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List of territorial disputes

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 203.217.59.87 (talk) at 11:21, 22 August 2009 (→‎In Asia and the Pacific: not true). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

This is a list of extant territorial disputes around the world. Bold indicates one claimant's full control; italics, one or more claimants' partial control;

Disputes involving states that recognize each other

In Africa and neighbouring seas

Territory Claimants Notes
Bassas da India, Europa Island and Juan de Nova  France
 Madagascar[1]
Badme  Ethiopia
 Eritrea[1]
Bakassi  Cameroon
 Nigeria
This area was handed over by Nigeria to Cameroon following an International Court of Justice ruling, but the Senate of Nigeria has decreed that in their opinion the handover of territory was illegal.
Banc du Geyser  Madagascar
 Comoros
 France
Béchar  Algeria
 Morocco
Bir Tawil  Egypt
 Sudan
de facto No man's land
Bure  Ethiopia
 Eritrea[2]
Caprivi Strip boundary tripoints/quadripoint  Botswana
 Namibia
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe
Ceuta[3]  Spain
 Morocco
Chagos Archipelago  United Kingdom
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
United Kingdom claims as part of British Indian Ocean Territory
Chirac pastures  Morocco
 Algeria[4]
part of Gicumbi District, North Province  Rwanda
 Uganda
Glorioso Islands  France
 Madagascar
 Seychelles
 Comoros
Hala'ib Triangle  Egypt
 Sudan[5]
Isla Perejil  Spain
 Morocco
Islas Chafarinas  Spain
 Morocco
Ilemi Triangle  Kenya
 Sudan
part of Kabale District  Uganda
 Rwanda
Kangawane Swazi homelands in parts of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal  South Africa
 Eswatini
Kariba Power Station and Sindabezi Island  Zambia
 Zimbabwe[citation needed]
Kasikili/Sedudu  Botswana
 Namibia[6]
Part of the Katemba region  Angola
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Koualou village  Burkina Faso
 Benin
Lete Island, Tondi Kwara Barou and neighbouring islands  Benin
 Niger
Adjudicated by the International Court of Justice in 2005 in favour of Niger.
Area near Logoba/Moyo District  Sudan
 Uganda
Lunchinda-Pweto province  Zambia
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mayotte  France
 Comoros[1]
Mbañie Island, Cocotiers, and Congas Island  Gabon
 Equatorial Guinea[7]
islands in Mbamba Bay, Lake Nyasa  Tanzania
 Malawi
Melilla[3]  Spain
 Morocco
Migingo Island, and also the islands of Lolwe, Oyasi, Remba, Ringiti and Sigulu, Lake Victoria  Uganda
 Kenya
several islands in the River Ntem  Cameroon
 Equatorial Guinea
several villages near the Okpara River  Benin
 Niger
Peñón de Alhucemas  Spain
 Morocco
Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera  Spain
 Morocco
Ras Doumeira and Doumeira Island  Djibouti
 Eritrea
Rukwanzi Island and the Semliki River valley  Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Uganda
the Rufunzo Valley and Sabererwa  Rwanda
 Burundi
Exclusive Economic Zone surrounding the Savage Islands  Portugal
 Spain
South East Algeria  Algeria
 Libya
Tindouf  Algeria
 Morocco
Tromelin  France
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
Tsorona-Zalambessa  Ethiopia
 Eritrea [2]
Wadi Haifa Salient  Egypt
 Sudan
Yenga (border hamlet), and left bank of the Makona and Moa rivers  Sierra Leone
 Guinea

In the Americas

Territory Claimants Notes
Ankoko Island/Isla de Anacoco  Venezuela
 Guyana
Arroyo de la Invernada or Rincón de Artigas and Albornoz Village  Brazil
 Uruguay
Southern half of Belize  Belize
 Guatemala
Guatemala formerly claiming all Belize.
Bajo Nuevo Bank (Petrel Islands)  Colombia
 United States
 Jamaica
 Honduras
Honduras does not actively pursue its claim.
Conejo Island  Honduras
 El Salvador
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)[1]  United Kingdom
 Argentina
Argentina invaded the Falklands, resulting in the Falklands War
French Guiana west of the Marouini River  France
 Suriname
Guantánamo Bay[1]  United States
 Cuba
The United States is the territory's lease-holder, but Cuba retains de jure sovereignty.
Guaira Falls/Sete Quedas  Brazil
 Paraguay
Guyana east of the Upper Courantyne River  Guyana
 Suriname
Guyana west of the Essequibo River (Guayana Esequiba)  Guyana
 Venezuela
Hans Island  Canada
 Denmark
Denmark claims the island as part of Greenland.
Isla Aves (Bird Island)  Venezuela
 Dominica
Isla Brasilera/Ilha Brasileira  Brazil
 Uruguay
 Argentina
Argentina only claims the surrounding waters.
Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-mirim  Bolivia
 Brazil
Los Monjes archipelago[1]  Venezuela
 Colombia
Area near Mejito De La Cruz  Costa Rica
 Nicaragua
Navassa Island[1]  United States
 Haiti
Dormant claims:
 Cuba
 Colombia
 Jamaica
 Mexico
 Honduras
Quita Sueño Bank  Colombia
 Nicaragua
Pacific Ocean Sea border  Chile
 Peru
This arguably covers 19,000-35,000 square metres of land near border marker number one.
Land around the Rio San Juan [disambiguation needed]
(approximately 300 square kilometres)
 Costa Rica
 Nicaragua
San Andrés and Providencia  Colombia
 Nicaragua
Honduras de facto recognizes Colombian claim.
Sapodilla Cays  Belize
 Guatemala
 Honduras
Guatemala formerly claiming all Belize.
Serranilla Bank  Colombia
 United States
 Nicaragua
 Honduras
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[1]  United Kingdom
 Argentina
Including Shag Rocks.
Southern Patagonian Ice Field between Mount Fitzroy and Cerro Daudet  Argentina
 Chile
Parts of the border still officially undefined.

Territory disputed between Canada and the United States

Main article: List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States

Territory Canada Canadian Claimant United States American Claimant
Machias Seal Island New Brunswick New Brunswick Maine Maine
North Rock New Brunswick New Brunswick Maine Maine
Strait of Juan de Fuca British Columbia British Columbia Washington (state) Washington
Dixon Entrance British Columbia British Columbia Alaska Alaska
Portland Canal British Columbia British Columbia Alaska Alaska
Beaufort Sea Yukon Yukon Alaska Alaska
Northwest Passage and some other Arctic waters Canadian territorial waters U.S. claims navigation rights

In Asia and the Pacific

Territory Claimants Notes
Aasal, Al-Qaa, Al-Qasr, Deir Al-Aashayer, Kfar Kouq and Tufail  Lebanon
 Syria
Abu Musa  Iran
 United Arab Emirates
Aksai Chin  People's Republic of China
 India
[1]
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Northern part of the Baekdu Mountain  People's Republic of China
 South Korea
Territory's Chinese name is Changbai Mountain
Not claimed by the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The DPRK has recognized the northern part of the Baekdu Mountain as territory of the PRC in 1962.
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Bhutanese enclaves in Tibet, namely Cherkip Gompa, Dho, Dungmar, Gesur, Gezon, Itse Gompa, Khochar, Nyanri, Ringung, Sanmar, Tarchen and Zuthulphuk  People's Republic of China
 Bhutan
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Boraibari  Bangladesh
 India
Boraibari falls under the adverse possession category with the map suggesting that it should be within India but it was being controlled by Bangladesh authority since 1971.
Bukit Jeli  Malaysia
 Thailand
Chumbi and Dobta  People's Republic of China
 India
 Republic of China[8]
Daikhata-Dumabari  India
 Bangladesh
Various areas: Dak Jerman/Dak Duyt, Dak Dang/Dak Huyt, the La Drang area and the islands of Baie/Koh Ta Kiev, Milieu/Koh Thmey, Eau [disambiguation needed]/Koh Ses, Pic [disambiguation needed]/Koh Tonsay and the Northern Pirates/Koh Po  Cambodia
 Vietnam
Doi Lang  Burma
 Thailand
East Jerusalem  Israel
 Palestine
Fasht Ad Dibal and Qit'at Jaradeh  Bahrain
 Qatar
These were not included in the 2001 International Court of Justice judgement, as low-tide elevations.
several areas in the Fergana Valley  Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan
 Uzbekistan
Northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret).  Israel
 Syria
Israeli territory occupied by Syria between 1950 and 1967. In the Six day war it was recaptured by Israel. Still claimed by Syria.
Golan Heights  Israel
 Syria
Greater and Lesser Tunbs  Iran
 United Arab Emirates
Hatay Province TurkeyTurkey
 Syria
Hibernia Reef  Australia
 Indonesia
Ieodo Island/Suyan Rock (aka Socotra Rock)  South Korea
 People's Republic of China
Also possibly claimed by:
 Republic of China[8]
 North Korea[9]
Indo-Bangladesh enclaves  India
 Bangladesh
Isfara Valley  Kyrgyzstan
 Tajikistan
Kachatheevu Island  India
 Sri Lanka
Karang Unarang  Indonesia
 Malaysia
Kashmir  India
 Pakistan
[1]
A small area is also claimed by  Afghanistan (see Pakistan/Afghanistan dispute below)
Kalapani [disambiguation needed] region (Kalapani River), also Susta region (part), and Antudanda area  India
 Nepal
Khuriya Muriya Islands  Oman
 Yemen
Korea  North Korea
 South Korea
The Democratic People's Republic of Korea administers North Korea, but Article 1 of the Constitution of North Korea reads: "The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is an independent socialist State representing the interests of all the Korean people." The Republic of Korea administers South Korea, but Article 3 of the Constitution of South Korea reads : "The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands."
Kula Kangri  Bhutan
 People's Republic of China
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Lower Kurile Islands  Russia
 Japan
[1]
Lathitila  India
 Bangladesh
Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo in Korean, Takeshima in Japanese)  South Korea
 North Korea
 Japan
[1][9][10]
Ligitan and Sipadan  Malaysia
 Indonesia
The 2002 International Court of Justice ruling awarded both islands to Malaysia, but left unsettled the maritime boundary immediately southwest and west of the islands between Malaysia and Indonesia.
Limbang area  Brunei
 Malaysia
Macclesfield Bank  People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8]
 Vietnam
 Philippines
Matthew and Hunter Islands  Vanuatu
 France
[1]
Minerva Reefs  Tonga
 Fiji
Fiji disputes not Tonga's claim to the reefs but any maritime EEZ claim by Tonga based on the reefs under the rules of UNCLOS.
Minicoy Island  India
 Maldives
Muhurichar river island  India
 Bangladesh
certain islands in the Naf River  Bangladesh
 Burma
Nawalparasi region  Nepal
 India
Parts of North West Frontier Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Balochistan  Pakistan
 Afghanistan
Small areas of Oecussi-Ambeno  East Timor
 Indonesia
Okinotorishima  Japan
 People's Republic of China
The PRC does not claim ownership of the islet; rather, it argues that it is not large enough to entitle Japan to the EEZ of the surrounding ocean.
Paracel Islands  People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8]
 Vietnam
[1]
"Point 20"; a small area of reclaimed land in Singapore  Singapore
 Malaysia
part of Poipet commune  Thailand
 Cambodia
Prachin Buri area  Thailand
 Cambodia
Preah Vihear Temple (Khao Phra Wihan)  Thailand
 Cambodia
Temple complex awarded to Cambodia by an International Court of Justice ruling in 1962, but ongoing dispute over adjacent areas.
Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai  Indonesia
 East Timor
Pyrdiwah  India
 Bangladesh
Qarooh and Umm Al Maradim  Kuwait
 Saudi Arabia
Sabah (North Borneo)  Malaysia
 Philippines
the Philippines lays a dormant claim on Sabah on the basis that it is a historical part of the Sulu Sultanate (see North Borneo dispute).
Sakhalin (southern)  Russia  Japan has renounced Sakhalin pursuant to the San Francisco Peace Treaty without recognizing the Russian claim.
Scarborough Reef  Philippines
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8]
Philippines defends the atoll with naval activity; tensions continue over sovereignty of the atoll, fishing rights in surrounding waters, placement of a survey marker by China, etc.

 Philippines
has released a law that owns only the islands and not the surrounding sea.

Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai)  Japan
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8]
[1]
Shaksgam Valley  People's Republic of China
 India
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Shatt Al-Arab  Iran
 Iraq
Shebaa Farms  Israel
 Syria
 Lebanon
Siachen Glacier and Saltoro Ridge area  India
 Pakistan
Sir Creek  India
 Pakistan
South Talpatti/New Moore/Purbasha Island  India
 Bangladesh
Kalayaan Islands  Republic of China[8]
 People's Republic of China
 Vietnam
 Philippines
(part)
 Malaysia (part)
 Brunei (part)
[1]
Swains Island  United States
 Tokelau
[1]
48 square miles (124 km²) of territory[citation needed]  Syria
 Jordan
Exclusive Economic Zone near the Tasman Sea  Australia
 Japan
Japan continues to do whaling operations in the area. For more info see Whaling in Japan
Tawang District in Arunachal Pradesh, India  India
 People's Republic of China
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
Parts of Three Pagodas Pass  Burma
 Thailand
Tumen River (disputed sovereignty of certain islands)  People's Republic of China
 North Korea
 South Korea
[1][9]
possibly also the  Republic of China[8]
The islands of Ukatny, Zhestky and the disputed 'island' of Malozhemchuzny  Russia
 Kazakhstan
Vozrozhdeniya Island (now a peninsula)  Kazakhstan
 Uzbekistan
Wake Island  United States
 Marshall Islands
[1]
The West Bank (called Judea and Samaria in Israel)  Israel
 Palestine
a small part of Xinjiang  People's Republic of China
 India
 Republic of China[8]
Yalu River (disputed sovereignty of certain islands)  People's Republic of China
 North Korea
 South Korea
The allocation to North Korea of all of the large islands in the lower Yalu River, including Pidan [disambiguation needed] and Sindo at the mouth, is now clear.[11] The river's maritime rights remain shared between the two nations.
Zarrara oilfield and Khor al-Odaid areas  United Arab Emirates
 Saudi Arabia
[1]

In Europe

Territory Claimants Notes
Part of Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area  United Kingdom
 Cyprus
Barents Sea boundary dispute  Russia
 Norway
Baltic Sea boundary dispute near Bornholm  Poland
 Denmark
Carlingford Lough boundary dispute  Ireland
 United Kingdom
David Gareja monastery complex boundary dispute  Georgia
 Azerbaijan
Some areas by the Danube
Parts of Osijek and Sombor districts
 Croatia
 Serbia
Eastern coast of Narva river and Petseri County  Russia
 Estonia
Part of Dhekelia Sovereign Base Area  United Kingdom
 Cyprus
Eastern Anatolia  Turkey
 Armenia
Javakheti  Georgia
 Armenia
Ems estuary and Dollart Bay (western part)  Netherlands
 Germany
Settled in 1960s (agreeing to disagree)
Gibraltar  United Kingdom
 Spain[1]
Spain claims territory under the Treaty of Utrecht conditions.
Gulf of Piran  Slovenia
 Croatia
Including the hamlets of Bozini, Mlini, Škodelin and Škrile, the Plovanija border crossing and much of the border area
Isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain  United Kingdom
 Spain
Spain claims territory as illegally occupied since it was not included into the Treaty of Utrecht.
Imia/Kardak  Greece
 Turkey
Kosa Tuzla Island  Ukraine
 Russia
The areas of Debellde, Vitina and the Šar Triangle  Serbia
 North Macedonia
Lake Constance  Austria
 Germany
 Switzerland
Lough Foyle boundary dispute  Ireland
 United Kingdom
Mont Blanc  France
 Italy
An area near Montalmus peak  Andorra
 Spain[citation needed]
Olivenza (including the municipality of Taliga)  Spain
 Portugal
Pichvni  Georgia
 Russia
Prevlaka  Croatia
 Montenegro
Maritime border in the Adriatic  Croatia
 Montenegro
Rockall  United Kingdom
 Ireland
 Denmark
 Iceland
Ireland, Denmark and Iceland do not claim ownership of the islet; rather, they argue that it is not large enough to entitle the UK to the continental shelf rights of the surrounding ocean floor.
Sastavci  Serbia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Šarengradska Ada  Serbia
 Croatia
Sarych  Ukraine
 Russia
Snake Island  Ukraine
 Romania
the dispute was solved on February 3, 2009 by the International Court of Justice
Military complex near Sveta Gera, in the area of Žumberak/Gorjanci  Slovenia
 Croatia
400 hectares in and around the vicinity of Tesin  Czech Republic
 Poland
Small 3m-by-60m strip along the Passetto di Borgo in the vicinity of the Vatican City Template:VA-HS
 Italy
Veliki Školj and Mali Školj (near Neum)  Croatia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Island of Vukovar  Croatia
 Serbia
Territorial disputes in Europe (red: Disputes involving states that recognize each other, pink: Disputes involving parties that each have some territory under control but do not recognize each other)

Disputes between a state and its subnational entities, or between subnational entities

Disputes involving parties that each have some territory under control but do not recognize each other

Territory Claimants Notes
Abkhazia Abkhazia Republic of Abkhazia
 Georgia
Eastern part of Bhutan  Bhutan
 Republic of China[8]
North Cyprus Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
 Cyprus
Mainland China (including Tibet and Xinjiang)  People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8]
Moldovan-controlled area of Dubasari district  Moldova
Transnistria Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
A small area of Gilgit-Baltistan  Pakistan
 Republic of China[8][14]
Erenkoy/Kokkina Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
 Cyprus
This area is separated from the rest of the land held by North Cyprus by land controlled by the Republic of Cyprus.
Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy
(eastern half)
 Russia
 Republic of China[8][14]
Split by the People's Republic of China and Russia in 2004
Heixiazi / Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy
(western half)
 People's Republic of China
 Republic of China[8][14]
Split by the People's Republic of China and Russia in 2004
Israel  Israel
 Palestine
Hamas currently has de facto control of the Gaza Strip. Most Palestinian parties and factions recognized Israel Proper following the Oslo Accord.
Kachin State  Burma
 Republic of China[8][14]
North part west of Gaoligong Mountain (高黎貢山) in western Yunnan, China, and the Division of Sagaing: Jiangxinpo (江心坡) and Nankan (南坎).
106.40 square kilometres of formerly Chinese territory in Kazakhstan  Kazakhstan
 Republic of China
Kosovo  Serbia
 Kosovo
Kutsuzov island  Russia
 Republic of China
Lachin corridor Republic of Artsakh Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
 Azerbaijan
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic of Artsakh Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
 Azerbaijan
Pamir Mountains (west of Xinjiang)[8][14]
(Northern and central parts)
 Tajikistan
 Republic of China
Pamir Mountains (west of Xinjiang)[8][14]
(Southern part)
 Afghanistan
 Republic of China
Part of the Rasŏn administrative division  North Korea
 Republic of China[8]
HM Roughs Tower  United Kingdom
Principality of Sealand Sealand
Sikkim  India
 Republic of China
The PRC renounced its claim in 2003.
Sixty-Four Villages East of the Heilongjiang River  Russia
 Republic of China[14]
Somaliland Somaliland Somaliland
 Somalia
South Ossetia South Ossetia Republic of South Ossetia
 Georgia
Northern and eastern Sri Lanka  Sri Lanka
Tamil Eelam Tamil Eelam
'Border' checkpoint near Strovilia  United Kingdom
Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
UK's claim in regard to its Sovereign Base Areas
Technically, of course, this also involves  Cyprus; the checkpoint is partially on UN-administered land, and Cyprus claims all of the island. (See: Europe)
Taiwan
Penghu
Jinmen
Matsu Islands
Pratas Islands
 Republic of China[15]
 People's Republic of China[16]
See also:
Anti-Secession Law
Legal status of Taiwan
Transnistria Transnistria Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
 Moldova
Tuva  Russia
 Republic of China[8]
Varnita, Copanca and Bendery (also known as Tighina or Bender)  Moldova
Transnistria Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
The West Bank (called Judea and Samaria in Israel)  Israel
 Palestine
See Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Western Sahara  Morocco
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
 Mauritania (Dormant claim)
The United Nations considers the sovereignty issue as unresolved pending a final solution, and to that end, has a mission in the territory to oversee a referendum on self-determination. Sovereignty was relinquished by Spain in 1976.

Formally frozen dispute

See also demilitarized zone

Antarctica

The Antarctic Treaty System, formed on 1 December 1959 and entered into force on 23 June 1961, establishes the legal framework for the management of Antarctica and provides administration for the continent, which is carried out through consultative member meetings. It freezes the territorial claims of all signatories (all claimants have acceded) for as long as the treaty is in force. However, it is not a final settlement; parties can choose to withdraw from the System at any time. Furthermore, only a minority of states have signed it, and it is not formally sanctioned by the United Nations. Thus, Antarctica remains the only part of the planet any (non-signatory) state can still lay claim to as terra nullius (on the grounds of it not having been part of any existing state's legal and effective territory).

Disputes between a state and a secessionist group with no territorial control

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Field Listing - Disputes - international, CIA World Factbook
  2. ^ a b African Affairs - Sign In Page
  3. ^ a b Zapatero stirs anger of Morocco - International Herald Tribune
  4. ^ Middle-East-Info.org - Algeria
  5. ^ Why are Egypt and Sudan in dispute over the Hala'ib Triangle?(Quizzical)(Brief Article) | Geographical | Find Articles at BNET.com
  6. ^ The Court finds that Kasikili/Sedudu Island forms part of the territory of Botswana | Market Wire | Find Articles at BNET.com
  7. ^ Compte rendu du déplacement d'une délégation du groupe interparlementaire France-Afrique centrale au Gabon, en Guinée équatoriale et à Sao Tomé-et-Principe, parliamentary report of the French Senate, 2003.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The Republic of China (ROC) now based in Taiwan is involved in territorial disputes with many countries near China while not recognized by any of them due to having no diplomatic relations. The ROC recognizes neither the People's Republic of China (PRC) nor its border agreements or treaties with any other countries while Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of China states that "The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national boundaries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly." Section 5 of Article 4 of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China now overrides this provision.
  9. ^ a b c d The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) do not recognize each other.
  10. ^ Japan does not recognize the statehood of North Korea.
  11. ^ Even official Chinese maps award these islands to North Korea, such as the provincial map on p. 41 in the 2005 Chinese atlas “Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Jiaotong Dituji” ISBN 7-80104-652-8, (www.starmap.com.cn)
  12. ^ "Lawmakers Say Part Of Tenn. Belongs To Ga.", WSMV-TV, February 11, 2008
  13. ^ Shaila Dewan, Georgia Claims a Sliver of the Tennessee River, The New York Times, February 22, 2008
  14. ^ a b c d e f g . Relinquished by the People's Republic of China but still claimed by the Republic of China.
  15. ^ Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, Article 9, Section 2
  16. ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Preamble