinemas.

Banning versus censoring

Many governments have commissions to censor and/or rate productions for film and television exhibition. From a government standpoint, the censoring of films is more effective than banning, because it limits the scope of potentially dangerous or subversive cinema without overtly limiting freedom of speech.

In the United States, there has never been national censorship. However, currently the motion picture industry maintains the MPAA Ratings, which are issued to individual films submitted to the MPAA as a means of identifying those with content the board considers not suitable for children and/or teenagers. The MPAA system is purely voluntary, for both movie makers and theaters. However, almost all theaters in the U.S. use the MPAA system, and many will refuse to show films which are unrated. From 1930 to 1964 film censorship boards did exist on state and/or local levels in some venues in the USA. The MPAA attempted to satisfy requirements of these disparate boards by creating films the Motion Picture Production Code in the late 1920s, another voluntary system designed and implemented by the MPAA. Films were either approved or not under the Code, and those that were generally had little or no problems passing muster with state or local censors.

Also, it is common for filmmakers to claim that their movie is banned when, in fact, the movies aren't banned but unable to find distributors. This is a common practice for both independent and foreign films. A recent example of this is the Toei Company's Battle Royale, a Japanese movie that has been unable to find distribution within the US because the Toei Company has demanded an unusually high distribution price with additional demands for its release.[1] If a movie is not distributed because of economic reasons, it cannot truly be considered a banned movie.

Timeline

Afghanistan

Argentina

Australia

Australia's OFLC (Office of Film and Literature Classification) is responsible for much of the censorship, however each state and territory is free to make additional legislation. See also Censorship in Australia.

In practice, films still get a short cinematic run before they are reviewed & prevented from being shown at cinemas or released on DVD, but broadband Internet access allows people who want to watch such films to do so.

Year Name Reason
1907 The Story of the Kelly Gang Banned in Benalla and Wangaratta due to bushranger content.
1911 The Story of the Kelly Gang Banned in Adelaide due to bushranger content.
1912 The Story of the Kelly Gang Banned in New South Wales due to bushranger content.
1928 - 1941 Dawn, Klondike Annie (starring Mae West), Applause (it contained chorus girls), Compulsory Hands, Cape Forlorn, The Ladies Man (sexual overtones), White Cargo (interracial theme), The Five Year Plan (discussed communism), All Quiet on the Western Front, Gang Bullets, Each Dawn I Die, Hell's Kitchen (three US gangster films), The King and the Chorus Girl, The Birth of a Baby ("not in the public interest"), The Green Pastures, Susan and God (blasphemy), Reefer Madness and Of Mice and Men (sex and violence in combination). Banned due to content (see left)
1942 The Monster and the Girl, The Man With Two Lives, Invisible Ghost, and King Kong, Frankenstein, Dracula plus their respective sequels Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty.


  • 1964 - 1970: R. J. Prowse is appointed Chief Censor and Campbell goes into the Appeals Board. During the liberal 1960s many more films were being banned including The Miracle, Viridiana, La Dolce Vita, Satyricon, The Silence, Blowup and Zabriskie Point.
  • 1971: Customs Minister Don Chipp begins the development of a new classification system which includes the much-needed R18+ rating for adult content, meaning movies that were once banned are gradually released.
  • 1972: Pink Flamingos was banned until 1984, when it is passed with an X18+ rating. Soon after the X18+ guidelines were amended and the film was effectively banned again. In 1997, the 25th anniversary of its release, the uncut version of the film was refused classification.[3]
  • 1975: Under pressure from Western conservatives, the OFLC viewed the arthouse Belgian film Vase de Noces (also known as Wedding Trough) and banned it from being played at the Perth International Film Festival (before this, film festivals were not held by restrictions of the censors). In a controversial move, the board lifted the ban on appeal, and the film was allowed to be screened.
  • 1976: Pasolini's Salò o le 120 giornate di Sodoma is banned. Vase de Noces is re-banned, and it remains banned to this day.
  • 1982: Four years after its 1978 international premiere a censored version of I Spit on Your Grave is released with an R18+ classification.
  • 1984: A governmental conference is held, resulting in the X18+ rating being introduced to cope with the upsurge in hardcore pornographic films, and the later abolition of X18+ rated material in most Australian states (ownership of hardcore porn remains legal). Cannibal Holocaust, an extremely graphic cannibal film by director Ruggero Deodato, was banned until 2005.
  • 1986: Lucker the Necrophagous is banned due to its graphic necrophilia content.
  • 1986 - 2006: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 was banned in Australia for 20 years. The original uncut version that was issued on video to retailers throughout Australia was done so illegally by a duplicating house and without the knowledge of the OFLC. When word leaked amidst the video industry, a number of retailers were raided for possessing infringing copies. The duplicating house was similarly raided by Federal Customs. The film was finally passed for official release in Australia on November 30, 2006.
  • 1987: I Spit on Your Grave survives an appeal to have the film banned.
  • 1990: Gail Malone is fired and the Queensland Film Board of Review is disbanded when the new Labor Premier Wayne Goss is outraged that the Board had banned an edited version of Bad Taste after a three-week run in cinemas (the South Australian Classification Council cut it by a further 4 min 30 sec for an M rating). It is later released uncut on DVD. A Nightmare on Elm Street 3: Dream Warriors was also banned for a brief period, but later released on VHS and DVD.
  • 1992: The Chinese gore film Dr. Lamb, previously banned, is released with 9 m 30s cut. Nekromantik, its sequel Nekromantik 2 and Joe D'Amato's Buio Omega are banned for necrophilia content, The Beast in Heat is banned for excessive sexual violence and Final Exit are banned for controversial themes after customs confiscations.
  • 1993: The ban on Pasolini's Salò is lifted. The MA15+ classification is introduced.
  • 1995: Twelve queer films are banned from Tasmania's Queer film festival, including Spikes and Heels, Coming Out Under Fire, What a Lesbian Looks Like, Mad About the Boy, 21st century Nuns and Sex Fish. [2]
  • 1996: The Frighteners was banned in Tasmania because of sensitivity of the nature of the recent Port Arthur massacre (including a similar appearance of the film's antagonist and the gunman, Martin Bryant). The film has been since been televised and as released on VHS and DVD without problems.
  • 1997: Pasolini's Salò is re-banned, a ban still in force. I Spit on Your Grave is banned.
  • 2000: Romance is banned, but is later passed on appeal by the OFLC with an R18+ rating.
  • 2002: Baise-moi is banned after initially being passed with an R18+ rating.
  • 2003: Ken Park is banned, and NSW police close down a planned screening of the film.
  • 2005: Wolf Creek was temporarily banned in the Northern Territory to avoid influence during the trial of Bradley John Murdoch for murder. It was re-released in the Northern Territory in January 2006.[3] The OFLC unbanned a number of previously banned films including Cannibal Holocaust and The New York Ripper after a lengthy review. The South Australian Classification Council upgrades the classification of 9 Songs from R18+ to X18+, effectively banning it in South Australia (it remains R18+ in the rest of the country).
  • 2007: The ban on I Spit on Your Grave is lifted and the film is released uncensored with an R18+ classification.

Brazil

  • Di Cavalcanti (1977) was banned outright.
  • Beyond Citizen Kane (1993) this movie was censured due to several law suits from the media giant TV Globo and it is still not freely available to the public.

Burma

Main article: Censorship in Burma

Bhutan

(*)=Banned Outright

Canada

Prior to the late 1980s and early 1990s, all Canadian provinces banned films with no purpose other than the display of explicit sexuality or excessive violence.

At present, only films containing prohibited material (such as child pornography) or under court order (such as libel or copyright infringement) are banned in Canadian Provinces.

Cambodia

  • 2005: Human or Ghost, for containing excessive sexual content.
  • 2008: The Red Sense, for its Khmer Rouge topical material.

China

Because only 20 imported films are granted permission to screen each year in China, only blockbuster or widely known films are listed. It may be noted that many films which do not arrive in theatres nonetheless become widely available as pirated DVD editions, thus making the term "banned" somewhat inaccurate.


See also: Censorship in the People's Republic of China, Film

Denmark

Egypt

Finland

Other films banned in Finland include:

France

NB : Paths of Glory was never banned but not distributed by United Artists, fearing reactions and boycotting from army supporters, or simply by commercial cowardice. The movie saw its first French release in 1975, meating public acclaim.[citation needed]

Germany

The following list does not include many of the numerous other movies banned in Nazi Germany for political reasons; similarly, it does not include any of those banned in the German Democratic Republic.

Year Name Reason
1919 Different from the Others Banned due to homosexual themes[4]
1933 - 1945 Bronenosets Potyomkin (Battleship Potemkin) Banned during the period of the Third Reich
1936 - 1945 The Bohemian Girl This Laurel & Hardy film was banned during the period of the Third Reich because of its gypsy theme.
1939 - 1945 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington Banned due to political content, according to Capra's autobiography The Name Above The Title.
1940s - 1998 The Great Dictator Banned during Hitler's regime in Germany due to satirical depictions of the dictator.
1945 Triumph of the Will Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty. Nowadays only allowed to be shown in critical context, e.g. with introductory remarks.
1974 Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty. Also banned in Australia, Norway and the UK.
1983 Maniac Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. First ban of a video tape in Germany.
1984 § 131 StGB, the act against violent media is reformed. In the following time there were many films banned because of violent contents. All these films are still banned.
1984 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1985 The Evil Dead Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1985 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Banned by a Munich court due to high impact scary violence and cruelty.
1988 Friday the 13th Part III and Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (heavily cut) Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty.
1991 Dawn of the Dead (including edited versions) Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty.
2000 Braindead Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.
2003 After an 18 year old pupil run amok in a German school and killed 17 people with a handgun before shooting himself, the § 131 StGB was reformed again.
2004 Blood Feast Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty.
2006 Spielen wir Liebe Banned due to child pornography.


Greece

Hungary

  • 1948 - Ének a búzamezőkről (Song of the Wheat Fields): banned for political reasons
  • 1956 - Keserű igazság (Bitter Truth) and Az eltüsszentett birodalom: both banned for political reasons
  • 1957 - A nagyrozsdási eset: banned for political reasons.
  • 1969 - A tanú (The Witness): banned for political reasons.
  • 1974 - Bástyasétány '74: banned for political reasons.
  • 1983 - Álombrigád (Dream Brigade): banned for political reasons.


Iceland

Year Name Reason
1979 - 2005 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned due to offensive jokes to religious people. A censored version was later released.
1984 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty.
1985 - 1999 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.


India

  • 1970 - Kissa Kursi Ka was banned for political reasons.
  • 1984 - Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom was banned for its "racist portrayal of Indians and overt imperialistic tendencies".[7] For example, the film shows chilled monkey brains are served as a dessert in India, which in reality, contradicts the reverence Hindus have towards monkeys due to mythological character Hanuman in the epic Ramayana.
  • 1991 - Kutrapathirikkai was banned for 15 years for portraying the events that followed after Rajiv Gandhi's death. Was proclaimed to be a pro-LTTE film, justifying LTTE's activities. However, film was censored and released in 2007 after cuts on a large number of scenes.
  • 1996 - Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love (cut version available)
  • 1996 - Fire On its opening day in India, some movie theaters were attacked by Hindu fundamentalists, and the movie was eventually banned for religious insensitivity. The film was banned in Pakistan for the lesbian relationship that the movie plays around.

Iran

Note: any film depicting homosexuality, gay rights, or anti-Islamic attitudes is banned outright in Iran.

Iraq

Ireland

Due to the small size of the country, films banned by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) are rarely even submitted for release in Ireland, due to the high costs of promotion and distribution for such a small area. Similarly, BBFC cuts are often left in DVD releases due to the difficulties in separating the two supplies.

Banned movies can still be viewed at private members clubs with 18+ age limits.

Israel

The government has media censorship based on British emergency regulations from 1948 stating that applies to domestic media, foreign newspapers and wire service transmissions from or through Israel. The Israeli Military Censor has the power to turn off a broadcaster, stop information and arrest journalists, however these extreme measures have been rarely used. The Israeli Film Ratings Board has banned a few films containing obscene or racist material, or incitement to violence; for "expressing support for illegal or terrorist organizations" or questioning the government's actions against terrorists. An example is the 2002 film Jenin, Jenin, in which survivors of the Battle of Jenin were interviewed. The ban was lifted by the country's Supreme Court in August 2005. [8]

Italy

Although there is a censorship board run by the government and in which one member is drawn from the Roman Catholic Church, very few movies are not certified for release. Notably, Lion of the Desert, starring Anthony Quinn and concerning the Libyan revolution against Italy, and a few other films concerning Italian war crimes during its brief colonial history were banned for a time during the post-Benito Mussolini period. Almost all Pasolini's movies, including Salo: 120 Days of Sodom (1975), were banned for a while but then released. Luc Besson's film The Big Blue was banned for 14 years because Enzo Maiorca felt that it inaccurately portrayed him and his rivalry with Jacques Mayol. Last Tango in Paris was banned for some time as well. Another Italian film, Cannibal Holocaust, was banned in Italy from 1980-1984. It was banned on the belief that the actors were actually killed for the movie (i.e. that it was an actual snuff film). When this was proven false, it was banned by an animal cruelty law (the film features the actual slayings of many animals), until the verdict was overturned in 1984. Also banned under Mussolini was the film adaptations of Ayn Rand's novel We the Living, titled Noi vivi and Addio, Kira.

Japan

Despite Japan's strict censorship policy on nudity (see Pornography in Japan), very few films are banned there.

Those that are banned are usually put under self imposed studio bans by the companies that produced them.

The film was never released on laserdisc or DVD, even though there were several home video releases and to this day the only way to see it is through its heavily edited US version.

  • 1958: Varan the Unbelievable was put under a self imposed studio ban by Toho for some of the same reasons that Half Human was but was finally released in the 1980s on VHS and laserdisc (with a few lines of reportedly racist dialogue removed from the film).
  • 1969: Teruo Ishii's exploitation flick Horrors of Malformed Men‎ was put under a studio ban by Toei due to the film's numerous offensive elements.

These days, with the film currently unavailable in any format in Japan or the West, the only way to see it is through the occasional screening.

  • 1974: Toho placed yet another one of their films under a self imposed ban, this time Prophecies of Nostradamus, an apocalyptic disaster film after a group of hibakusha, or Hiroshima survivors, saw the film and were highly offended by sequences showing a research party being attacked by radioactive cannibals and a pair of horribly deformed post-apocalyptic mutants fighting over a worm. After airing the film uncut on television in 1980, Toho withdrew the film from circulation entirely. Toho attempted releasing this film onto VHS in the late 1980s but was stopped due to protests. The only way to see the film is through the film's US version The Last Days of Planet Earth or through a grey market copy of the uncut version containing the time code at the top of the screen.

There was also a banning on extreme cruelty to animals. And the ones were about this film:

Kuwait

Malaysia

Morocco

The Netherlands

  • 1932: Scram On its initial cinematic release in the Netherlands this Laurel & Hardy film was banned by christian moral watchdogs who claimed the scene where the duo sat on a bed with a woman whom they weren't married to was "indecent". Today the film isn't banned anymore in the country. (Source: Thomas Leeflang's book "Laurel & Hardy Compleet".)

New Zealand

Norway

Year Name Reason
1964 - 1971 491 Banned due to homosexual themes. A censored version was later released.
1980 - 2008 Friday the 13th Banned due for high impact violence and extreme cruelty/torture. A censored version is later released.
1980 - 2006 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned due to offensive jokes to religious people. A censored version is later released.
1984 - 2005 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1998 Kite Banned due to high impact violence, cruelty and child pornography. A censored version was later released.


Oman

Pakistan

Poland

  • 1982-1987 Blind Chance, like many of Kieslowski's films, it was banned for politically sensitive themes
  • 1997 -Witajcie w życiu (Welcome to the life), a documentary film by Henryk Dederko about Amway in Poland was banned after the Polish office of the Amway Corporation managed to get a court ban on the movie because they claimed it was libelous.

Portugal

  • 1970: Catch-22 was banned until 1974 for the scene showing Capt. Yossarian naked in a tree.

Romania

Russia

Samoa

Singapore

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Soviet Union

South Korea

Bans made prior to 1980 have all been lifted.

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sweden

Year Name Reason
1922 - 1972 Nosferatu Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty. A censored version was later released.
1981 Mad Max Banned due to high impact violence and cruelty.
1984 - 1999 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to high impact violence and animal cruelty. A censored version has since been classified "15". However, bootleg copies for the uncut version are available.
1997 Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation Banned due to high impact scary violence and cruelty[8].


Switzerland

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia

  • 2007: 300 was banned.

Turkey

  • 1922-2006: Nosferatu from the 1920s was banned due to its portrayal of extreme blood and gore. Banned Outright
  • 1972-2000: Pink Flamingos was banned for extreme nudity not used for Turkey. Screened Without Permission
  • 1984: Cannibal Holocaust was officially banned due to the killing of the animals. Banned Outright

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

  • 1932: Freaks is rejected by British censors and banned. Available from 1963
  • 1952: Freaks is again rejected for a cinema rating certificate. Available from 1963
  • 1954: The Wild One was banned from distribution in the United Kingdom until 1967. Now available
  • 1960: La maschera del demonio was banned until 1968 due to its violent content.
  • 1963: Freaks is finally passed with an X rating.
  • 1968: Roger Corman's film The Trip was banned due to glorification of LSD. It is later unbanned but not released in Britain until the mid-1990s.
  • 1972: The Last House on the Left was banned by the BBFC until 2002 and not passed uncut until 2008
  • 1973 A Clockwork Orange was banned, two years after its release, by its own director Stanley Kubrick, because of the copy cat violence inspired by the film. It was not allowed to be shown again in the United Kingdom until after his death. Throughout the decades the film acquired a mythical status in the country until Kubrick died in 1999 and the ban was finally lifted.
  • 1974: The Texas Chain Saw Massacre was passed uncut in 1999.
  • 1975: Umberto Lenzi's Il paese del sesso selvaggio is banned.
  • 1981: Ruggero Deodato's La casa sperduta nel parco (The House on the Edge of the Park) is banned until 2002.
  • 1984: The infamous video nasty list is created to protect against obscenity. Films on this list were banned and distributors of said films were viable to be prosecuted (some of the films were banned before this list was made). This list banned 74 films at one point in the mid-1980s, but the list was eventually trimmed down when only 39 films were successfully prosecuted. Most of the films (even of the 39 successfully prosecuted) have now been approved by the BBFC either cut or uncut (see Video Recordings Act 1984).

For a list of films included in the list, see Video nasty

United States

Films are usually not banned today in the United States, as the section on freedom of speech in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution is usually enforced. Decades ago, however, obscenity was a valid reason for a film to be banned in certain cities across the nation.

Theoretically, free speech in the U.S. can also be limited if it might cause a clear and present danger of an imminent lawless action, or constitutes a copyright violation.

Vatican City

Vietnam

Yemen

Zimbabwe

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Battle Royale (2000) FAQ: Is the movie really banned in America?". Battleroyalefilm.net. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  2. ^ Sterritt, David (2003). The Films Of Jean-Luc Godard (Cambridge Film Classics). Cambridge University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0521589711.
  3. ^ [hhttp://refused-classification.com/Films_pinkflamingos.htm "Pink Flamingos"]. refused-classification.com. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  4. ^ "China gives bald pirate the chop". Associated Press. 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2006-06-15.
  5. ^ Milne, Tom (1986). "Commentary". Godard on Godard: Critical Writings by Jean-Luc Godard. Da Capo Press. p. 267. ISBN 0306802597.
  6. ^ Milne, Tom (1998). "Jean-Luc Godard and Vivre sa vie". Jean-Luc Godard: Interviews (Interviews With Filmmakers Series). University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1578060818.
  7. ^ "Trivia for Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-01-14.
  8. ^ Israeli Theater Gets A Censor-Free Run
  9. ^ "Mad Max, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  10. ^ "Mad Max, VHS, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  11. ^ "Puni Puni Poemy, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  12. ^ "Bumfights: Cause for Concern, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  13. ^ "Bumfights 2: Bumlife, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  14. ^ "Cannibal Holocaust, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  15. ^ "Hostel Part II, OFLC decision". Office of Film and Literature Classification, New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
  16. ^ http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=akkVr2mB7XV8&refer=europe
  17. ^ http://www.dighkmovies.com/v2/102/102a.html
  18. ^ "Singapore censor passes Brokeback". BBC News. 2006-02-15. Retrieved 2007-03-04.
  19. ^ "A Korean master: Kim Ki-Young retrospective at the French 'Cinematheque'". koreasociety.org. Retrieved 2008-01-28. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ The Chosun Ilbo (April 11, 2005) - アニメ『火垂るの墓』今年公開が取り消しに "Because the Japanese was described as a victim of the World War II" [1]
  21. ^ Dias, Wije (2006-05-30). "Sri Lankan government bans local film Aksharaya (Letter of Fire)". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 2007-03-03.
  22. ^ "วธ.แบนหนังมะกัน Zack and Miri Make a Porno ชี้เนื้อหาสอนเยาวชนทำหนังโป๊". Manager Online. 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2009-04-27. Template:Th icon
  23. ^ a b c d e f Kick, Russ (2004). The Disinformation Book Of Lists. The Disinformation Company. List 68: "16 Movies Banned in the U.S.", Page 238. ISBN 0972952942. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "JERSEY JUDGE SEES 'THE MOON IS BLUE'; Superior Court Jurist Says He Will Give Decision Today on Film Seized as 'Indecent'", The New York Times, p. 33, October 16, 1953
  25. ^ Purves, Libby (2007-10-26). "The Blasphemy Collection". The Times. Retrieved 2007-11-01. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ http://www.michigandaily.com/content/controversial-film-sisters-hits-dvd
  27. ^ http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/35582
  28. ^ http://www.vietquoc.com/news2002/na092102.htm
  29. ^ http://www.vietquoc.com/news2002/na092102.htm

Further reading

  • Forbidden Films: Censorship Histories of 125 Motion Pictures by Dawn Sova ISBN 0-8160-4336-1
  • Behind The Mask of Innocence: Sex, Violence, Crime: Films of Social Conscience in the Silent Era by Kevin Brownlow, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992). Contains considerable information about film censorship in pre-1930 America, and discusses banned silent films in great detail.
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