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The 2000s was the decade that started on January 1, 2000 and ended on December 31, 2009. It is the decade in which the 21st century and 3rd millennium began on January 1, 2001.

By the end of the 1990s, the world had come closer to adapting to the globalised and unipolar or multipolar world that emerged following the end of the Cold War.[1][2][3][4][5] The institutions, linkages and technologies that emerged or were redefined in the 1990s would subsequently benefit many countries in this decade, in particular China and India.[citation needed] However in other parts of the world such progress failed to address ongoing struggles with modernity, most notably characterised by the rise of al-Qaeda and other Islamist groups.[6] The September 11 attacks ultimately led the United States, United Kingdom and other nations to invade and occupy Afghanistan and Iraq, and to implement various anti-terrorist measures at home and abroad in what was known as the War on Terror. The European Union saw further integration and expansion throughout much of Europe. The economic growth of the 2000s, while responsible for lifting millions out of poverty, also had environmental consequences, raised demand for diminishing energy resources, and was still shown to be vulnerable as demonstrated during the Global Financial Crisis of the late 2000s.[7]

Names of the decade

Orthographically, the decade can be written as "2000s" or "'00s". Some people read "2000s" as "two-thousands" and thus simply refer to the decade as "the two-thousands". Some read it as the "00s" (pronounced "Ohs"), as the single years within the decade are usually referred to as starting with an "Oh", such as "Oh-Eight". On January 1, 2000, the BBC listed "The Noughties" (derived from "nought" (a word used for zero in many English-speaking countries), by analogy with e.g. "The Eighties" for 1980-1989) as a potential moniker for the new decade.[8] Others advocate the term "The Aughts", which was widely used at the beginning of the previous century, sometimes even combining it with "Naught" to put a linguistic twist on the time period, such as "The Naught Aughts", "The Naughts", "The Aughts", and even "The Naughty Aughties".[9] Previous decades that begin a new century have generally been referred to as "The Hundreds", for example "The Nineteen-Hundreds".

In the United Kingdom, the nickname "The Noughties" has been popularized in the media as a name for the decade. The nickname has garnered the majority of mind share, with newspapers including The Daily Telegraph, The Times, The Independent, The Guardian, and The Financial Times using the term without apparent irony or additional comment.

Population and social issues

AIDS continued to expand during the decade. New diseases of animal origin appeared for a short time, the mad cow disease in 2003 and the bird flu in 2007, but they appeared not to be dangerous for man. On the contrary, the swine flu was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in 2009.

Population continued to grow in most countries, in particular in developing countries, though overall the rate slowed. According to United Nations estimates, world population reached six billion in late 1999[10], while it was nearly 6.8 billion in late 2009.[11] The United States population outpaced 300 millions inhabitants in 2007. Most developed countries imposed greater control over immigration flows, notably the United States and European Union members.

Some of the social issues of worldwide concern during the 2000s have been gender equality and human rights. In the United States, health care, civil liberties, and abortion have also been prominent issues.

Politics and wars

The World Trade Center in New York City as seen on September 11th 2001.

The "War on Terrorism" and War in Afghanistan began after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[12][13] The International Criminal Court was formed a year later. A United States-led coalition invaded Iraq, and the Iraq war led to the end of Saddam Hussein's rule as Iraqi President and the Ba'ath Party regime in Iraq. Al-Qaeda and affiliated Islamist militant groups performed terrorist acts throughout the decade. These acts included the Madrid Train Bombings in 2004, 7/7 London Bombings in 2005, and the Mumbai attacks related to Al-Qaeda in 2008. The EU expanded, incorporating some former communist nations. North Korea and Iran were seen as strong nuclear threats, following two North Korea nuclear tests, as well as some Iranian threats.

The War on Terrorism generated extreme controversy around the world, with questions regarding the justification for U.S. actions leading to a loss of support for the American government, both in and outside the United States. Additional armed conflict occurred in the Middle East, including between Israel and Hezbollah, then with Israel and the Hamas. The greatest loss of life due to natural disaster came from the 2004 tsunami killing around a quarter-million people and displacing well over a million others. Cooperative international rescue missions by many countries from around the world including the United States helped in efforts by the most affected nations to rebuild and recover from the devastation. An enormous loss of life and property value came in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina flooded nearly the entire city of New Orleans. The resulting political fallout was severely damaging to the Bush administration because of its perceived failure to act promptly and effectively. A key political event occurred in 2008 with the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States, as he would become the first African-American U.S. President.[14]

Major political changes

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States George W. Bush played important roles in shaping political events during the 2000s
Barack Obama the 44th president of the United States he was elected in 2008 becoming the first African-American president.
Political evolutions

Internal conflicts

Wars

The Iraq War

Terrorist attacks

Nuclear threats

File:Doomsday clock.svg
The Doomsday Clock moved 4 minutes closer to midnight during the 2000s, mainly due to nuclear proliferation.
  • In 2003 the United States invaded Iraq, over concerns leader Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction including chemical and biological weapons. The Iraq Inquiry (still ongoing) may explain more on this situation, but in the meantime, the U.S. ended the regime of Suddam Hussein and did not find any nuclear bombs in Iraq.
  • On October 9, 2006, North Korea successfully performed its first Nuclear Test
  • On November 30th 2009, The Iranian Government announced plans to build 10 more uranium nuclear plants.
  • The Doomsday Clock, the symbolic representation of the threat of nuclear annihilation, moved four minutes closer to midnight: Two minutes in 2002 and two minutes in 2007 to 5 minutes to midnight.

Economics

Main article: 2000s in economics

The most significant evolution of the early 2000s in the economic landscape was the long-time predicted breakthrough of economic giants China and India, that had a double-digit growth during nearly the whole decade. The rapid catching-up of emerging economies with developed countries sparked some protectionist tensions during the period and was partly responsible for an increase in energy and food prices at the end of the decade. The economic developments in the latter third of the decade were dominated by a worldwide economic downturn, which started with the crisis in housing and credit in the United States in late 2007, and led to the bankruptcy of major banks and other financial institutions[16]. The outbreak of this global financial crisis sparked a global recession, beginning in the United States and affecting most of the industrialized world.

Economic growth in the world

See also: List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by past GDP (nominal), and List of countries by GDP (PPP)

Between 1999 to 2008, according to the World Bank statistics for GDP [17][18],

  • the world's economy doubled in size from US$30.21 to US$60.59 trillion.
  • The United States (US$14.2 trillion) retained its position of possessing the world's largest economy. However the size of its contribution to the total global economy dropped from 28.8% to 23.4%.
  • Japan (US$4.9 trillion) retained its position of possessing the second largest economy in the world, but its contribution to the world economy also shrank significantly from 14.5% to 8.1%.
  • China (US$4.33 trillion) went from being the seventh largest to the third largest economy, and in 2008 contributed to 7.1% of the world's economy, up from 3.3% in 1999.
  • Germany (US$3.65 trillion), France (US$2.85 trillion), United Kingdom (US$ 2.65 trillion) and Italy (US$2.29 trillion) followed as the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th largest economies respectively.
  • Brazil (US$1.61 trillion) retained its position as the 8th largest economy, followed closely by Russia (US$1.607 trillion) and Spain (US$1.604 trillion). Russia had moved from the 16th to 9th position while Spain remained at 10th.
  • Other major economies included Canada (US$1.4 trillion; 11th, down from 9th), India (US$1.22 trillion; remaining at 12th), Mexico (US$1.09 trillion; 13th, down from 11th), Australia (US$1.02 trillion; remaining at 14th) and South Korea (US$929 billion; 15th, down from 13th).
  • In terms of purchasing power parity in 2008, the six largest economies were the United States (US$14.2 trillion), China (US$7.9 trillion), Japan (US$4.35 trillion), India (US$3.39 trillion), Germany (US$2.93 trillion) and Russia (US$2.29 trillion). These countries maintained the rankings they had in 1999 except Russia, which had climbed from 10th to 6th place, surpassing the United Kingdom, France, Brazil and Italy.[19][20]

Globalization and its discontents

HSBC headquarters in London. HSBC became the largest bank in the world and a symbol of globalisation.[21][22]

The removal of trade and investment barriers, the growth of domestic markets, artificially low currencies and the proliferation of education assisted China, India and other developing countries to enjoy economic growth through the decade, as manufacturing (and increasingly, services) industries were relocated from high to low wage countries. In turn many of these countries accumulated capital, and invested abroad. Other countries, including the United Arab Emirates, Australia, Brazil and Russia, benefited from increased demand for their mineral and energy resources that global growth generated. The hollowing out of manufacturing was felt in Japan and parts of the United States and Europe which had not been able to develop successful innovative industries.

While global trade rose in the decade (partially driven by China's entry into the WTO in 2001), there was little progress in the multilateral trading system. International trade continued to expand during the decade as emerging economies and developing countries, in particular China and South-Asian countries, benefited low wages costs and most often undervalued currencies. However, global negotiations to reduce tariffs did not make any progress, as member countries of the World Trade Organization did not succeed in finding agreements to stretch the extent of free trade.[23] The Doha Round of negotiations, launched in 2001 by the WTO to promote development, failed to be completed because of growing tensions between regional areas. Nor did the Cancun Conference in 2003 find a consensus on services trade[24] and agricultural subsidies[25].

The comparative rise of China and other developing countries also contributed to their growing clout in international fora. In 2009 it was determined that the G20, originally a forum of finance ministers and central bank governors, would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.

The age of turbulence

The decade was marked by two financial and economic crises. In 2000, the Dot-com bubble burst, causing turmoil in financial markets and a decline in economic activity in the developed economies, in particular in the United States.[26] However, the impact of the crisis on the activity was limited thanks to the intervention of the central banks, notably the U.S. Federal Reserve System. Indeed, Alan Greenspan, leader of the Federal Reserve until 2006, cut the interest rates several times to avoid a severe recession,[27] allowing an economic revival in the U.S.[28]

The bank Lehman Brothers (here the headquarters in New York City) collapsed in September 2008 amid a global financial crisis

As the Federal Reserve maintained low interest rates to favor economic growth, a housing bubble began to appear in the United States. It also allowed banks to lend money to poor households.[29] In 2007, the rise in interest rates and the collapse of the housing market caused a wave of loan payment failures in the U.S. The subsequent mortgage crisis caused a global financial crisis, because the subprime mortgages had been securitized and sold to international banks and investment funds.[29] Despite the intervention of central banks successfully to avoid a complete collapse of the banking sector and to relieve the financial markets, the economic activity was severely affected around the world in 2008 and 2009,[30] with disastrous consequences for carmakers.[31]

Reactions of governments in all developed and developing countries against the economic slowdown were largely inspired by keynesian economics. The end of the decade was characterized by a Keynesian resurgence,[32] while the influence and media popularity of left-wing economists[33] Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman (Nobel Prize recipients in 2001 and 2008, respectively) did not stop growing during the decade.[34] Several international summits were organized to find solutions against the economic crisis and to impose greater control on the financial markets. The G-20 became in 2008 and 2009 a major organization, as leaders of the member countries held two major summits in Washington in November 2008 and in London in April 2009 to regulate the banking and financial sectors,[35] and also succeeding in coordinating their economic action and in avoiding protectionist reactions.

Energy crisis

Main article: 2000s energy crisis

From the mid-1980s to September 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of crude oil on NYMEX was generally under $25/barrel. During 2003, the price rose above $30, reached $60 by August 11, 2005, and peaked at $147.30 in July 2008.[36] Commentators attributed these price increases to many factors, including reports from the United States Department of Energy and others showing a decline in petroleum reserves, worries over peak oil, Middle East tension, and oil price speculation.[37]

Increase in oil prices

For a time, geopolitical events and natural disasters indirectly related to the global oil market had strong short-term effects on oil prices. These events and disasters included North Korean missile tests, the 2006 conflict between Israel and Lebanon, worries over Iranian nuclear plants in 2006 and Hurricane Katrina. By 2008, such pressures appeared to have an insignificant impact on oil prices given the onset of the global recession. The recession caused demand for energy to shrink in late 2008 and early 2009 and the price plunged as well. However, it surged back in May 2009, bringing it back to November 2008 levels.[38]

Many fast-growing economies throughout the world, especially in Asia, also were a major factor in the rapidly increasing demand for fossil fuels, which—along with fewer new petroleum finds, greater extraction costs, and political turmoil—forced two other trends: a soar in the price of petroleum products and a push by governments and businesses to promote the development of environmentally friendly technology (known informally as "green" technology). However, a side-effect of the push by some industrial nations to "go green" and utilize biofuels was a decrease in the supply of food and a subsequent increase in the price of the same. It partially caused the 2007 food price crisis, which seriously affected the world's poorer nations with an even more severe shortage of food.[39]

Science and technology

Main article: 2000s in science and technology

Science

Artist Concept of a NASA Mars Exploration Rover on Mars

Physics

  • Astrophysicists studying the universe confirm its age at 13.7 billion years,discover that it will most likely expand forever without limit, and conclude that only 4% of the universe's contents are ordinary matter (the other 96% being still-mysterious dark matter, dark energy, and dark flow).
  • Scientists discovered that computers could crash in 2037, 2038, 2070 & 10,000 A.D. according to research into computer software.

Technology

Technological advancements were as revolutionary and diversified as in previous decades. In the field of digital electronics, advancements were considerable. Mobile phones, digital cameras, and digital audio players[42] became household items over the course of a few years. Email and broadband Internet connections became nearly ubiquitous in the industrialized world. The entertainment industry struggled to find digital delivery systems for music, movies, and other media that reduce piracy and preserve profit. The long-awaited Y2K Problem did not majorly occur; small bugs and glitches occurred in software, but did not wreak much havoc. Internet commerce became standard for reservations; stock trading; promotion of music, arts, literature, and film; shopping; and other activities. During this decade certain websites and search engines became prominent worldwide as transmitters of goods, services and information. Some of the most popular and successful online sites or search engines of the 00s included: Wikipedia, Google, Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, MySpace, Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Email became a standard form of interpersonal written communication, with popular addresses available to the public on Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.

Electronics and communications

The iPhone. The 2000s saw a rise in PDAs and high speed internet.
  • The digital audio player began a steady climb in popularity, due in most part to the iPod, which cemented itself as a cultural and technological icon of the 2000s.
  • Touchscreen and flip-phone mobile telephones became popular, and mobile phone usage as a whole neared 100% of the population in Europe and America.[citation needed] In Australia the amount of mobile phones actually exceeded their population.[43]
  • High Definition TV became popular in the Western world.
  • Digital cameras became frequently used in the developed world.
  • Digital video recorders replaced VCRs as the preferred instrument for TV recording.

Robotics

Software

File:Windows Aero.png
Microsoft Windows Vista, released in 2006.

Environment

The decade witnessed an increase in the number of natural disasters and visible signs of global warming. Climate change became a growing preoccupation for populations and considered as a global issue by governments, and environmental governance made significant progress.

Climate change

Climate change and global warming became household words in the 2000s. Predictions tools made significant progress during the decade, independent organisms such as the IPCC gained influence, and studies such as the Stern report almost established a consensus in public opinion. The necessity to fight against climate change also began to attain unanimous recognition, in spite of political and economic challenges.

The global temperature kept growing during the decade. On December 8, 2009, the Associated Press reported that the World Meteorological Organization had predicted that the 00s would be the warmest decade since records began in 1850,[44] with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in the 00s. Some of the data used in the prediction was released by the Met Office, the United Kingdom's national weather service, and involved temperature recordings from over 1,500 stations worldwide, which the Press Association described as "the latest efforts to debunk claims by sceptics that global warming data was manipulated by scientists".[45]

Scientific studies on climate helped establish a consensus.

Major natural disasters became more frequent and helped change public opinion. One of the deadliest heat waves in human history happened during the 00s, mostly in Europe, e.g. the 2003 European heat wave killing 37,451 people over the summer months.[46] In February 2009, a series of highly destructive bushfires started in Victoria, Australia, lasting into the next month. While the fires are believed to have been caused by arson, they were widely reported as having been fueled by an excessive heatwave that was due in part to climate change.

International actions

Climate change became a major issue for governments, populations and scientists. Debates on global warming and its causes made significant progress, as climate change denials were refuted by most scientific studies. Decisive reports such as the Stern Review and the 2007 IPCC Report almost established a Climate change consensus. NGOs' actions and the commitment of political personalities (such as former U.S. Vice President Al Gore) also urged to international reactions against climate change. Documentary films An Inconvenient Truth and Home may have had a decisive impact.

Under the auspices of The UN Convention on Climate Change the Kyoto Protocol (aimed at combating global warming) entered into force on 16 February 2005. As of November 2009, 187 states have signed and ratified the protocol.[47] In addition The UN Convention on Climate Change helped coordinate the efforts of the international community to fight potentially disastrous effects of human activity on the planet and launched negotiations to set an ambitious program of carbon emission reduction that began in 2007 with the Bali Road Map. However, the representatives of the 192 member countries gathered in December 2009 for the Copenhagen Conference failed to reach a binding agreement to reduce carbon emissions because of divisions between regional areas.

However, as environmental technologies were to make up a potential market, some countries made huge investments in renewable energies, energy conservation and sustainable transport. Many governments launched national plans to promote sustainable energy. Notably, the European Union members launched a European package on climate in 2007 to reduce further their carbon emission and improve their energy-efficiency, and in 2009 the United States democrat administration set up the Green New Deal, an ambitious plan to create millions of jobs in sectors related to greenery.

Natural disasters

File:Sumatra devastation1.jpg
In the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake a town near the coast of Sumatra lies in ruin on January 2, 2005. This picture was taken by a United States military helicopter crew from the USS Abraham Lincoln that was conducting humanitarian operations.
See also: Category:2000 natural disasters and Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina

The 2000s have seen some of the worst and most destructive natural disasters in history. 2003 produced one of the worst heatwaves in recorded human history, as Europe was hit by a 40 degrees celsius heatwave. The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake which caused a massive tsunami, was the most destructive tsunami, and the second most destructive earthquake and fifth most destructive natural disaster of all time. Several other earthquakes were hugely destructive including the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, and the 2003 Bam earthquake.

Several typhoons and hurricanes resulted in extreme destruction in this decade, with Hurricane Katrina nearly destroying New Orleans, followed by Hurricane Rita, which wreaked destruction along the U.S. Gulf Coast. In 2008 the massive Hurricane Ike became the third most destructive hurricane to ever make landfall in the United States. The 2009 H1N1 (swine flu) flu pandemic is also considered a natural disaster, and is the worst epidemic/pandemic of the decade with nearly 10,000 deaths so far.

Cyclone Nargis was a strong tropical cyclone that caused the worst natural disaster in the recorded history of Myanmar.[48] The cyclone made landfall in the country on May 2, 2008, causing catastrophic destruction and at least 146,000 fatalities, leaving thousands more people still missing.[49]

Film

See also: 2000s in film

Music

See also: 2000s in music
1 by The Beatles, the best-selling album of the decade.

The best-selling albums of the decade were by rapper Eminem and 1960's rock band The Beatles.[50] Billboard magazine named Eminem and Beyoncé as the artists with the best performance on the Billboard charts.[51][52]

The Rolling Stones had the highest grossing tour ever and Madonna had the highest grossing tour ever by a solo artist.[citation needed]

Pop legend Michael Jackson died in June 2009, creating the largest public mourning since the death of Diana, Princess of Wales 12 years earlier in 1997.[53][54][55]

Television

See also: 2000s in television

Sports

The "Dancing Beijing" emblem
Main article: 2000s in sports

Major events of the decades included three summers Olympic Games. The Sydney Games, held in 2000, followed the hundredth anniversary of the Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996. The Athens Games, in 2004, were also a strong symbol, for modern Olympic Games were inspired by the competitions organized in Ancient Greece. Finally, the Beijing Games saw the emergence of China as a major sports power, with the highest number of titles for the first time. The 2002 Salt Lake City and the 2006 Turin Olympic Games were also major events, though less popular.

Football went on gaining popularity in the world, as the two World Cups organized in South Korea, Japan, and Germany were major worldwide events, while regional events Copa América and Euro Cup were also popular. Rugby increased in size and audience, as the Rugby World Cup became the third most watched sporting event in the world with the 2007 Rugby World Cup organized in France.

Most popular individual sports were dominated by champions. Michael Schumacher, the most titled F1 driver, won five F1 World Championships during the decade and finally retired in 2006, yet eventually confirming his come-back to F1 for 2010. Lance Armstrong won all the Tour de France between 1999 and 2005, also an all-time record. Swiss tennis player Roger Federer won 15 Grand Slam titles to become the most titled player. Tiger Woods made significant achievements in golf tournaments.

Computer and video games

See also: 2000s in video gaming
The Xbox 360, second games console by Microsoft
  • The decade has seen the steady decline of books, magazines and newspapers as the main conveyors of information and advertisements.[56][57][58]
  • News blogs have grown in readership and popularity; cable news and other online media outlets became competitive in attracting advertising revenues and capable journalists and writers are joining online organizations. Books became available online, and electronic devices such as Amazon Kindle threatened the popularity of printed books.[59][60]
  • According to the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), the decade has shown a continuous increase in reading, although circulation of newspapers has declined in conjunction with the Economic Recession.[61]

Fashion

Main article: 2000s in fashion

Timeline

2000

2001

2002

The euro became the currency of members of the Eurozone.
  • January 1, 2002 - The Euro replaces the currencies of 12 of the EU's 15 members.
  • October 12, 2002 - 2002 Bali bombings - Islamist terrorists bomb nightclubs in Bali, killing 202 people

2003

2004

  • January 4, 2004 - Spirit Rover lands on Mars, the first of the two mars exploration rovers Spirit & Opportunity, seen as the two biggest and two most popular spacecrafts of the decade.
  • March 11, 2004 - 191 people are killed in the Madrid Train Bombings.
  • March 14, 2004 - Russian presidential election, 2004: Vladimir Putin wins a second term.
  • May 1, 2004 - The largest expansion to date of the European Union takes place, extending the Union by 10 member-states: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta and Cyprus.
  • August 13, 2004 - Games of the XXVIII Olympiad opens in Athens.
  • 2004 - The Kivu Conflict begins in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • December 26, 2004 - Boxing Day Tsunami - Around 230,000 people are killed when a tsunami hit Indonesia, Sri Lanka and other states in the Indian Ocean.[62]

2005

NASA's space view of hurricane Katrina as it strikes the U.S. Coast.

2006

  • October 9, 2006 - North Korea performs its first successful nuclear test.

2007

  • December 27, 2007 - Benazir Bhutto is assassinated in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, approximately 2 weeks before a national election in which she was favored to be elected president of Pakistan.

2008

2009

Victoria suffers the deadliest recorded bushfires in recorded history, with 173 dead.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2000s.

References

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  2. ^ Gordon PH; Meunier S (2001). The French challenge: Adapting to globalization. Washington, DC: Brookings.
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  4. ^ Fry EH (2003). Local governments adapting to globalization. National League of Cities. Retrieved 30 Dec. 2009.
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  9. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2111435/
  10. ^ United Nations The World at Six Billion U.N. Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Population Division)
  11. ^ U.S. Census Bureau World POPClock Projection
  12. ^ "Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States". United Nations. September 12, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2006. The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday's "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.
  13. ^ "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Retrieved January 11, 2009. al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.
  14. ^ President Obama
  15. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/13/alqaeda.saddam/
  16. ^ BusinessWeek. "Iceland goes bankrupt". Archived from the original on 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2009-07-19. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "The World Bank: World Development Indicators database, 1 July 2009. Gross domestic product (2008)" (PDF). World Bank. 1-7-2009. Retrieved 2009-10-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "The World Bank: World Development Indicators database, 8 February 2000. Gross domestic product (2008)" (PDF). World Bank. 1-7-2009. Retrieved 2009-12-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ World Development Indicators database, published on Nation Master
  20. ^ World Bank PPP details for 2008
  21. ^ "Special Report - The Global 2000," Forbes, April 2, 2008.
  22. ^ "HSBC tops Forbes 2000 list of world's largest companies," HSBC website, 4 April 2008
  23. ^ EFE Fracasan las negociaciones de la Ronda de Doha para liberalizar el comercio 28 July 2008, [[ABC (Spain)|]]
  24. ^ El Mundo, El fracaso de la Cumbre de la OMC muestra la fortaleza negociadora de los países pobres 16 September 2003
  25. ^ Food and Agricultural Organization La Ronda de Doha necesita un cambio de orientación 8 August 2006 «El fracaso de la Ronda de Doha de negociaciones para liberalizar el comercio internacional se debe sobre todo a la lucha para obtener ventajas en los mercados agrícolas por parte de las grandes potencias, empresas y lobbies» Template:Es
  26. ^ BBC Mundo, Se contrae la economía mundial 21 November 2001
  27. ^ BBC Mundo, ¿Recesión global?, 8 September 2001
  28. ^ Agence France Presse Greenspan dijo que las tasas se mantienen bajas , La Nación, 16 February 2005
  29. ^ a b El Mundo, El Crash de 2008
  30. ^ ABC Noticias, The economic crisis
  31. ^ Reuters Se extiende crisis de la industria automotriz, 15 November 2008, El Universo
  32. ^ ABC Noticias La fascinación del keynesianismo, esperemos que sin resaca 22 February 2009
  33. ^ El País, Stiglitz y Krugman reclaman una globalización 'gobernada' para reducir las desigualdades 25/09/2004
  34. ^ El Mundo Paul Krugman, un polémico economista que marca tendencia
  35. ^ La Vanguardia El G-20 acuerda erigirse en el árbitro de la economía internacional 25 September 2009
  36. ^ http://tfc-charts.com/chart/QM/W
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  38. ^ http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Oil-prices-jump-to-new-high-apf-15149868.html?.v=10
  39. ^ Global Policy Global Policy Forum, Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis?<
  40. ^ http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/space/11/13/water.moon.nasa/index.html
  41. ^ "Scientists Discover and Image Explosive Deep-Ocean Volcano". NOAA. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-19. Scientists funded by NOAA and the National Science Foundation recorded the deepest erupting volcano yet discovered, describing high-definition video of the undersea eruption as "spectacular." Eruption of the West Mata volcano, discovered in May, occurred nearly 4,000 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean, in an area bounded by Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.
  42. ^ Ryan Block (September 5, 2007). "Steve Jobs live -- Apple's "The beat goes on" special event". Engadget. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  43. ^ http://www.cellular-news.com/story/30809.php
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