British Army
British Army | |
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Active | 1707 – present |
Country | ![]() |
Allegiance | Queen Elizabeth II |
Type | Army |
Size | Available: 143,560[1]
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Part of | Ministry of Defence |
Patron | Monarch |
Commanders | |
Chief of the General Staff | Gen. Sir Peter Wall KCB CBE ADC Gen |
The British Army is the land warfare branch of Her Majesty's Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since 1963.
As of February 2011 the British Army employs 106,550 Regulars, 3,880 Gurkhas[1] and 33,130 Territorials for a total combined component strength of 143,560 Soldiers. In addition there are 134,190 Regular Reserves of the British Army. The full-time element of the British Army has also been referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the world's war zones as part of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is currently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other places.
All members of the Army swear (or affirm) allegiance to the monarch as commander-in-chief. However the Bill of Rights of 1689 requires Parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a standing army in peacetime. Parliament therefore annually approves the continued existence of the Army.
In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does not include Royal in its title. Many of the Army's constituent Regiments and Corps have been granted the "Royal" prefix and have members of the Royal Family occupying senior positions within some regiments.
The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff, currently General Sir Peter Wall KCB CBE ADC Gen.
History
The British Army came into being with the merger of the Scottish Army and the English Army, following the unification of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, as the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated existing English and Scottish regiments, and was controlled from London.[2]
From the time of the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Great Britain and its successor the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world.[3]
Early British Empire
The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions.[4] Typical tasks included garrisoning the colonies, capturing strategically important territories, and participating in actions to pacify colonial borders, provide support to allied governments, suppress Britain's rivals, and protect against foreign powers and hostile natives.
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British troops also helped capture strategically important territories, allowing their empire to expand throughout the globe. The army also involved itself in numerous wars meant to pacify the borders, or to prop-up friendly governments, and thereby keep other, competitive, empires away from the British Empire's borders. Among these actions were the Seven Years' War,[5] the American Revolutionary War,[6] the Napoleonic Wars,[7] the First and Second Opium Wars,[8] the Boxer Rebellion,[9] the New Zealand land wars,[10] the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,[11] the First and Second Boer Wars,[12] the Fenian raids,[13] the Irish War of Independence,[8] its serial interventions into Afghanistan (which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire),[14] and the Crimean War (to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid).[15]
As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the Seven Years' War[5] and subsequently suppressed a Native American uprising in Pontiac's War.[16] The British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada.[17]
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The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in multiple campaigns across Europe (including continuous deployment in the Peninsular War), the Caribbean, North Africa and later in North America. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A British Army under the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleons last campaign at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.[18]
The English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the pope in 1171. English republican dictator, Oliver Cromwell's campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns (most notably Drogheda) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. The English Army (and subsequently the British Army)stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. It was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots peoples in Ireland, who alongside their other Irish groups had raised their own volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met. The British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster (Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen) in the 1798 rebellion.[19]
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In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires' (and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812),[20] in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars,[8] and the Boxer Rebellion,[9] Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars,[10] Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,[12] the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars,[12] Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids[13] and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.[8]
Following William and Mary's accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Mary's father, James II.[21] Following the 1707 union of England and Scotland, and the 1801 creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British foreign policy, on the continent, was to contain expansion by its competitor powers such as France and Spain. The territorial ambitions of the French led to the War of the Spanish Succession[22] and the Napoleonic Wars.[7] Russian activity led to the Crimean War.[15] After 1745 recruits were increasingly drawn from Scotland; by the mid-1760s between one fifth and one third of officers were from Scotland.[23]
The vastly increasing demands of imperial expansion, and the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century, which gave the British Army its modern shape, and redefined its regimental system.[24] The Haldane Reforms of 1907, formally created the Territorial Force as the Army's volunteer reserve component.[25]
World Wars
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Great Britain's dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France (by the Entente Cordiale) and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to prevent Germany from occupying these countries.[26] The War would be the most devastating in British military history, with near 800,000 men killed and over 2 million wounded. In the early part of the war, the professional force of the BEF was decimated and, by turns, a volunteer (and then conscripted) force replaced it. Major battles included the Battle of the Somme.[27] Advances in technology saw advent of the tank,[28] with the creation of the Royal Tank Regiment, and advances in aircraft design, with the creation of the Royal Flying Corps, which were to be decisive in future battles.[29] Trench warfare dominated strategy on the Western Front, and the use of chemical and poison gases added to the devastation.[30]
The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.[31] British assurances to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France,[31] only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.[32] Only the Dunkirk evacuation saved the entire Expeditionary Force from capture.[32] Later, however, the British would have spectacular success defeating the Italians and Germans at the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa,[33] and in the D-Day invasion of Normandy with the help of American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand forces.[34] Almost half of the Allied soldiers on D-day were British.[35] In the Far East, the British army battled the Japanese in Burma.[36] The Second World War saw the British army develop its Special Air Service, Commando units and the Parachute Regiment.[37]
Postcolonial era
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After the end of the Second World War, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960.[38] This period also saw the process of Decolonisation commence with the end of the British Raj, and the independence of other colonies in Africa and Asia. Accordingly the army's strength was further reduced, in recognition of Britain's reduced role in world affairs, outlined in the 1957 Defence White Paper.[39] This was despite major actions in Korea in 1950[38] and Suez in 1956.[40] A large force of British troops also remained in Germany, facing the threat of Soviet invasion.[41] The British Army of the Rhine was the Germany garrison formation, with the main fighting force being I (BR) Corps. The Cold War saw significant technological advances in warfare and the Army saw more technologically advanced weapons systems come into service.[42]
Despite the decline of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the world, fighting colonial wars in Aden,[43] Cyprus,[43] Kenya[43] and Malaya.[44] In 1982 the British Army, alongside the Royal Marines, helped to recapture the Falkland Islands during the war against Argentina.[45]
In the three decades following 1969, the Army was heavily deployed in Northern Ireland, to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (later the Police Service of Northern Ireland) in their conflict with republican paramilitary groups, called Operation Banner.[46] The locally-recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, later becoming the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles. Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarisation has taken place as part of the peace process, reducing the military presence from 30,000 to 5,000 troops.[47] On 25 June 2007, the Second Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment vacated the Army complex at Bessbrook Mill in Armagh. This is part of the 'normalisation' programme in Northern Ireland in response to the IRA's declared end to its activities.[48]
Recent and current conflicts
Gulf War
The ending of the Cold War saw a significant cut in manpower, as outlined in the Options for Change review.[49] Despite this, the Army has been deployed in an increasingly global role, and contributed 50,000 troops to the coalition force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War.[50] British forces were put in control of Kuwait after it was liberated. 47 British Military personnel died during the Gulf War.[51]
Balkans conflicts
The British Army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992; initially this force formed part of the United Nations Protection Force.[52] In 1995 command was transferred to IFOR and then to SFOR.[53] Currently troops are under the command of EUFOR. Over 10,000 troops were sent. In 1999 British forces under the command of SFOR were sent to Kosovo during the conflict there. Command was subsequently transferred to KFOR.[54] Between early 1993 and June 2010, 72 British military personnel died on operations in the former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia.[55]
Afghanistan
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg/220px-BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg)
In 2001 the United Kingdom, as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom with the United States, invaded Afghanistan to topple the Taliban.[56] The 3rd Division were deployed in Kabul, to assist in the liberation of the troubled capital. The Royal Marines' 3 Commando Brigade (part of the Royal Navy but including a number of Army units), also swept the mountains.[57] The British Army is today concentrating on fighting Taliban forces and bringing security to Helmand province. Approximately 9,000 British troops (including marines, airmen and sailors) are currently in Afghanistan, making it the second largest force after the US. Around 500 extra British troops were deployed in 2009, bringing the British Army deployment total up to 9,500 (excluding Special Forces).[58] Between 2001 and December 2010 a total of 346 British military personnel have died on operations mainly in Afghanistan.[59]
Iraq War
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In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major contributor to the United States-led invasion of Iraq. There was major disagreement amongst the domestic populace but the House of Commons voted for the conflict, sending a force that would reach 46,000 army personnel to the region.[60] The British Army controlled the southern regions of Iraq and maintained a peace-keeping presence in the city of Basra until their withdrawal on April 30, 2009. 179 British Military personnel have died on operations in Iraq.[61] All of the remaining British troops were fully withdrawn from Iraq after the Iraqi government refused to extend their mandate.[62]
Northern Ireland
Although having permanent garrisons there, the British Army was initially deployed in a peacekeeping role – codenamed "Operation Banner" – in Northern Ireland in the wake of Unionist attacks on Nationalist communities in Derry[63] and Belfast[64] and to prevent further Loyalist attacks on Catholic communities, under Operation Banner between 1969 and 2007 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and its successor, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI).[65] There has been a steady reduction in the number of troops deployed in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998.[66] In 2005, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an end to its armed conflict in Northern Ireland, the British Army dismantled posts and withdrew many troops, and restored troop levels to that of a peace-time garrison.[67]
Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, bringing to an end some 38 years of continuous deployment, making it the longest in the British Army's history.[68] An internal British Army document released in 2007 stated that the British Army had failed to defeat the IRA but had made it impossible for them to win through the use of violence. Operation Helvetic replaced Operation Banner in 2007 maintaining fewer servicemen in a much more benign environment.[68][69] From 1971 to 1997 a total of 763 British Military personnel were killed during the troubles.[70] The British Armed Forces killed over 300 people.[71] A total of 303 RUC officers where killed in the same time period. In March 2009, two soldiers and a Police Officer were killed in separate dissident republican attacks in Northern Ireland.[72]
Current deployments
High intensity operations
Country | Dates | Deployment | Details |
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Afghanistan | 2001– | About 10,000 troops | British troops have been based in Afghanistan since the US-led invasion there in 2001. Currently, under Operation Herrick, the Army maintains troops in Camp Souter, Kabul and a brigade on 6-monthly rotation in the southern province of Helmand, mostly based in Camp Bastion and forward operating bases. In late 2009, the resident brigade is 11 Brigade. This brigade has previously served tours in Afghanistan. In 2009, the then Secretary of State for Defence Bob Ainsworth announced British troop numbers in Afghanistan to increase by 500 to a new high of more than 9,500 by late 2009.[73] |
Low intensity operations
Country | Dates | Deployment | Details |
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Cyprus | 1960– | Two resident infantry battalions, Royal Engineers, 16 Flight Army Air Corps and Joint Service Signals Unit at Ayios Nikolaos as a part of British Forces Cyprus | The UK retains two Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus after the island's independence. The bases serve as forward bases for deployments in the Middle East. British forces are also deployed separately with UN peacekeeping forces on the island. Principal facilities are Alexander Barracks at Dhekelia and Salamanca Barracks at Episkopi.[74] |
Falkland Islands | 1982– | An infantry company group and an Engineer Squadron | Previously a platoon-sized Royal Marines Naval Party acted as the military presence. After the 1982 war between Argentina and the UK, the garrison was enlarged and bolstered with an RAF base at Mount Pleasant on East Falkland.[75] |
Gibraltar | 1704–1991 | One infantry battalion, Joint Provost and Security Unit as a part of British Forces Gibraltar | British Army garrison is provided by an indigenous regiment, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, which has been on the Army regular establishment since the last British battalion left in 1991.[76] |
Northern Ireland | 1920– | About 3,200 troops[77] | Since 2007 part of Operation Helvetic which replace Operation Banner.[78] |
Sierra Leone | 1999 | Only a few | The British Army were deployed to Sierra Leone, a former British colony on Operation Palliser in 1999 to aid the government in quelling violent uprisings by militiamen, under United Nations resolutions. Troops remain in the region to provide military support and training to the Sierra Leonean government.[79][80] |
Pakistan | 2009–2012 | 24 instructors | 24 instructors from the British Army along with 6 American Army personnel will be training Pakistan’s paramilitary Frontier Corps over a period of 3 years[81] |
Libya | 2011- | 12 advisors & 4 helicopters | 12 officers from the British army and 12 from the French army deployed in a non combat advisory role to the National Transitional Council,[82][83] 4 apache helicopters have been deployed from the army air corps to create a buffer zone around Misurata and may additionally carry snipers and military commanders. [84][85] |
Permanent overseas postings
Country | Dates | Deployment | Details |
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Belize | 1940s– | British Army Training and Support Unit Belize and 25 Flight Army Air Corps | British troops have been based in Belize from the late 1940s until 1994. Belize's neighbour, Guatemala claimed the territory and there were numerous border disputes. At the request of the Belizean government, British troops remained in Belize after independence in 1981 to provide a defence force.[86] |
Brunei | 1962– | One battalion from the Royal Gurkha Rifles, British Garrison, Training Team Brunei (TTB) and 7 Flight Army Air Corps | A Gurkha battalion has been maintained in Brunei since the Brunei Revolt in 1962 at the request of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III. The Training Team Brunei (TTB) is the Army's jungle warfare school, while the small number of garrison troops support the battalion. 7 Flight Army Air Corps provides helicopter support to both the Gurkha battalion and the TTB.[87] |
Canada | 1972– | British Army Training Unit Suffield and 29 (BATUS) Flight Army Air Corps | A training centre in the Alberta prairie which is provided for the use of British Army and Canadian Forces under agreement with the government of Canada. British forces conduct regular, major armoured training exercises here every year, with helicopter support provided by 29 (BATUS) Flight AAC.[88] |
Germany | 1945–2020 | 1st (UK) Armoured Division as part of British Forces Germany | British forces remained in Germany after the end of the Second World War. Forces declined considerably after the end of the Cold War, although in October 2010 Prime Minister David Cameron announced large cuts in defence with all UK troops currently in Germany to leave by 2020.[89] |
Kenya | 2010– | British Army Training Unit Kenya | The Army has a training centre in Kenya, under agreement with the Kenyan government. It provides training facilities for three infantry battalions per year[90] |
Formation and structure
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Arms of the British Army |
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Combat Arms |
Combat Support Arms |
Combat Services |
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The structure of the British Army is complex, due to the different origins of its various constituent parts. It is broadly split into the Regular Army (full-time Officers/soldiers and units) and the Territorial Army (Spare-time Officers/soldiers and units).
In terms of its military structure, it has two parallel organisations, one administrative and one operational.
Administrative
- Regiments and Corps. These are listed below (in the template to the right), ranging from the Household Cavalry to the Army Physical Training Corps and the Royal Logistic Corps. Uniquely and somewhat confusingly, the Infantry, which is not a corps but a collection of separate regiments, is administered by 'Divisions' of infantry – Guards Division, Queen's Division, Scottish Division and so on.[91]
Operational
- The major operational command is HQ Land Forces (following the amalgamation of Land Command and Headquarters Adjutant General).[92] It is split into divisions and subordinate units ranging from regiments to squadrons.
- Divisions both operational (1 Div. based in Herford in Germany and 3 Div. based in Bulford)[93] and regional divisions (effectively military districts) administrating all military units, both Regular and TA, within a geographical area (2 Div. based in Edinburgh, 4 Div. based in Aldershot and 5 Div. based in Shrewsbury).[94]
Structure of units
The standard operational units are structured as follows, although various units have their own structure, conventions, names and sizes:[95]
Type of Unit | Division | Brigade | Battalion / Regiment | Company / Squadron | Platoon / Troop | Section | Fire Team |
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Contains | 2–3 Brigades | 3–5 Battalions | 5 Companies | 3 Platoons | 3 Sections | 2 Fire Teams | 4 Individuals |
Personnel | 10,000 | 5,000 | 550–750 | 100 | 30 | 8–10 | 4 |
Commanded by | Maj-Gen | Brig | Lt Col | Maj | Capt, Lt or 2nd Lt | Cpl | LCpl |
Corps are made up of two or more divisions, but are now unlikely to be deployed as a purely national formation due to the size of the British Army; for example,, the ARRC.[95]
In place of a Battalion, a task-specific Battlegroup may be formed. A battlegroup is grown around the core of either an armoured regiment or infantry battalion, and has other units added or removed from it as necessary for its purpose. It results in a mixed formation of armour, infantry, artillery, engineers and support units, typically consisting of between 600 and 700 soldiers under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel.[95]
A number of elements of the British Army use alternative terms for battalion, company and platoon. These include the Royal Armoured Corps, Corps of Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, and the Royal Corps of Signals who use regiment (battalion), squadron (company) and troop (platoon). The Royal Artillery are unique in using the term regiment in place of both corps and battalion, they also replace company with battery and platoon with troop.[95]
Divisions
The British Army currently has 6 divisions with two (1st Armoured Division and 3rd Infantry Division) being at continual operational readiness for deployment.[96]
Name | Headquarters | Subunits |
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File:1ukdiv.gif 1st Armoured Division | Herford, Germany | 3 Armoured or Mechanised Brigades. |
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Craigiehall, near Edinburgh | Four regional brigades. |
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Bulford, Salisbury | Two mechanized brigades, one light brigade and one infantry brigade. |
File:British 4th Infantry Division Insignia (New).png 4th Infantry Division | Aldershot | Three regional brigades. |
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Shrewsbury | Three regional brigades, one air assault brigade and Colchester Garrison. |
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York | Deployable divisional HQ. Created to support the UK's rotational command of HQ Regional Command South. |
Aviation components
The British Army operates alongside the Royal Air Force as part of a Joint Force, but the army also has its own Army Air Corps. Military helicopters of all three services are commanded by Joint Helicopter Command, a joint 2 star headquarters operating under HQ Land Forces.[97]
Special forces
The British Army contributes two of the three special forces formations within the United Kingdom Special Forces Command; the Special Air Service Regiment and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment.[98] The most famous formation is the Special Air Service Regiment. The SAS comprises one regular Regiment and two Territorial Army Regiments.[99]
The regular Regiment, 22 SAS, has its headquarters and depot located in Hereford and consists of five squadrons: A, B, D, G and Reserve with a training wing.[100] The two reserve SAS Regiments; 21 SAS and 23 SAS have a more limited role, to provide depth to the UKSF group through the provision of Individual and collective augmentation to the regular component of UKSF and standalone elements up to task group (Regimental) level focused on support and influence (S&I) operations to assist conflict stabilisation.[101]
The Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) which was formed in 2005, from existing assets, undertakes close reconnaissance and special surveillance tasks.[98] Formed around 1st Battalion the Parachute Regiment, with attached Royal Marines and RAF Regiment assets, the Special Forces Support Group are under the Operational Control of Director Special Forces to provide operational manoeuvre support to the elements of United Kingdom Special Forces.[102]
Overseas Territories military units
Numerous military units were raised historically in British territories, including self-governing and Crown colonies, and protectorates. Few of these have appeared on the Army List, and their relationship to the British Army has been ambiguous. Whereas Dominions, such as Canada and Australia, raised their own armies, the defence of Crown possessions (like the Channel Islands), and colonies (now called Overseas Territories) was, and is, the responsibility of the UK (due to their status as territories of Britain, not British protectorates). All military forces of overseas territories are, therefore, under the direct command of the UK Government, via the local Governor and Commander-In-Chief.[citation needed]
Current Overseas Territories Regiments
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Two Bermuda Regiment Warrant Officers.
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Bermuda Regiment PNCO Cadre Promotion Parade in No. 3 (Summer) Dress.
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Royal Gibraltar Regiment on parade on the occasion of the Queen's birthday parade on June 2007.
Royal Navy and RAF ground units
The other armed services have their own infantry units which are not part of the British Army. The Royal Marines are amphibious light infantry forming part of the Naval Service, and the Royal Air Force has the RAF Regiment used for airfield defence, force protection duties and Forward Air Control.[103]
Equipment
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SA-80_rifle_1996.jpg/100px-SA-80_rifle_1996.jpg)
Infantry The basic infantry weapon of the British Army is the L85A2 assault rifle, sometimes equipped with an L17A2 underbarrel grenade launcher and with several variants such as the L86A2, the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine variant, issued to tank crews. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG); indirect fire by 51 and 81 mm mortars. Sniper rifles used include the L118A1 7.62 mm, the L115A3 and the AW50F, all produced by Accuracy International. Some units use the L82A1 .50 calibre Barrett sniper rifle. More recently the L128A1 (Benelli M4) 'combat shotgun' has been adopted, and is intended for close quarters combat in Afghanistan.[104][105]
Armour The British Army's main battle tank is Challenger 2.[106] Other armoured vehicles include Supacat "Jackal" MWMIK and the Iveco "Panther" CLV.[107] The Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle is the primary armoured personnel carrier, although many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (tracked) are used, as well as the Saxon APC and FV430 series now being re-engined and uparmoured and returned to front line service as Bulldog.[108] The British Army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf and Land Rover Defender.[109]
Artillery The Army uses three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), AS-90 and L118. The MLRS was first used operationally in Operation Granby and has a range of 70 km (43 mi).[110] The AS-90 is a 155 mm self-propelled gun.[111] The L118 Light Gun is a 105 mm towed gun used primarily in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade, 19 Light Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade (Royal Marines).[112] The Rapier FSC Missile System is the Army's primary battlefield air defence system, widely deployed since the Falklands War[113] and the Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) is a surface-to-air weapon, launched either by a single soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher.[114]
Army Aviation The Army Air Corps (AAC) provide direct aviation support for the Army, although the RAF also assist in this role. The primary attack helicopter is the Westland WAH-64 Apache, a license-built, modified version of the AH-64 Apache that will replace the Westland Lynx AH7 in the anti-tank role.[115] The Bell 212 is used as a specialist utility and transport helicopter, with a crew of two and a transport capacity of 12 troops.[116] The Westland Gazelle helicopter is a light helicopter, primarily used for battlefield reconnaissance and control of artillery and aircraft.[117] The Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin is used for Special Operations Aviation[118] and the Britten-Norman Islander is a light aircraft used for airborne reconnaissance and command.[119]
Recruitment
The Army mainly recruits within the United Kingdom; it normally has a recruitment target of around 12,000 soldiers per year.[120]
Low unemployment in Britain has resulted in the Army having difficulty in meeting its target. In the early years of the 21st century there has been a marked increase in the number of recruits from other (mostly Commonwealth) countries. In 2006 overseas recruitment, mostly in Commonwealth countries, generated more than 6,000 soldiers from 54 nations; together with the 3,000 Gurkhas, 10% of the British Army is a foreign national.[121]
The Ministry of Defence now caps the number of recruits from Commonwealth countries, although this will not affect the Gurkhas. If the trend continues 10% of the army will be from Commonwealth countries before 2012. The cap is in place as some fear the army's British character is being diluted, and employing too many could make the army seen as employing mercenaries.[122]
The minimum recruitment age is 16 years (after the end of GCSEs), although soldiers may not serve on operations below 18 years; the maximum recruitment age was raised in January 2007 from 26 to 33 years. The normal term of engagement is 22 years, and, once enlisted, soldiers are not normally permitted to leave until they have served at least 4 years.[123]
There has been a strong and continuing tradition of recruiting from Ireland including what is now the Republic of Ireland.[124][125][126][127] Over 200,000 Irish soldiers fought in the First World War.[128][129] More than 60,000 Irishmen from what was then the Irish Free State[130] (now the Republic of Ireland) and 38,000 from Northern Ireland served in the Second World War,[131] all volunteered.
Oath of allegiance
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All soldiers must take an oath of allegiance upon joining the Army, a process known as attestation. Those who believe in God, and wish to swear by Him, use the following words:
I (your name), swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, her heirs and successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, her heirs and successors in person, crown and dignity against all enemies and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her heirs and successors and of the generals and officers set over me.[132]
Others replace the words "swear by Almighty God" with "solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm".[133]
Training establishments
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Oldcollegesandhurst2.jpg/220px-Oldcollegesandhurst2.jpg)
- Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS) is the officer training establishment. All officers, regular and reserve, attend RMAS at some point in their training.
- Royal School of Artillery (RSA) trains the Royal Artillery.
- Royal School of Military Engineering (RSME) trains the Corps of Royal Engineers as well as personnel from across the Armed Forces and other Government Departments in a variety of general engineering and specialist skills.
- Army Training Regiments:
- ATR Bassingbourn
- ATR Winchester
- ATC Pirbright
- Infantry Training Centres:
- ITC Catterick
- Infantry Battle School, Brecon
- Support Weapons School, Warminster
- Army Foundation College (Harrogate)
- Regional training centres
- Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College
Flags and ensigns
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_British_Army_%281938-present%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_British_Army_%281938-present%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/British_Army_Ensign_of_the_Royal_Logistic_Corps_%28commanded_by_non-commissioned_officer%29.svg/200px-British_Army_Ensign_of_the_Royal_Logistic_Corps_%28commanded_by_non-commissioned_officer%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/British_Army_Ensign_of_the_Royal_Logistic_Corps_%28commanded_by_commissioned_officer%29.svg/200px-British_Army_Ensign_of_the_Royal_Logistic_Corps_%28commanded_by_commissioned_officer%29.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Royal_Engineers_Ensign.png/200px-Royal_Engineers_Ensign.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Royal_Corps_Transport_Vessel%2C_Arezzo.jpg/200px-Royal_Corps_Transport_Vessel%2C_Arezzo.jpg)
The British Army does not have its own specific ensign for the whole Army, unlike the Royal Navy, which uses the White Ensign, and the RAF, which uses the Royal Air Force Ensign. Instead, the Army has different flags and ensigns, some for the entire army and many for the different regiments and corps. The official flag of the Army as a whole is the Union Flag, flown in a ratio of 3:5. A non-ceremonial flag also exists, which is used at recruiting events, military events and exhibitions. It also flies from the Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall.[134]
Whilst at war, the Union Flag is always used, and this flag represents the Army on the Cenotaph in Whitehall, London (the UK's memorial to its war dead).[135]
The British Army has throughout its history operated ships, ports and a myriad of boats. Boats, Landing Craft and Ports are still operated by the Army and ensigns exists for vessels commanded by the Army. The Royal Logistic Corps operates a large fleet of vessels from its base at Marchwood near Southampton.[136]
The Royal Engineers has had fleets since the introduction of diving in 1838 and was granted an ensign following the foundation of the Royal Engineers Submarine Mining Service in 1871, where it operated sea mine laying ships, before transfer of the trade to the Royal Navy. The Corps maintains a Blue Ensign defaced by the crest of the Board of Ordnance from where the Corps developed, which it flys from its fleet and shore establishments that routinely operate boats.[137]
Each Foot Guards and line regiment (excluding The Rifles and Royal Gurkha Rifles (RGR)) also has its own flags, known as Colours—normally a Regimental Colour and a Queen's Colour. The design of different Regimental Colours. vary but typically the colour has the Regiment's badge in the centre. The RGR carry the Queen's Truncheon in place of Colours.[138]
Ranks, specialisms and insignia
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | OF(D) | Student officer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Field marshal | General | Lieutenant-general | Major-general | Brigadier | Colonel | Lieutenant colonel | Major | Captain | Lieutenant | Second lieutenant | Officer cadet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abbreviation | FM | Gen | Lt Gen | Maj Gen | Brig | Col | Lt Col | Maj | Capt | Lt | 2nd Lt | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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No insignia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Warrant officer class 1 | Warrant officer class 2 | Staff/Colour sergeant | Sergeant | Corporal | Lance corporal | Private (or equivalent) |
Every regiment and corps has its own distinctive insignia, such as cap badge, beret, tactical recognition flash and stable belt.
Throughout the army there are many official specialisms. They do not affect rank, but they do affect pay bands.
Musician | Survey Technician |
Farrier | Biomedical Scientist |
Driver Tank Transporter | Registered General Nurse |
Radar Operator | Telecom Op (Special) |
Meteorologist | Aircraft Technician |
Military Engineer Bomb Disposal | Special Air Service Soldier |
Telecom Op (Linguist) | Ammunition Technician |
Operator Special Intelligence | |
Construction Materials Technician | |
Driver Specialist | |
Armoured Engineer | |
Royal Armoured Corps Crewman | |
Army Diver |
Tommy Atkins and other nicknames
A long established nickname for a British soldier has been Tommy Atkins or Tommy for short. The origins are obscure but most probably derive from a specimen army form circulated by the Adjutant-General Sir Harry Calvert to all units in 1815 where the blanks had been filled in with the particulars of a Private Thomas Atkins, No 6 Company, 23rd Regiment of Foot. German soldiers in both World Wars would usually refer to their British opponents as Tommys. Present- day British soldiers are often referred to as Toms or just Tom. The British Army magazine Soldier has a regular cartoon strip, Tom, featuring the everyday life of a British soldier. Outside of the services, soldiers are generally known as squaddies by the British popular press, and the general public.[140]
Another nickname which applies only to soldiers in Scottish regiments is Jock, derived from the fact that in Scotland the common Christian name John is often changed to Jock in the vernacular. Welsh soldiers are occasionally referred to as Taffy or just Taff. This may only apply to those from the Taff-Ely Valley in South Wales, where a large portion of men, left unemployed from the decline of the coal industry in the area, enlisted during WW I and WW II. Alternatively, it is derived from the supposed Welsh pronunciation of Dafydd[141] – the vernacular form of Dave or Davey, the patron Saint of Wales being Saint David.[142] Irish soldiers are referred to as Paddy or Mick.
Junior officers in the army are sometimes known as Ruperts by the Other ranks. This nickname is believed to be derived from the children's comic book character Rupert Bear who epitomizes traditional public school values.[143]
See also
- Ministry of Defence
- Redcoat
- Territorial Army (United Kingdom)
- ArmyNET
- Volunteer Army
- British military history
- Royal Navy
- Royal Air Force
- United Kingdom Special Forces
- Modern equipment and uniform of the British Army
- Sexual orientation and military service
- Army Cadet Force (ACF)
- Jankers (army punishments)
- British campaign medals
References and notes
- ^ a b c , UK: Ministry of Defense, 2011-03-03 http://www.dasa.mod.uk/applications/newWeb/www/apps/publications/pubViewFile.php?content=160.11&date=2011-03-03&type=html&PublishTime=09:30:00
{{citation}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help). - ^ The Union of the Parliaments 1707 Learning and Teaching Scotland, accessed 2 September 2010
- ^ Aptheker, Herbert (1960). The American Revolution, 1763-1783: a history of the American people: an interpretation. History of the American people. Vol. 2. International Publishers Co. p. 26. ISBN 0717800059.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Mallinson, p. 104
- ^ a b Mallinson, p. 106
- ^ Mallinson, p. 129
- ^ a b Mallinson, p. 165
- ^ a b c d Mallinson, p. 102 Cite error: The named reference "ma102" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Bates Gill (2010). Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy. Brookings Institution Press. p. 25. ISBN 9780815704539. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
- ^ a b "New Zealand Army: Timeline". Army.mil.nz. 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Mallinson, p. 210
- ^ a b c Mallinson, p. 257
- ^ a b "The Fenian Raids". Doyle.com.au. 2001-09-15. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Mallinson, p. 203
- ^ a b Mallinson, p. 195
- ^ Pontiac’s War Baltimore County Public Schools
- ^ Mallinson, p. 110
- ^ Mallinson, p. 177
- ^ The 1798 Irish Rebellion BBC
- ^ "Guide to the War of 1812". Loc.gov. 2010-07-30. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Miller, p. 144
- ^ Mallinson, p. 50
- ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 103
- ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881.
- ^ Cassidy, p. 79
- ^ Ensor, pp. 525–526
- ^ Mallinson, p. 310
- ^ "Mark I tank". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "British Military Aviation in 1914". Rafmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Saturday, 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy (2009-08-22). "Weapons of War: Poison Gas". Firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Mallinson, p. 335
- ^ a b Mallinson, p. 342
- ^ Taylor (1976), p. 157
- ^ "D-Day and the Battle of Normandy". Ddaymuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin (2005). Churchill and America. Simon and Schuster. p. 301. ISBN 0743291220.
- ^ Taylor (1976), p. 210
- ^ Mallinson, p. 371
- ^ a b Mallinson, p. 384
- ^ Merged regiments and new brigading – many famous units to lose separate identity, The Times, 25 July 1957
- ^ Mallinson, p. 407
- ^ Mallinson, p. 440
- ^ Mallinson, p. 442
- ^ a b c Mallinson, p. 401
- ^ Mallinson, p. 402
- ^ "Falklands Surrender Document". Britains-smallwars.com. 1982-06-14. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Mallinson, p. 411
- ^ Army ending its operation in NI BBC News, 31 July 2007
- ^ Troops pull out of Bessbrook Operation Banner News, 25 June 2007
- ^ Defence (Options for Change) Hansard, 25 July 1990
- ^ 50,000 troops in Gulf illness scare The Guardian, 11 June 2004
- ^ "Supreme sacrifice: British soldier killed in Iraq was unemployed TA man". Thefreelibrary.com. 2003-08-28. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Mallinson, p. 446
- ^ Mallinson, p. 447
- ^ Mallinson, p. 448
- ^ Operations in the Balkans: British Fatalities Defence factsheet
- ^ Mallinson, p. 452
- ^ Operations in Afghanistan: Chronology of Events, September 2001 – December 2002 Defence factsheet
- ^ UK sends 500 more to Afghanistan BBC News, 15 October 2009
- ^ Operations in Afghanistan: British Fatalities Defence factsheet
- ^ Operations in Iraq: Facts and figures Defence factsheet
- ^ Operations in Iraq: British Fatalities Defence factsheet
- ^ "British Troops Leave Iraq As Mandate Ends". Rferl.org. 2009-07-31. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Bloomfield, K Stormont in Crisis (Belfast 1994) p 114
- ^ PRONI: Cabinet conclusions file CAB/4/1460
- ^ McKernan, Michael (2005). Northern Ireland in 1897–2004 Yearbook 2005. Stationery Office. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-9546284-2-0.
- ^ Army dismantles NI post BBC News, 31 July 2000
- ^ Army To Dismantle Tower Block Post Skyscrapernews, 2 August 2005
- ^ a b "Operation Banner: An analysis of military operations in Northern Ireland" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ "Army paper says IRA not defeated". BBC News. 2007-07-06. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Remembrance Day: Where they fell BBC News, 13 November 2010
- ^ "Tabulations (Tables) of Basic Variables". Cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Policeman shot dead in N Ireland BBC News, 10 March 2009
- ^ "Afghanistan – Timeline". BBC News. 2010-02-24. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Somme Barracks (Cyprus) Hansard, 26 March 2001
- ^ Falklands Forces Have A Vital Role To Play Falkland Islands News Network, 3 May 2006
- ^ Royal Gibraltar Regiment trains in the UK Defence News, 13 May 2010
- ^ Heyman, p. 101
- ^ "Operation Banner". Armedforces.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ British troops withdraw from Sierra Leone Daily Mail, 2002
- ^ The International Military Assistance Training Team (IMATT (SL)) in Sierra Leone[dead link]
- ^ "World | Britain building FC training camp in Pakistan: report". Dawn.Com. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
- ^ "Hypocrisy to Ignore Regime Change Aim of Libya Venture". walesonline.co.uk. 21 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ "Army Experts to Mentor Libya Rebels". Press Association. 2011-04-19. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ "British and French launch helicopter raids on Libya". Indipendant.ie. 24-05-2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|access=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Libya: Apache attack helicopters to be deployed within 24 hours". The Telegraph. 27-05-2011.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|access=
ignored (|access-date=
suggested) (help) - ^ Belize Ministry of Defence
- ^ Brunei Ministry of Defence
- ^ Canada Ministry of Defence]
- ^ Defence review: Cameron unveils armed forces cuts, BBC News Retrieved 19/10/2010.
- ^ The British Peace Support Team (BPST) in Kenya Ministry of Defence
- ^ Heyman, p.105
- ^ HQ Land Forces on the move Drumbeat, June 2008
- ^ Heyman, p. 92
- ^ Heyman, p. 93
- ^ a b c d "British Army Formation & Structure". WhoDaresWins.com. 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ Heyman, pp. 92–93
- ^ Joint Helicopter Command Strategic Defence Review
- ^ a b "Special Reconnaissance Regiment". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 26-March-2010.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "UK Defence Statistics 2009". Defence Analytical Services Agency. Retrieved 26 March 2010.
- ^ Fremont-Barnes, p. 62
- ^ "Special Air Service (Reserve) – (SAS(R))". MoD. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
The role of SAS (R) is to provide depth to the UKSF group through the provision of: Individual and collective augmentation to the regular component of UKSF. Standalone elements up to task group (Regimental) level focused on Support and Influence (S&I) operations to assist conflict stabilisation
- ^ "Special Forces Support Group". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 26-March-2010.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ "RAF Regiment". Raf.mod.uk. 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "Combat Shotgun – British Army Website". Army.mod.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "British Army's new combat shotgun". The Firearm Blog. 2009-04-10. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Challenger 2 BA Systems
- ^ "Multi-role Light Vehicle". Defense-update.com. 2006-07-26. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "FV 432". Sloppyjalopy.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "Land Rover Defender". Landrover.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ GMLRS British Army
- ^ "AS-90". Armedforces.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ 105 mm Light Gun BAe Systems
- ^ "Rapier missile". Armedforces-int.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Starstreak II sighted Janes
- ^ "Apache". Army.mod.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "Bell Huey". Vectorsite.net. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Gazelle British Army
- ^ Tim Ripley (10 December 2008). "UK Army Air Corps received Dauphins". Janes Defence Weekly, Vol. 45, Issue 50: 10.
- ^ "Islander". Britten-norman.com. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ Army recruitment increases by 9% BBC News, 18 August 2006
- ^ Britain's child army New Statesman, 5 February 2007
- ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (2008-04-05). "Commonwealth recruitment caps & current commonwealth troop levels". London: Guardian Newspaper. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Recruitment Age for Army Raised". BBC News. 2007-01-06. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Sharrock, David (September 10, 2008). "Irish recruits sign up for British Army in cross-border revolution". London: The Times.
Army recruitment in Northern Ireland has just revealed that 16 per cent of all those enlisting since April were from south of the border. That figure is up from 10.5 per cent last year – which was in itself more than double for 2006.
- ^ Buchanan, Michael (27 November 2008). "Irish swell ranks of UK military". BBC.
Between 2005 and 2006, just 3% of recruits entering the military through its recruitment centres in Northern Ireland came from the Republic. The figure so far this year is 14%, and officers believe it will rise further.
{{cite news}}
: line feed character in|quote=
at position 141 (help){ - ^ "British army sees more Irish recruits". Belfast Telegraph. 6 December 2010.
There has been a seven-fold increase in Irish recruits to the British armed forces since the recession began. Figures obtained by Fine Gael TD Brian Hayes revealed 10 people with addresses in the Republic of Ireland joined the British military between 2007 and 2008. From 2009 to 2010 this number rose to 85.
{{cite web}}
: line feed character in|quote=
at position 110 (help) - ^ Holmes, Richard (2002). Redcoat: The British soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket. HarperCollins. pp. 48, 55–57, 59–65, 177–8. ISBN 0-00-653152.
{{cite book}}
: Check|isbn=
value: length (help) - ^ "Ireland and the First World War: the Historical Context". School of History and Anthropology.
- ^ "Remembering Irish soldiers in World War I". History Times.
Eager to place themselves in the best possible light after the war was over – six months at the most was a common reckoning – Irish Unionist and Nationalist politicians called on their followers to do their duty for their respective causes and enlist. Estimates suggest that up to 200,000 Irishmen of all persuasions eventually fought in the British army between 1914 and 1918. Perhaps as many as 49,000 died
- ^ Watson, Philip (2004-03-19). "Ian's death brought people together". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Ian Malone's decision also had a long historical precedent. Almost 150,000 Irish soldiers fought in the First World War; 49,000 died. More than 60,000 Irishmen – more than from loyal Ulster – also saw action in the Second World War; like their compatriots in the Great War, all were volunteers. As one of 400 or more men from the republic then serving in the British Army, some of them stationed in Northern Ireland, Ian Malone was part of a familiar Irish story of economic emigration – he was seeking work abroad when there was little at home. And never having left the country, he was no doubt seeking travel and adventure, too.
- ^ The Oxford companion to Irish history, Sean J. Connolly, pg 505
- ^ "British Army Oath of Allegiance". Retrieved 2010-11-29.
- ^ "Values and Standards of the British Army" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "British Army (non-ceremonial)". britishflags.net. Archived from the original on 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Whitehall Cenotaph". Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "17 Port & Maritime Regiment RLC". Army.mod.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "Royal Engineers ensign". Fotw.net. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ "The Queen's Truncheon". Thegurkhamuseum.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
- ^ a b "Rank structure". army.mod.uk. British Army. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ Songs for squaddies: the war musical Lads in Their Hundreds The Guardian, 19 May 2010
- ^ The Concise Oxford Dictionary ISBN 978-0-19-861131-8
- ^ Collins English Dictionary ISBN 0-00-716334-7
- ^ Beevor, Anthony, Inside the British Army, ISBN 0-00-71134658
Sources
- Cassidy, Robert M (2006). Counterinsurgency and the global war on terror: military culture and irregular war. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275989909.
- Ensor, (Sir) Robert (1936). England: 1870–1914. (The Oxford History of England, Volume XIV) (Revised, 1980 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821705-6.
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009). Who Dares Wins — The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1846033950.
- Heyman, Charles (2009). The Armed Forces of the United Kingdom 2010–2011. Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781848840843.
- Mallinson, Allan (2009). The Making of the British Army. Bantam Press. ISBN 9780593051085.
- Miller, John (2000). James II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300087284.
- Taylor, AJP (1976). The Second World War an illustrated history. Penguin books. ISBN 0140041354.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- British Army Website
- British Army Reserve Support
- British Army Sports, Museums & Associations Website
- UK Defence Statistics 2008
- British Army/Navy/RAF Website
- British Army Friends Reunited
- "Discussion of British Soldier Letters From Rev. War" (Article)
- Extensive information about the British Army, Royal Navy and the RAF
- British Army Quick Facts
- Find Army Friends – Army Reunions