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Dhangar

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For the town in Sagar district, India, see Dhangar, Madhya Pradesh.
Dhangar
Classification: Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय)
Clans: 108
Significant populations in: India
Language Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Gojri, Dogri.
Religion Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism

The Dhangar (Sanskrit / Devanāgarī: ‘‘‘धनगर’’’) caste is primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The literal translation of the name Dhangar is "Wealthy".[1] The Dhangars of the Northern or Southern India are reasonably considered to belong to the same race.[2] The word Dhangar is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Dhenu' or Cow. They are called by different synonyms like Dhangar, Dhangad and Dhanpal.[3] Dhang also means a hill or a mountain. During the times of hardship some Kshatriyas went to the mountains and hills with their sheep and cows and stayed in the forests: these people are called Dhangars.[4]

The “Ain-i-Akbari” describes them as being a proud, refractory and domineering race of Rajputs, living in the Basim Sircar and, with numerous armed forces, occupying the forts and controlling the surrounding districts.[2][5][6] Their original home is said to be Gokul Vrindavan near Mathura. From Gokul they are said to be moved to Mewar and from Mewar to have spread into Gujarat and Maharashtra.[7][8]

Lord Krishna was Dhangar.[9][10][11] Nand Meher, the foster father of Lord Krishna, also belonged to this caste.[7][8][12] Lord Krishna, Prophet Muhammad and Jesus Christ were all Shepherds.[13] Metaphorically, the term Shepherd is used for God.

Initially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar and they had a Division of labour amongst brothers of one family. This later formed three sub-divisions and one half division (3.5). These three being Hatkar (Shepherds), Ahir (Cowherds) or Mhaskar (Buffalo keepers), and Khutekar and Sangar (Wool and Blanket weavers). The half division is called Khateek or Khatik (Butchers). All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions. All sub-divisions emerge from one stock and all sub-divisions claim to be a single group of Dhangars. Studies have revealed that they are genetically the closest.[14][15] The number three and a half is not a random selection but has a religious and cosmological significance.[16][17]

Sub castes

Ahirs, Pal-Pali, Patpatia, Baghel, Mhaskar / Bargujar / Gurjar, Hatkar (Assal/Assali)/ Bargi / Barahatti / Barhatta / Bargahi / Baragahi / Bande (Revolutionary) / Zende (Brave) / Bhillari / Khillari / Metkari /Sargar/ Dange / Bakarwal / Pohol / Bharwad / Shippi / Banne / Kuruba (meaning trustworthy) / Kanore / Kanade /Katmore/ Kurmar / Kurbar / Kurumbar / Idaiyan / Idaiyar / Idaiga / Konar / Gavali / Golla / Mohaniya, Neekhar/Nikher, Khutekar / Gire / Dewanga / Kshitri / Khatri, Kuktekar, Sagar, Sengar / Sangar / Shegar, Lad Mendhe / Ladse, Jhade / Jhadi / Zade, Hulwan, Konkani, Mahure / Mahurai, Telange, Tellari, Warhade / Varadi / Barade,[18] Khatik / Rangiya / Chikva / Kasai / Ghodchade / Solankar / Sunkhar / Birwal Jain / Badgujar / Vihari Vaishya / Meve Farosh / Halal / Kalal / Chakhana Kakal / Bakar Kasab / Purbiya / Kaseruval / Lad / Katik, Oraon, Talwar, Banjara / Vanjara ,[19] Kambar, Shirotya, Utekar, Gadge,[4][20][21][22] Yadav Gawli.[23] Dhangars are also called as Gauli/Govali/Gavali/ in Karnataka and Goa.

The Dhangars ignore the subcastes and project themselves only as Dhangars.

Origin and History

Captain Fitzgerald had observed that ‘the general idea is that originally there were Twelve Tribes of Bargi-Dhangars, who came from Hindustan, and the country about Hingoli was called Bara Hatti (Hatkar)’. The term Bara-Hatti could thus mean a country of the Dhangars of twelve hattis. The term Hatkar is derived from hatti. According to the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary, h(p)atti has the following meanings: pen (Kannada), hamlet (Malayalam), cowstall, sheepfold (Tamil). A hatti would therefore mean a sheep pen or a camp or a settlement of sheep-keepers. In the old Kannada lexicon hattikara occurs as a synonym of govali, or cowherds. These etymological linkages indicate a connection between the sheep and cattle keepers. The term means a camp of sheep-cattle keepers. Bara-hatti means a village consisting of twelve vadis. The vadi constitutes 20-23 Dhangar families.[24][25][26][27][28]

The word “hat” means obstinacy in Marathi and “hatti” means being obstinate. Therefore "Hatkar" means people who are obstinate. Captain Fitz Gerald, once an assistant commissioner in Berar, made the following observation:- “The Hatkars declare that they came prior to the Nizam becoming subhedar of Deccan[29] on behalf of the King of Delhi. The Hatkars are all Bargi Dhangars, or the Shepherds with the Spears. The Hatkars say that they formerly, when going on any expedition, took only a blanket seven hands long and a bear-spear (Barcha/Barchi in Marathi), and that on this account they were called Bargir, or Barga Dhangars. The temper of Hatkars is said to be obstinate and quarrelsome.[30][31] The great National weapon of Maratha country during Shivaji era was the Spear.[32][33] A famous couplet of a Bengali cradle song, created by Oriya and Bengali people to make their babies sleep at night is quoted below.

"Chhele ghumalo para juralo Bargi elo deshe

Bulbulite dhan kheyechhe khajna debo kise?"

Hushed the child sleeps and quiet is the neighborhood now, for the Bargis have descended on our land; the bulbulis have eaten away our crops, how shall we pay our land tax?' Raghuji Karande ( Marathi : रघुजी कारंडे ) was the General of the Army of the Nagpur kingdom of Bhosale's i.e. of Raghoji I Bhonsle and Janoji Bhonsle. He had the entire army of Nagpur Bhosales under his command and was directly responsible only to them. He was considered to be one of the most capable and trustworthy persons of the Bhosales.[34][35] They are industrious, honest and sincere. “Truthful as a Dhangar” is a proverb.[36]

They are even now noted for their martial qualities and readily become soldiers. The armies of Shivaji were composed of recruits mainly drawn from this caste who were the most trusted by Shivaji. The bravest Maratha leaders, among whom the Holkars are the most distinguished, are of this tribe.[2][5] When tending and driving sheep and goats Dhangars ejaculate 'Har, Har,' which is a name of Mahadeo used by devotees in worshipping him. The Dhangars furnished a valuable contingent to Sivaji's guerilla soldiery. The battle cry of the Marathas, “Har Har Mahadeo”, was used by the Dhangars—showing that Mavalas or the soldiers of Shivaji were Dhangars.[37] These people of Maval or mountain valley above the Ghats were called Mavalas and below the Ghats towards the sea were called Hetkaris. Dhangars were thus the first people who became the soldiers of Shivaji.[38][39]

At the time of his Coronation, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj showed that he belonged to the Gahlot (i.e. Sisodiya / Ranas of Mewar) Clan. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj belonged to this caste.[40][41] The associates of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj were Balwantrao Devkate, Nimbaji Patole, Dadaji Kakade, Venkoji Khandekar, Dhanaji Shingade, Banaji Birje, Yesaji Thorat, Heroji Shelke, Bhavanrao Devkate, Mankoji Dhangar, Amdoji Pandhare, Godaji Pandhare, Indraji Gorad, Naikji Pandhare, Raiji Gadade, Bahirji Bandgar, Hande, Mahanavar,Chormale,Marotraoji Kharat,Gunaji Mahanar,Mane,Maske,Raoji Shinde,Chare.

The Shepherds of Maratha country are called Marathe (Marhatta (Singular) / Marhatte (Plural)/ Bar-hatta, i.e. Hatkar) (Hatkars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan are also called Maratha Dhangar).[37] The Prakrit word Marhatta is found in Jain Maharashtri literature.[42][43][44] Shahu Maharaj coined the word Maratha for the peasant section i.e. Kunbi. Historically "Maratha" was a common term used for people of Maharashtra region that speak Marathi.[45] Today, however, the term "Maratha" refers only to those Marathi-speaking people who also belong to certain specific Hindu castes: for one available listing, refer to Maratha clan system. Thus, the terms “Maratha people" and "Maratha-Dhangar" are not interchangeable and should not be confused for each other. All Dhangars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan / Marhatta country, like Holkars, can be termed Marathas, but all Marathas are not Dhangars. For one available listing of Dhangars, refer to List of Dhangar clans in India.[46][47][48]

The Dhangar name is exclusively used for the Shepherd Caste of Maharashtra. The Dhangar community is one of the oldest existing communities of India, tracing its history back to Mahabharata times. They have originated several ruling dynasties, most recently the Holkars of Indore. Prominent Dhangars have been Hakkaraya and Bukkaraya, founders of the Vijayanagara Empire. Dhangars have founded the Hoysalas, Holkar, Rashtrakutas, Maurya, Pallav dynasties. In addition the poets Kalidasa and Kanakadasa were also Dhangars.[4] The famous Vithoba temple at Pandharpur was built by Vishnuvardhana, a Dhangar from the Hoysala Dynasty.[49] The famous Meenakshi temple was built by Pallavas who were Dhangars.[4] There is a tradition that Deoghur or Daulatabad was built in 1203 AD by a Dhangar or herdsman who acquiring by some unusual good fortune vast wealth was named by his brother shepherds Rajah Ram and soon after assumed the rank of a Raja.[50] This warrior community, in the districts of Nanded, Parbhani and Berar, across the Painganga River, were in open rebellion from 1798 A. D. till 1820 A. D. under the brave leadership of Novsaji Naik and had taken possession of a number of strongholds.[51]

Traditionally being Warriors, Shepherds, Cowherds, Buffalo keepers, Blanket & Wool Weavers, Butchers and Farmers, Dhangars were late to take up modern day education. Though it has a notable population not only in Maharashtra but also in India, had a rich history, today it is still politically highly disorganized community and is socially, educationally, economically and politically backward. They lived a socially isolated life due to their occupation, wandering mainly in forests, hills and mountains.[52]

For the affirmative action or the Reservation in India they are distributed into Advanced Class, Other Backward Class, Nomadic Tribe, Scheduled Tribe and Scheduled Caste throughout India.

In Maharashtra though they were classified as extremely backward since Independence they got reservation in 1990 after peaceful and non-violent agitation in 1989. The then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi told the State Government to immediately implement the Scheduled Tribe status but the Sharad Pawar led State government deprived the ST status and included them as Nomadic Tribe in 1990. The Creamy layer is excluded from reservations. In 2004, the then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in a rally at Pandharpur declared that if BJP lead NDA comes to power they would immediately confer the ST status. The All India Dhangar Association is still fighting to get the ST status.

see main article Dhangar Scheduled tribe issue

Kuldaivat

Jejuri is one of the famous temples in Maharashtra. The God of Jejuri - Khandoba (Lord Shiva), the husband of Banai (from the Dhangar caste), is popular amongst the Dhangars as it is their Kuladaivat.[53] Khandoba, the god of shepherd community literally means "swordsmans father" and is the guardian deity of Deccan.[54] Dhangars worship various forms of Father Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu, Mother Parvati and Mother Mahalaxmi as their Kuldaivat, like Khandoba, Biroba, Mhasoba, Dhuloba (Dhuleshwar), Vithoba, Janai-Malai, Tulai, Yamai, Padubai, Ambabai. They generally worship the temple of these Gods that is nearest to their residence which becomes their kuladev and kuladevi.[55] The place of their Kuladev and Kuladevi would mean that their original place of residence was somewhere in that region. Other Kuldaivat in Amravati District of Maharashtra are situated at Sawanga near Yawali. These are locally known as Devi of Sawanga and Hud Mai (Kul Devi). These temples are visited by large number of devotees around the year. Rituals such as Jawale (offering first hairs of child), Kuldaivat Havan Puja and prayers (Puja) by newly wed are common here. The proper Temple for Hud Mai is under consideration since its presently located in bushes on a small hill.

Dhangari Gaja

This is a dance form performed by Dhangars of Solapur district of Maharashtra. Their poetry is mainly inspired by the evergreen trees all around. The poetry is in a form called 'Ovi' which is made up of couplets. These poems also contain tales of the birth of their God "Biruba" or Birappa or Viroba, in simple and basic lines. The group of dancers surrounds the drum players and move at the drummers' rhythm.[56][57]

Clans in India

See also List of Dhangar clans in India.

Dhangars are Kshatriyas.[58][59][60][61] Dhangars employ Brahmins for religious and ceremonial purposes.[62] Kshatriyas have three major castes (or ethnic groups) -- the Dhangars, the Rajputs and the Marathas. The Rajputs are Indo-Scythians and mainly had their kingdoms in North India. The Rajputs did not originate as a tribe or a single community. They emerge from history as a collection of clans ruling different regions. The term Rajput as it is used today refers to the set of intermarrying royal clans. The Marathas are Indo-Aryans and had an empire which spread all over central and North India. The Dhangars are Proto-Asians, who had their Kingdoms throughout India. Rajputs have 36 Clans, Marathas have 96 Clans and Dhangars have 108 clans in India out of which some are unknown so far. Originally these castes were one and had mutual interactions of dining together and intermarriage amongst them.[4]

The widespread Palaeolithic mtDNA haplogroups and analysis of Y-DNA Haplogroup in Dhangar clans highlight their Proto-Asian genetic ancestries. Dhangar heterogeneity is ascribable to predominantly South-Asian males and West-Eurasian females. Dhangar have a significant Pleistocene gene pool, corroborating their “Proto-Asian” origin.[63] As per J. H. Hutton they are Proto-Australoid. Kashyap (2006) [64] designates 23 out of 54 Indian populations studied as Australoid, of which one speaks an Indo-European language (Dhangar of Maharashtra).

Dhangars are believed to be Indo-Aryans as the Aryans were shepherds. Dhangar follow many rituals which were followed by Aryans.[65][66] Aryans used to pierce the ears of their children, and Dhangars too pierce the ears of their children.[67] Out of the 36 Queens of Kshayapa the 28th Queen, Sundara, was a Dhangar. Out of the Original 36 Rishis Tap Rishi and Manimahant were Dhangar.

The word Gotra is derived from the word "Go" meaning Cow. In ancient times wealth used to be measured by the number of cows. The cows of one Kula used to be kept together which was termed Gotra this was later termed as Kula Gotra. Marriage in the Kula of one's own Pravaras is prohibited.[68] Ethoven has listed 108 such exogamous groups of Dhangars. However Gautama Sutra has given two remedies for such marriages i.e. "Sutrakali Chandrayan, Kruch Prayaschit". Widow Remarriage and Divorce is permitted and Divorced wives are at liberty to marry again.[69]

Allama Prabhu, President of Lingayat Temple at the time of allowing saint Rewad in the temple stated

"Kuruba Hutavamunna Kulavilla Gotra Villam,

Kuruban fal kani Basawanna."

meaning

"Before the Dhangars there were no gotras, gotras came with Dhangars, Basawanna, we are the descendants of Dhangars".

This shows that many Lingayats were Dhangars previously.[4]

Enthoven in his observations has listed 22 Endogamous groups (Sub-Castes) and 108 Exogamous groups (Clans) of Dhangars (Enthoven 1920:311). It should be recorded that the list of the 22 Endogamous groups and 108 Exogamous groups of Dhangars, as provided by Enthoven, is not exhaustive.[70]

The number 108 is very sacred and has a great significance.[71]

The List of Dhangar clans in India is of surnames of all sub-castes from India[4][72][73][74]

Other Names

Dhangars are identified by different names in different regions of the country.[75] The names vary from area to area and from district to district[76][77][78]

  • Ahir / Ahiyaru / Aagalave / Andar / Appugol / Agrayya (East India) / Attutidiyan / Attiyan
  • Bargujars / Bagadi / Brijbasi / Bargahi / Baragahi / Bargi (meaning- cattle owners) (UP) / Bakarwal (Jammu & Kashmir) / Bhagat / Bhedwar / Bharud / Bharwad / Baghel / Bharavadaru / Bhati / Bhatia/ Bherarokhiya / Bagal
  • Chang / Chigare / Charan / Charvaha (Rajasthan) / Changpa (Ladakh) Bhadiyar / Chagal
  • Devanga / Dhangad / Dhanwar / Dhanpal / Dhangod / Doddi Gowda / Drokpa / Dewasi
  • Ghosh / Ghosi (MP) / Ghirath (Punj) / Gaddi / Garri / Gaderia / Gadhariya / Gadaria / Gareri / Gauriya (UP, MP, Bihar) / Gadri / Gairi / Gadade / Gawade / Gurjar / Gavara (AP) / Ghancha / Ghanchi / Golla / Gola / Gond / Gaola / Gollavadu / Gauliga / Gowda / Gowdiga / Gop (Assam) / Gopal / Gounder / Gwala / Gwal / Gavali (Goa, Karnataka) / Gurung / Gangajali / Gopalak (Gujrath)
  • Halumatha / Haridas / Hati (Soldier) / Hatkar (Guj) / Heggades / Haldhar
  • Idaiga / Idyar / Idiyan / Idaiyar
  • Jagri
  • Konar (Tamil Nadu) / Kalali / Kalari / Kalavar / Kamaria / Kamli / Kanne / Kantak / Khuruk / Khatri / Kuruba Gowda / Kacha Gauliga / Kuruba (Karnataka, AP) / Kuruma(Korama) / Kurumavaaru / Kuda / Kurkhi / Kurmar / Kurma / Kurumba / Kurumbar / Kurumans / Kurubaru (Tamil Nadu) / Kurupu / Khavas
  • Mendpal / Magadha / Magadhi / Maghi (Bihar) / Maldhari / Meshshawak (Bengal) / Mirdha / Muniyani / Meshpalak / Meshpal /
  • Nayer / Neekhar / Nikhers (North India) / Naikers
  • Oraon
  • Paalakyatriya / Pal-Pali / Palaru / Poduvar
  • Rajpal (North India) / Raika / Redharu / Rakhal / Rabari
  • Saile
  • Yadavalu

Kingdoms

  • Baghel/Vaghela of Rewa (Madhya Pradesh)

Academic / Teachers

Scientists

  • Shri. Bhausaheb Hake, ISRO
  • Er. Abhishek Pal ISRO
  • Bharat Prasad Pal, GBPUA&T

Military

Judiciary

  • Hon'ble Justice D. A. Mane.
  • Hon'ble Justice Kumud Pal UP
  • Adv. Amit A. Karande.
  • Adv. Nanasaheb Mote.
  • Adv. Shivajirao Hake.
  • Adv. Suresh Tekade.

Members of Parliament

  • Bandaru Dattatreya - Former Union Minister.
  • Siddaramaiah - Former Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka.
  • B.K.Parthasarathi- former MP Telugu Desam Party of Hindupur, Andhrapradesh.
  • C.H.Vijayshankar – Mysore
  • Shri. Channaiah Odeyar- Former MP of Davanagere.
  • D.K.Naiker - Former KPCC president.
  • Dr B K Ravi
  • Dr Y.Nagappa - Former Minister
  • H.Vishwanath - Former Minister
  • H. M. Revanna
  • Juel Oraon
  • K.S.Eshwarappa - BJP Leader and Irrigation Minister
  • Kollur Mallappa- Former MP of Raichur.
  • K.R.Subbian - Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
  • K.Virupakshappa
  • Kartik Oraon
  • Late Shri Rakhmaji Gawade EX. MP Beed Maharahtra
  • Rajaram Pal (U.P)
  • Rameshwar Oroan. State Minister GOI
  • Ratan Dewasi
  • S.P. Baghel. M.P. (U.P.)
  • Shri Ram Pal M.P. (Rajyasabha)
  • Sagar Raika
  • Sarika Singh Jatav(M.P)Hatharas wife of Devendra Singh Baghel
  • V.L.Patil (Ex-M.P.,Ex-Minister Of Karnataka)
  • Vijay Shankar M.P. (Karnataka)
  • Shri S. Vishwanath

Politics

  • B. K. Kokare. Founder, Yashwant Sena
  • Late Shivajirao Shendge.
  • Late Rakhamaji Gawade (Ex MP & MLA Beed dist (M.S.)
  • Mahadeo Jankar, Founder President, Rashtriya Samaj Paksha
  • Anandrao Devkate Ex-Minister (Maharashtra) (INC)
  • Annasaheb Lengare
  • Anil Gote. MLA
  • Anilkumar Patil. Ex-MLA
  • Annasaheb Dange. Ex-Minister (Maharashtra)(NCP)
  • Ayodhya Prasad Pal
  • Babubhai Desai
  • Bhawanbhai Bharwad
  • Dattatraya Pandhare. Ex-Vice President (INC).
  • Ganpatrao Deshmukh M.L.A. (Maharashtra) PWP
  • Ganpatrao Patil Ex-M.L.A. (Maharashtra)
  • Haridas Badhe. MLA.(B.B.M)
  • Hukum Chand Yadav MLA
  • Jethabhai Bharwad
  • Kakasaheb Thorat Ex-MLA
  • Lakhan Singh Baghel
  • Malharrao Mahulkar Ex-MLA
  • Nanasaheb Kokare. Ex-M.L.A. (B.J.P)
  • Pritamsinh Deokate.(India)(NCP)
  • Popatrao Gawade. Ex-M.L.A. (Maharashtra) (NCP)
  • Prakashanna Shendge M.L.A.(Maharashtra) BJP
  • Rajesh Yadav
  • Raju Pal.
  • Ram Shinde. MLA. (BJP)
  • Ramesh Shendge MLC (NCP)
  • Ramkaran Pal. (M.L.C.) (Bihar)
  • Shaitansinh Pal (M.P)
  • Somnath Waghmode. Vice President, Maha. Youth Cong.
  • Pratap Singh Baghel - MLC (Agra, U.P.)
  • Srimati Pooja Pal MLA
  • Sundersingh Baghel. M.L.A. (U.P.)
  • Vijayrao More. Ex-MLC (INC)

Social Workers / Reformists

  • Periyar E. V. Ramasamy Nayakar
  • Adv. Gunderao Bansode. Founder President, All India Dhangar Association.
  • Bhagappa Goranal - Kaginele Kanaka Gurupeetha
  • Dr. Shyam Singh Shashi (awarded Padma Shri in 1990)
  • Vijaypal Baghel, Noted Environmentalist
  • Captain Shriram Pal Holkar
  • Dinesh Mohaniya - Delhi
  • Devidas Hatkar
  • Gunajirao Mhatre
  • Jayantkumar Kathavate.
  • Kancha Ilaiah - Social Activist and Writer
  • Kishor Lasure
  • Krantiveer Bapu Biru Wategaonkar
  • Kuruba Bandayya - Co-founder of Peoples War Group
  • Gorakhnath Jadhav - Founder President, Ahilyadevi Pratishtan, Nashik.
  • Karan Singh Baghel, President Baghel Samaj Bharatpur Raj
  • Dr Maharaj Singh Baghel Sehnabli
  • Mahavir Singh Baghel, Dubai
  • Bhim Singh Baghel, Jaipur
  • Lahuji Shewale
  • Laxmanrao Chingle
  • Lakhmi Chand Pal
  • Madhu Shinde. Rtd. IPS.
  • Mukesh Baghel. Delhi
  • Prabhuji Kokane
  • Subhash Khemnar
  • Vitthalrao Jankar.
  • Waman Bhur
  • Uma Shankar Pal G.S.Pal Mahasabha
  • Prakash Pal Sr. V.P.Pal Mahasabha
  • Dr. Vasantrao Lawankar (President, Maharashtra Dhangar Mahasangh) Amravati

Civil Servants

  • Shrinivas Karande. Founder President, VJNT & SBC Emp. & Officers Association.
  • Appasaheb Patil(Sarak) Secretary in Governmemt of Maharashtra
  • Rajendra Madane.
  • Dashrath Pal (I.A.S.) Varansi
  • Jogendra Singh Baghel (A.P.O) U.P
  • Shri. Vasantrao Vaidya (Rt. Dy Collector) Wardha, Maharashtra
  • Shri. Vasantrao Wange (Rt. Soil Survey Officer, Govt of Maharashtra) Amravati

Women

  • Anju Singh, President-Ahilya Bai Holkar Foundation, Lucknow.
  • Arunatai Wakse (Mayor, Solapur) (INC)
  • Bachendri Pal - 1st Indian woman (5th in world) to climb Mount Everest.
  • Chhayatai Chigure (President Z.P. Latur)
  • Laxmidevi Ramanna - First woman representative in Mysore Assembly.
  • Ratnatai Choudhary (Social Worker) (INC)
  • Rukhminitai Baburao Pawar (Awarded Padma Shri in 1994) - Former President, Shree Mahila Grih Udyaog Lijjat Papad, Mumbai.
  • Sampat Devi Pal MLA
  • Vaishalitai Satpute (Former President, Solapur Zilla Parishad) (NCP)
  • Vasundhara Shivnekar (Rashtrapati Award Winner)
  • Yogita Kokare (Former President, Pune Zilla Parishad) (NCP)

Industrialists

  • Babasaheb Chaure
  • Bhaurao Rupnar
  • Gulab Ghule
  • Pandurang Akaram Rupanar

Corporate

  • Harshit Shimpley (Regional Head - North India at The MobileStore Limited )
  • Kuldeep Moholkar (Practice Manager, Wipro)
  • Vijay Lavate (Vice President, Royal Bank of Scotland)
  • Prajwal Wange (Manager, IDBI Bank)
  • Rajesh Shirpurkar (General Manager, IOC)

Media

  • Adv. Dilip Yedatkar, Editor, Social Worker (B.S.P.)
  • Mahendra Pratap Singh, Rashtriya Sahara, Lucknow.
  • Indrajeet Pal. Purvanchal samachar Mumbai.
  • Krishna Pal
  • Ramesh Thakur, Bhopal
  • Babu Lal Rajpal Ex. Editor and Manager PK Samchar
  • Ram Sawroop Pal. Editor- PAL Today. Lucknow
  • Pravin Kolapte, Sub editor Raigad Times Ratnagiri.
  • Dr Ankush V Nawale , Editor, Social Worker

Writers/Poets

  • N. D. Mahanor awarded Padma Shri
  • S. L. Akkisagar, Mumbai
  • Dr. Dharmaveer Shastri of Aligarh,
  • Dr. Dharmaveer Singh of Bulandshahar,
  • Dr. Shri Ram Pal of Allahabad,
  • Ganesh Matkar.
  • Govind bhai Rabari
  • Homesh Bhujade
  • Karnabhai Maldhari
  • Late Ganpatrao Kolekar
  • Madhusudanrao Holkar
  • Poonabhai Soorabhai Bharwad
  • Ummed singh Rabari
  • Mahendra Pratap Singh, Lucknow.
  • D.M.Dange

Film/Television

  • Rajashekar - Kannada Film Director
  • B.V. Radha - Veteran Character Actor in Kannada Movies.
  • Surendrapal - Dronacharya in Mahabharat serial
  • Sharad Yashwant Goekar. - National award: Best Child Artist : Tingya (Marathi Movie)[98]

Sports

Hockey

  • Major Dhyanchand . The great Hockey player of India.
  • Dada Kishan Lal. Former Captain, awarded Padma Shri

Wrestlers

  • Miss Priyanka Burungale. National Champion
  • Aaba Sul - Maharashtra Kusti Mahavir.
  • Bapurao Lokhande - Maharashtra Kesari.
  • Gorakh Sarak - Maharashtra Kesari.
  • Pappu Yadav – Hind Kesari

Basket Ball

  • Priyanka Pandurang Rupanar.

Other

  • Pandurang Rachkar. Krishi Ratna.
  • Ovikar Anandraoji Biru Shejal.


See also

References

  1. ^ In ancient times wealth used to be measured by the number of cows. Dhenu means Cow and Dhan means wealth, therefore Dhan+agar mean one that has animal wealth. The Dhangars keep more sheep than cows; they consider ’350’ an ideal number of sheep, 60 buffaloes and 20 cows for a unit of five to seven families. They also have horses to carry their luggage while wandering and dogs to fend off wild animals. They carry bear-spear or Barcha which can be used on their shepherds stick, used to herd sheep, and used as a weapon when needed. Thus as the number of sheep is more they are known as Shepherds.
  2. ^ a b c The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions By Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  3. ^ Prof. Dr. R. N. Sakasena, Dhangars and Gadariyas, The Most Backward Divisions of Indian Tribes and Castes, Research Paper
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dhangar Samaj Prachin Eitihas va Kul Gotra, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1992.(Marathi)
  5. ^ a b The Tribes and Castes of Bombay By Reginald Edward Enthoven
  6. ^ Rajputs and Dhangars have same or common Gotras
  7. ^ a b R V Russel, The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India, Vol II, pg 118
  8. ^ a b Bombay Gazetteer, Vol. IX, Part I, pp 267-285
  9. ^ Dr. D. D. Kosambi, Myth and Reality: Studies in the Formation of Indian Culture, pg 28. 1962, Popular Prakashan, Mumbai.
  10. ^ Dr. D. D. Kosambi, Pracheen Bharat Ki Sanskriti Aur Sabhyata, pg 148
  11. ^ Fusion of cult and Icon. 1.5. When does a fusion work? Dr. D. D. Kosambi
  12. ^ Shepherds are known as Bharwad in Gujrat. The Bharwad who are migrated to Goa are Dhangars. Bharwad means Shepherds. They are Dhangars
  13. ^ See Shepherd
  14. ^ For details see K.C. Malhotra et al., ’Gene differentiation among the Dhangar caste cluster of Maharashtra. India', Human Heredity, Vol. 28, pp. 23-26.
  15. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar
  16. ^ For instance, the Dhangars consider ’350’ an ideal number of sheep, 60 buffaloes and 20 cows for a unit of five to seven families. There also happen to be three and a half auspicious periods. See G.D. Sontheimer, ’The Dhangars: a nomadic pastoral community in a developing agricultural environment’, G.D. Sontheimer and L.S. Leshnik, eds., Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia, Wiesbaden, 1975, p. 140.
  17. ^ There are three and a half Shakti Peethas in Maharashtra, Mother Ambabai of Kolhapur, Mother Renuka of Mahur, Mother Bhavani of Tuljapur and Mother Bhagavati of Saptashrungi.
  18. ^ Dhangars of the Konkan region, Mahur region, Telang region, Varhad region are also called Kokani, Mahure, Telange, Tellari, Varhadi respectively like Marathe, Mavale, Hetkari. Jhade are from eastern Vidharbha. They fall in either of the one sub-divisions.
  19. ^ Peter Mundy. Travels. R.C. Temple, ed., Travels of Peter Mundy, Vol. II, London, 1914, pp. 95-96. Mundy recorded that a Banjara caravan could have as many as 20,000 bullocks. On an average, the Banjara tanda (camp) would consist of 10-12 thousand bullocks. These bullocks were provided by the Dhangars. The Banjaras were not only salt, grain merchants, but traded in cattle. Sontheimer suggests that the name Banjara could be derived from term Vanchara (Vanjara) meaning ’roaming in the woods (with cattle) ’. There thus exists a symbiotic relationship between the Dhangars and the Banjaras or Vanjaras where the latter provided the Dhangars grain for cattle and the former provided the Banjaras or Vanjaras with bullocks.
  20. ^ Ajay Dandekar, The Warlis and the Dhangars, The Context of the Commons.
  21. ^ Paper by Rai Bahādur Panda Baijnāth, Superintendent, Bastar State.
  22. ^ Paper by Kanhya Lāl, clerk in the Gazetteer office
  23. ^ People of India: Maharashtra, Volume 3 By Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Bhanu, Anthropological Survey of India-page-2067
  24. ^ The Castes and Tribes of H. E. H. The Nizam’s Dominions, Bombay. 1920, pp. 248-66.
  25. ^ S.B. Joshi. ’Etymology of place-names’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 13, 1952, 5066;
  26. ^ also see Sontheimer. Pastoral Deities of Western India. London, 1989, p. 127.
  27. ^ Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in early medieval Maharashtra. Ajay Dandekar. Centre For Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University
  28. ^ see modern day Marathwada(country of Dhangars) i.e. area around Hingoli
  29. ^ Deccan means South
  30. ^ The The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, by Syed Siraj ul Hassan
  31. ^ The Tribes and Castes of Bombay by Reginald Edward Enthoven
  32. ^ Satara District Gazetteer
  33. ^ The flag of Holkar's too carried, a spear, cow, horse and sword on it.
  34. ^ Maharashtra State Gazetteers and District Gazetteers of Maharashtra, 1977
  35. ^ a b A History of the Mahrattas by James Grant Duff, Vol II, pg. 173. London, 1826.
  36. ^ Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, Volume 1, By Ethnological Society (London), pg. 105.
  37. ^ a b The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India by R. V. Russell
  38. ^ The tribes and castes of the central provinces of India By R.V. Russell, R.B.H. Lai, pg 205
  39. ^ Colonel Meadows Taylor, Tara, pg 404
  40. ^ a b Those Supermen In History, By Ramachandra Guha, A Washington Itinerary (Telegraph, K.P. NAYAR , Jun 16, 2001) retrieved on 04/07/2009 from [www.telegraphindia.com/1010616/editoria.htm]
  41. ^ a b c As per R.C. Dhere, Shivaji was Hattikara-Dhangar. Yadav is Kul Gotra of Shepherds. Golla are Shepherds. Dhangars of Karnataka and Goa are also called as Gavali. In old Kannada lexicon Hattikara means Govali or Cowherd. Today Hattikara/Hatkar and Dhangar are exclusively used for Shepherd Caste of Maharashtra. Holkars are also Hatkar-Dhangar. See R. C. Dhere, Shikar Shingnapurcha ShriShambhu Mahadeo, 2001, Pune, (Marathi), Pg. 276, 277, 288, 297, 307, 312, 338, 384, 221, 143, 127, 78, 67, 45, 2
  42. ^ Udyotan Suri's Kuvalayamala of the Eighth century
  43. ^ In tenth century Al-Biruni mentions the Marhatta region with Thane as its capital.
  44. ^ Maratha meant person of Maratha country. Mahratta is an English corruption or misspelling of the word Marhatta. Marhatta later became Maratha.
  45. ^ Mahrattas - LoveToKnow 1911
  46. ^ "Maratha". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
  47. ^ The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India By R.V. Russell.Vol. IV. Macmillan and Co., Limited St. Martin’s Street, London. 1916 •Marātha (Soldier, cultivator and service) Origin and position of the caste pg 198
  48. ^ O'Hanlon, Rosalind (2002). Caste, Conflict and Ideology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780521523080 Length 344 pages. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  49. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh Vol 2, p. 128.
  50. ^ a b The Asiatic journal and monthly register for British and foreign India, pg 355. Published in 1827.
  51. ^ Nanded District Gazetteer.
  52. ^ Kaka Kalelkar Commission Report, B D Deshmukh report, Edate report
  53. ^ Mohamed Rahmatulla, Census of India Vol XXI, Hyderabad State, Part I Report, 1921, p. 244
  54. ^ The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra By Richard I. Cashman, pg 11
  55. ^ The suffix 'ba' and 'ai' to the kuladaivait means father and mother respectively.
  56. ^ Bharat Samachar
  57. ^ Dances of Maharashtra-Dhangri Gaja-Tamasha
  58. ^ People of India - Page 801 by Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Bhanu, Anthropological Survey of India - Maharashtra (India) - 2004
  59. ^ reaffirmed, confirmed and declared in 1933 in the conference of Hindu Mahasabha which was held at Ajmer.
  60. ^ The present day Clan system of Kshatriya, Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi Lineages, have Rajput Gotras showing that Rajputs and Dhangar are same. The people of Rajputana are also called Rajput and historically Rajputs mean intermarrying Royal Clans.
  61. ^ Though the Jativiveka (Examination of Castes), as mentioned by Ethoven as one theory, asserts that they are descended from a Shudra father and Mahisya women, Jati Viveka fails to explain how Shepherds could be born to a Shudra, when they never were considered Shudra. Sheep rearing was never an occupation of Shudras. As per Manu Smrti, Shepherd must be avoided at the sacrifices offered to Gods and Manes, hence it is a despised race.(3.116). But why they should be avoided is not mentioned. However the same Manusmrti at 10.95 states that a Kshatriya who has fallen into distress may subsist by any means necessary even by becoming a Shepherd, which is self-contradictory. Dhangars were created by Lord Shiva and that they were never Shudras but are Kshatriyas is the widely accepted theory. It is impossible to go by Jativiveka and Manusmrti, as in reality Shepherds have been Kings throughout history. The author and the period when Manu Smrti was written is unknown. Jativiveka is unknown. Note that Sage Tapa who offered sacrifices to Gods and Manes himself was a Shepherd. Lord Krishna who belonged to this caste is Kshatriya.
  62. ^ The tribes and castes of Bombay By Reginald Edward Enthoven, pg 320.
  63. ^ Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India by Sonali Gaikwad and VK Kashyap
  64. ^ Kashyap, VK and Guha, S. and Sitalaximi, T. and Bindu, G.H. and Hasnain, S.E. and Trivedi, R. (2006). "Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci" (PDF). BMC Genetics. Vol. 7. p. 28.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh, Vol 1 page 472
  66. ^ Dhangar Samaj, Prachin Eitihas wa gotra, G B Kolelar, 1992
  67. ^ Rigved M.1 S 89
  68. ^ Dhangar Samaj, Prachin Eitihas wa gotra, G B Kolelar, 1992
  69. ^ The Tribes and Castes of Bombay by Reginald Edward Enthoven Vol 1, pg 317, 318
  70. ^ Ajay Dandekar, The Warlis and the Dhangars, The Context of the Commons.
  71. ^ see 108 (number)
  72. ^ Dhangar samajachi gotre, Ganpatrao Kolekar, 1981 (Marathi)
  73. ^ Hamara Samaj, Bharat ke Meshpal, 1973 (Hindi)
  74. ^ Holkaron Ka Eithihas, Madhusudanrao Holkar(Hindi), 2000
  75. ^ Holkaron Ka Eithihas, Madhusudanrao Holkar (Hindi), 2000
  76. ^ Prof. Dr. R. N. Sakasena, Dhangars and Gadariyas, The Most Backward Divisions of Indian Tribes and Castes, Research Paper
  77. ^ note: The list of other names or alternate names is confirmed as per the Report of the Backward Classes Commission, Vol. II (Lists) by Kaka Kalelkar, 1955.(Kalelkar Commission)
  78. ^ The Mysore Tribes and Castles By L.K.A Iyer, Vol. III, pg 507-513.
  79. ^ Col. Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol II, pages 359, 893. Published by Rupa & Co.first published 1832,reprint 2002
  80. ^ The meaning of the Sanskrit word Ajapal/Ajpal is Shepherd
  81. ^ Col. Tod, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol I, page 261, 263. Published by Rupa & Co.first published 1832,reprint 2002.
  82. ^ He is called as the Royal Shepherd or the Princely Shepherd.
  83. ^ English writer Laurens compared her with Catherine the Great of Russia, Queen Elizabeth and Queen Margaret of Denmark.
  84. ^ Their Kuladaivat was Birrappa, the God of Dhangars
  85. ^ Bhartiya Sanskruti Kosh Vol 2 and 8
  86. ^ ETHNOGRAHY (castes and tribes) By Baines, Jervoise Athelstane, Sir, Siegling, W. pg. 103.1912. ISBN 1-110-29233-3, 9781110292332
  87. ^ Akola, Nagpur, Bhandara, Wardha, Amravati, Yeotmal District Gazeetters,1977.
  88. ^ Indian Coin Society, Prashant P. Kulkarni, Coinage of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur, 1990. pg 31
  89. ^ Chaanakya Ani Chandragupta Maurya , Adhich Hajaar varsh poorvichaa Itihaas" in Marathi by Shri Hari narayan Apte published in 1902 AD
  90. ^ The first statue installed in parliament house (at its 5th gate) is of the great Indian Emperor Chandragupta Maurya by Shri Hilda Selegman . It is incribed on it that “Shepherd boy Chandragupta Maurya dreaming of the India he was to create ".
  91. ^ Maurya is one of the Clans of Dhangars
  92. ^ called by Veer Savarkar as Sawai Sikander (Alexander)
  93. ^ Nanded District Gazeetter
  94. ^ V. D. Mahajan, Ancient India 1990, Pg 705
  95. ^ ETHNOGRAHY (castes and tribes) By Baines, Jervoise Athelstane, Sir, Siegling, W. pg. 103. 1912. ISBN 1-110-29233-3, 9781110292332
  96. ^ Kamath (2001), p 159
  97. ^ Robert Sewell, A Forgotten Empire (Vijaynagar): A Contribution to the History of India, Chapter 2
  98. ^ National Film Award scripts shepherd boy’s dream journey to Delhi. Daily Indian Express dtd 8/9/2009

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