Jump to content

Dnipro

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rowland Goodman (talk | contribs) at 19:24, 25 October 2011 (→‎1944–1987: as a Closed City in the Soviet Union: wikilink Leonid Smirnov). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ)
Dnepropetrovsk (Днепропетровск)
The twin towers on the south bank of the Dnieper River.
The twin towers on the south bank of the Dnieper River.
Flag of Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ)
Flag
Coat of arms of Dnipropetrovsk (Дніпропетровськ)
Coat of arms
Map of Ukraine with Dnipropetrovsk highlighted
Map of Ukraine with Dnipropetrovsk highlighted
Country Ukraine
Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
City Municipality Dnipropetrovsk
Founded1776
Raions
8
  • Amur-Nyzhnodniprovskyi Raion
  • Babushkinskyi Raion
  • Zhovntevyi Raion
  • Industrialnyi Raion
  • Kirovskyi Raion
  • Krasnohvardiiskyi Raion
  • Leninskyi Raion
  • Samarskyi Raion
Government
 • MayorIvan Ivanovych Kulichenko[1]
Area
 • Total405 km2 (156 sq mi)
Elevation
155 m (509 ft)
Population
 (2011)[2]
 • Total1,002,950
 • Density2,486/km2 (6,440/sq mi)
Postal code
49000
Area code+380 56(2)
Sister citiesVilnius, Durham Region, Samara, Tashkent, Xi'an, Herzliya, Žilina, Saloniki, Wałbrzych
Websitegorod.dp.ua

Dnipropetrovsk (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровськ [ˌdɲiprope̝ˈtrɔu̯sʲk]) or Dnepropetrovsk (Russian: Днепропетровск) formerly Yekaterinoslav (Russian: Екатеринослав, Ukrainian: Катеринослав, translit. Katerynoslav, also Catharinoslav on old maps[3]) is Ukraine's third largest city with one million inhabitants.[2][4][5] It is located southeast of Ukraine's capital Kiev on the Dnieper River, in the south-central region of the country. Dnipropetrovsk is the administrative center of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (province).

Within the Dnipropetrovsk Metropolitan area there are 1,860,000 people (2001).[6]

A vital industrial center of Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk was one of the key centers of the nuclear, arms, and space industries of the former Soviet Union. In particular, it is home to Yuzhmash, a major space and ballistic missile designer and manufacturer. Because of its military industry, the city was a closed city[7] until the 1990s.

Dnipropetrovsk has a public transportation system, including the Dnipropetrovsk Metro, which consists of one metro line with a total of six stations.

Other names

In 1918 Yekaterinoslav was renamed Sicheslav by the Ukrainian People's Republic; this name lapsed in 1919.[8][9]

Time-line of name change

  • Yekaterinoslav 1776–1782, reestablished 1783–1797
  • Novorossiysk 1797–1802
  • Yekaterinoslav 1802–1917
  • Sicheslav 1917–1918
  • Yekaterinoslav 1918–1926
  • Dnepropetrovsk/Dnipropetrovsk 1926–present

Geography

Sunset in Dnipropetrovsk

The city is built mainly upon the banks of the Dnieper river, in the loop of a major meander where the river changes its course from the north west to continue southerly and later south-westerly through Ukraine, ultimately reaching Kherson where it discharges into the Black Sea. This location always provided significant opportunities for the advancement of agriculture, mainly thanks to the natural irrigation provided by the river and the resulting fertile soils.

The area upon which the city is built is mainly void of hills and other physical geographical features. Being mainly flat, the land has proven easy to utilize and thus explains why the city has been able to grow to such a great extent over the past 200 years. Whilst most residential and commercial districts of the city are to be found on the less marshy south bank of the river, a number of residential areas have developed on the previously less-hospitable northern bank. With the advancements in civil engineering in Ukraine heralded by the rise of the Soviet Union's industrialization program, the northern bank was made more accessible for development and nowadays a good number of the city's residents live in districts situated there; the area is still, however, largely devoid of any commercial activity.

Nowadays both the north and south banks play home to a range of industrial enterprises and manufacturing plants. The south bank enjoys the exclusive patronage of the city's major business ventures as well as the main railway station and the city airport, which is located around 15 km (9.32 mi) south-easterly of the city.

The center of the city is constructed on a large plateau next to the Dnieper, the old town however, is situated atop of a hill, formed as a result of the river's change of course to the south. Karl Marx Avenue links the two major architectural ensembles of the city and constitutes an important thoroughfare through the centre, which along with various suburban radial road systems, provides some of the area's most vital transport links for both suburban and inter-urban travel.

Climate

During the summer, Dnipropetrovsk is very warm (average day temperature in July is 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F), and in the winter, it is cold (average day temperature in January is 3 to 4 °C (37 to 39 °F).

The best time for visiting the city is in late spring — second part of April and May, and early in autumn: September, October, when the city's trees turn yellow. Long periods of rain are normal in autumn. Other times are mainly dry with a few showers.

The climate is a mixture of temperate and continental climates and sometimes in the winter it is very cold and snowy (sometimes dropping down to −10 to −15 °C), and in summer, the city is not very hot (up to +29 to +30 °C).[10]

"However, the city is characterized with significant pollution of air with industrial emissions."[11] The "severely polluted air and water" and allegedly "vast areas of decimated landscape" of Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk are considered by some to be an environmental crisis.[12] Though exactly where in Dnipropetrovsk these areas might be found is not stated.[12]

Climate data for Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.0
(32.0) 		1.5
(34.7) 		7.2
(45.0) 		15.6
(60.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		26.1
(79.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.6
(81.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.0
(32.0) 		14.0
(57.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.65
(21.83) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		0.8
(33.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		8.4
(47.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		8.51
(47.31)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45.0
(1.77) 		36.0
(1.42) 		34.0
(1.34) 		38.0
(1.50) 		46.0
(1.81) 		59.0
(2.32) 		56.0
(2.20) 		37.0
(1.46) 		36.0
(1.42) 		32.0
(1.26) 		42.0
(1.65) 		52.0
(2.05) 		513
(20.2)
Source: Gorod.dp.ua[13][14]

History

Ancient times

The first people settled around the bend of the Dnieper River about 15,000 years ago.[citation needed] Traces of this settlement were discovered on Monastyrsky Island (Монастырском острове).[citation needed] This unique island appears throughout the history of Prydniprovia, as a consistent center of events as well as the ancient nucleus of the city[citation needed]. After the last Ice Age (10,000 years ago) the settling of the Prydniprovia area began more intensely. In c.3500–2700 BC the first farmers lived here (the so-called Cucuteni-Trypillia culture people).

The Cimmerians, ancient equestrian nomads who bred cattle, occupied the North Pontic steppe zone including Prydniprovye; their culture and civilization flourished between about 1000 and 800 BC The Cimmerians were driven out by the nomadic Scythians (700 BC), who in turn were overcome by the Sarmatians from the East (200 BC).

The mighty, broad Dnieper River (Greeks called it the Borysthenes, 'Borysphen' in local pronunciation) with its picturesque islands and peaceful backwaters, lush flood-meadows and shadowy oak woods stretches along river valleys and ravines. Abundant game and fish in local forests and waters are a result of good climate and vast fertile land... All this attracted hunters, fishers, cattle-breeders and land-tillers to these parts.

In the 3rd and 4th century AD, about 40 km south of the modern city, the village of Baszmacka (Башмачка) was one of the centers of the Goths. A little later their place was taken by first the Huns, the Avars, the Bulgars, and the Magyars. After them the Slavs began to settle in the area.

The middle ages

Kipchak steppe art near the Historical Museum, Karla Marksa Prospekt

A monastery was founded by Byzantine monks on Monastyrsky Island, probably in the 9th century (870 AD). The Dnipropetrovsk area was ruled by a steppe nomadic people called the Cumans or Kipchaks who ruled this area until the Mongol invasions. The Mongols destroyed the monastery in 1240.

The collection of so-called 'Stony Women' in the garden of the Museum of History in Karla Marksa was created by the Kipchaks. Actually they are not females, and are a modular collection from neighboring barrows. In the past they served as the index points for the steppe inhabitants.

At the beginning of the 15th century, Tartar tribes inhabiting the right bank of the Dnieper were driven away by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Unfortunately, by the mid-15th century, the Nogai (who lived north of the Sea of Azov) and the Crimean Khanate invaded these lands. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate agreed to a border along the Dnieper, and further east along the river Samara, i.e. through what is today the city of Dnipropetrovsk. It was in this time that there appeared a new force – the free people – Cossacks – Zaporiz'ki Kazaky (Zaporizhya – the lands south of Prydniprovye, translate as "The Land After the Weirs [Rapids]"). This was a period of raids and fighting causing considerable devastation in that area; the area became known as the 'Wilderness' (Russian Дикое поле; Ukrainian Дике Поле).

16th–18th centuries

Map of Kodak fortress, which was constructed in 1635.

The first fortified town in what is now Dnipropetrovsk was probably built in the mid-16th century. In 1635, the Polish Government built the Kodak fortress above the Dnieper Rapids at Kodaky (on the south-eastern outskirts of modern Dnipropetrovsk), partly as a result of rivalry in the region of Poland, Turkey and Russia,[15] and partly to maintain control over Cossack activity, actually to suppress the Cossacks and not allow flight to the peasants.[16] In the opinion of some historians[citation needed] this event is the time of foundation of the city. It is underlined, however, that the town of Stari (Old) Kodaki (that was near the fortress) existed also before the time of Cossacks in these places. The fortress did not become completely Polish – practically at once it was won. On the night of 3/4 August 1635, the Cossacks of Ivan Sulyma captured the fort by surprise, burning it down and butchering the garrison of about 200 West European mercenaries under Jean Marion.[16] The fort was rebuilt by French engineer Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan[17] for the Polish Government in 1638, and had a mercenary garrison.[16] Kodak was captured by Zaporozhian Cossacks on 1 October 1648, and was garrisoned by the Cossacks until its demolition in accordance with the Treaty of the Pruth in 1711.[18] The ruins of the Kodak are visible now. There is a currently a project to restore it and create a tourist center and park-museum.

However, after the signing by Bohdan Khmelnytsky of the agreement about the Union with Moscow, the territory officially passed under the authority of the Russians. But actually, Prydniprovye lands remained as a self-controlled, sub-borderian area up to the end of the 18th century.

The Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia was founded in the late-1760s, between the settlements of Stari (Old) and Novi (New) Kodaky, territorially was eastern remote part of Novi Kojdaky. It was located at the present centre of the city to the West to district of Central terminal and Ozyorka farmer market.[19]

1775–1917: Modern city establishment

See also: Russian Empire
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1782[19] 2,194—    
1800[20] 6,389+191.2%
1811[21] 9,000+40.9%
1825[22] 8,412−6.5%
1853[23] 13,011+54.7%
1857[24] 13,217+1.6%
1862[22] 19,515+47.7%
1863[21] 20,000+2.5%
1865[23] 22,816+14.1%
1866[25] 22,846+0.1%
1885[22][24] 46,876+105.2%
1887[26] 48,000+2.4%
1897[27] 121,216+152.5%
1904[28] 157,000+29.5%
1910[23] 232,500+48.1%
1914[28] 211,100−9.2%
1920[22] 189,000−10.5%
1923[23] 159,000−15.9%
1926[23] 237,000+49.1%
1932[22] 320,000+35.0%
1939[29] 501,000+56.6%
1943[29] 280,000−44.1%
1959[23] 662,000+136.4%
1967[23] 816,000+23.3%
1970[23] 904,000+10.8%
1979[23] 1,066,000+17.9%
1989[30] 1,178,000+10.5%
1990[31] 1,186,000+0.7%
1991[23] 1,203,000+1.4%
1993[23] 1,185,000−1.5%
1996[32] 1,147,000−3.2%
1998[32] 1,122,400−2.1%
2001[30] 1,065,008−5.1%
2003[23] 1,065,000−0.0%
2005[23] 1,050,000−1.4%
2006[30] 1,025,044−2.4%
2007[30] 1,039,000+1.4%
2008[33] 1,039,000+0.0%
2009[33] 1,017,171−2.1%
2010[33] 1,018,341+0.1%
2011[4] 1,007,200−1.1%
Map of Yekaterinoslav, circa 1860.[34]

The city that is now called Dnipropetrovsk was founded as part of the expansion of the Russian Empire into the lands North of the Black Sea, known as the Novorossiysk gubernia. The city was originally known as Yekaterinoslav, which translates in English to "The glory of Yekaterina" (Catherine the Great). It became the administrative center of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate.

Cossack and Russian armies fought against the Ottoman Empire for control of this area in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca ended this war in July 1774; and in May 1775 the Russian army destroyed the Zaporozhian Sich, thus eliminating the political independence of Cossacks. In 1774 Prince Grigori Potemkin was appointed governor of Novorossiysk gubernia, and after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, he started founding cities in the region and encouraging foreign settlers. The city of Yekaterinoslav was founded in 1776, not in the current location, but at the confluence of the River Samara with the River Kil'chen' at Loshakivka, north of the Dnieper. By 1782, the city population was 2,194. However the site had been badly chosen because spring waters were transforming the city into a bog.[19] The settlement was later renamed Novomoskovsk.[35] In 1783, Yekaterinoslav was refounded on its current site, on the south bank of the Dnieper, near the Zaporozhian village of Polovytsia. The population of Yekaterinoslav-Kil'chen' were (according to some sources) transferred to the new site. Potemkin's plans for the city were extremely ambitious; it was to be about 30 km by 25 km in size, and included:[19]

  • Transfiguration Cathedral (the claim that it was intended to be the largest in the world probably results from confusing Potemkin's reference to San Paulo-fuori-le-mura in Rome with St Peter's Basilica.[35])
  • The Potemkin palace
  • A magnificent university (never built)
  • A botanical garden on Monastyrskyi Island
  • Wide straight avenues through the city.
Yekaterinoslav, Main Post Office

The site for the Potemkin palace was bought from retired Cossack yesaul (colonel) Lazar' Globa, who owned much of the land near the city. Part of Lazar' Globa's gardens still exist and are now called Globa Park.[19]

A combination of Russian red tape, defective workmanship, and theft resulted in what was built being less than originally planned. Construction stopped after the death of Potemkin and his sponsor, Empress Catherine. Plans were reconsidered and scaled back. The size of the cathedral was reduced, and it was completed in 1835. From 1797 to 1802 the city was called Novorossiysk.[19][36]

Despite the bridging of the Dnieper in 1796 and the growth of trade in the early 19th century, Yekaterinoslav remained small until the 1880s, when the railway was built and industrialization of the city began.[37] The boom was caused by two men: John Hughes, a Welsh businessman who built an iron works at what is now Donetsk in 1869–72, and developed the Donetsk coal deposits.;[19] and Alexandr Pol', a Ukrainian who accidentally discovered the Kryvyi Rih iron ores in 1866, during archaeological research.[19]

Yekaterinoslav, 1910

The Donetsk coal was necessary for smelting pig-iron from the Kryvyi Rih ore, producing a need for railway to connect Donetsk with Kryvyi Rih. Permission to build the railway was given in 1881, and it opened in 1884. The railway crossed the Dnieper at Yekaterinoslav. The city grew quickly; new suburbs appeared: Amur, Nyzhnodniprovsk and the factory areas developed. In 1897, Yekaterinoslav became the third city in the Russian Empire to have electric trams. The Higher Mining School opened in 1899, and by 1913 it had grown into the Mining Institute.[19]

Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 resulted in revolts against the Tsar in many places including Yekaterinoslav. Tens of people were killed and hundreds wounded. There was a wave of anti-Semitic attacks.[19]

From 1902 to 1933, the famous historian of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, Dmytro Yavornytsky, was Director of the Dnipropetrovsk Museum, which was later named after him. Before his death in 1940, Yavornytsky wrote a History of the City of Yekaterinoslav, which lay in manuscript for many years. It was only published in 1989 as a result of the Gorbachev reforms.

1917–1919: Civil War

See also: Ukrainian War of Independence

After the Russian February revolution in 1917 Yekaterinoslav became a city within autonomy of Ukrainian People's Republic under Tsentralna Rada government. In November 1917 the Bolsheviks led a rebellion and got power for a short time. The city experienced occupation of German and Austrian-Hungarian armies that were allies of Ukrainian Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi and helped him to keep authority in the country.

During power of Ukrainian Directorate government with its dictator Symon Petlura the city had periods of uncertain power; at times the anarchists of Nestor Makhno held the city, and at others Denikin's Volunteer Army. Military operations of the Red Army which was headed from the North brought captured the city in 1919, and despite attempts by Russian General Wrangel in 1920, he was unable to reach Yekaterinoslav, with War ending the following year.

1919–1991: in the Soviet Union and under Nazi rule

See also: History of the Soviet Union
Modern office building in Dnipropetrovsk.
Skyline of Dnipropetrovsk with both new and old buildings seen.

The city was renamed after the Communist leader of Ukraine Grigory Petrovsky in 1926.[38][39]

During the German occupation of Ukraine in World War II, the city gave its name to one of the six generalbezirke in which a Nazi Generalkommissar was in charge under the authority of the Reichskommissar in Kiev. Dnipropetrovsk was an important center of Jewish life[citation needed], and 80,000 Jews lived in the city before the Holocaust, but soon after the Nazis conquered the city on 12 October 1941, 11,000 were shot[citation needed]; in the end only 15 Jews of Dnipropetrovsk survived at the end of the war.[citation needed]

During the past century, the economic activity of the city has defined its political importance. Dnipropetrovsk and the surrounding oblast are the birthplace of the "Dnipropetrovsk Faction", an influential informal political group inside the CPSU, members of which were the industrial and party elite. Leonid Brezhnev, a native of the nearby city of Dniprodzerzhyns'k and later the Communist Party General Secretary, assured members of this group of a prominent place in Soviet society and politics. Members of this group are believed by many political scientists to have ruled not only the Ukrainian SSR but also the entire Soviet Union up to the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev to the position of CPSU General Secretary and President of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

1944–1987: as a Closed City in the Soviet Union

As early as July 1944, the State Committee of Defense in Moscow decided to build a large military machine-building factory in Dniepropetrovsk on the location of the pre-war aircraft plant. In December of 1945, thousands of German prisoners of war began construction and built the first sections and shops in the new factory. This was the foundation of the Dniepropetrovsk Automobile Factory. In 1947 and 1948 this factory produced the first cars and special military automobiles. However, on May 9, 1951 the USSR Council of Ministers decided to transform the main shops and sectors of this factory into a secret enterprise, which included not only special military vehicles but also powerful rocket engines and different modern military aircraft. The former Dniepropetrovsk Automobile Factory was transferred to the Ministry of Armament of the USSR and it received a new name – the State Union Plant #586.

Joseph Stalin suggested special secret training for highly qualified engineers and scientists to become rocket construction specialists. He recommended introducing a new college degree at Dniepropetrovsk State University: a master of sciences in rocket construction. In 1952 the university administration formed the new department with the name “Physical-technical Faculty.” It was the largest department at the university, admitting an average of four hundred students per year. These students received better accommodations and a higher stipend payment than students from other departments and colleges. The lowest stipend for this department was 450 rubles per student, while the highest stipend at another prestigious school, the Dniepropetrovsk Medical Institute, was 180 rubles. A special commission from Moscow selected talented undergraduate students studying physics from engineering schools all over the USSR and sent them to the physical-technical department at Dniepropetrovsk State University, where they resumed their studies as rocket engineers. Simultaneously, the university administration announced the admission of new freshmen students in this department. The promise of a good stipend and a glamorized career as a rocket engineer attracted thousands of talented young people to this “secret” department, which provided training specialists only for one industrial enterprise, the Dniepropetrovsk Automobile Factory.

In 1954 the administration of this automobile factory opened a secret design office with the name “Southern” (konstruktorskoe biuro Yuzhnoe – in Russian) to construct military missiles and rocket engines. Hundreds of talented physicists, engineers and machine designers moved from Moscow and other large cities in the Soviet Union to Dniepropetrovsk to join this “Southern” design office. In 1965, the secret Plant #586 was transferred to the Ministry of General Machine-Building of the USSR. The next year this plant officially changed its name into “the Southern Machine-building Factory” (Yuzhnyi mashino-stroitel’nyi zavod) or in abbreviated Russian, simply Yuzhmash. The first “General Constructor” and head of the “Southern” design office was Mikhail Yangel’, a prominent scientist and outstanding designer of space rockets, who managed not only the design office, but the entire factory from 1954 to 1971. Yangel’ designed the first powerful rockets and space military equipment for the Soviet Ministry of Defense. Moscow sent specialists and invested money into Yangel’ and his colleagues’ projects. Yangel’ collaborated with talented engineers who later became the leaders of military production in Dniepropetrovsk and the official directors of Yuzhmash. Two close collaborators of Yangel and of his successor V. Utkin (1971-1990) were the Yuzhmash directors Leonid Smirnov (1952-1961) and Aleksandr Makarov (1961-1986).

In 1951 the Southern Machine-building Factory began manufacturing and testing new military rockets for the battlefield. The range of these first missiles was only 270 kilometers. By 1959 Soviet scientists and engineers developed new technology, and as a result, the “Southern” design office (KBYu – as abbreviated in Russian) started a new machine-building project making ballistic missiles. Under the leadership of Yangel’, KBYu produced such powerful rocket engines that the range of these ballistic missiles was practically without limits. During the 1960s, these powerful rocket engines were used as launch vehicles for the first Soviet space ships. During Makarov’s directorship, Yuzhmash designed and manufactured four generations of missile complexes of different types. These included space launch vehicles Kosmos, Interkosmos, Tsyklon -2, Tsyklon-3 and Zenith. Under the leadership of Yangel’s successor, V. Utkin, the KBYu created a unique space-rocket system called Energia-Buran. Yuzhmash engineers manufactured 400 technical devices which had been launched as artificial satellites (Sputniks). For the first time in the world space industry, the Dniepropetrovsk missile plant organized the serial production of space Sputniks. By the 1980s, this plant manufactured 67 different types of space ships, 12 space research complexes and 4 defense space rocket systems. These systems were used not only for purely military purposes by the Ministry of Defense, but also for astronomic research, for global radio and television network and for ecological monitoring. Yuzhmash initiated and sponsored the international space program of socialist countries, called Interkosmos. A majority of the 25 automatic space Sputniks (22) of this program, were designed, manufactured and launched by engineers and workers from Dniepropetrovsk. Yuzhmash and KBYu became an important center for the Soviet space industry, Soviet military industrial complex and also the main rocket producer for the entire Soviet bloc.

On the eve of the collapse of the Soviet Union, KBYu had 9 regular and corresponding members of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, 33 full professors and 290 scientists holding a Ph.D. They awarded scientific degrees and presided over a prestigious graduate school at KBYu, which attracted talented students of physics from all over the USSR. More than 50,000 people worked at Yuzhmash. At the end of the 1950s, Yuzhmash became the main Soviet design and manufacturing center for different types of missile complexes. The Soviet Ministry of Defense included Yuzhmash in its strategic plans. The military rocket systems manufactured in Dniepropetrovsk became the major component of the newly born Soviet Missile Forces of Strategic Purpose.

According to contemporaries, Yuzhmash was separate entity inside the Soviet state. After a long period of competition with the Moscow center of rocket construction of V. Chelomei (a successor of Koroliov) Yuzhmash rocket designs won in 1969. Since that time leaders of the Soviet military industrial complex preferred Yuzhmash rocket models. By the end of the 1970s, this plant became the major center for designing, constructing, manufacturing, testing and deploying strategic and space missile complexes in the Soviet Union. The general designer and director of Yuzhmash supervised the work of numerous research institutes, design centers and factories all over the Soviet Union from Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, to Voronezh and Yerevan. The Soviet state provided billions of Soviet rubles to finance Yuzhmash projects.

Officially, Yuzhmash manufactured agricultural tractors and special kitchen equipment for everyday needs, such as mincing-machines or juicers for peaceful Soviet households. In official reports for the general audience there was no information about the production of rockets or spaceships. However, hundreds of thousands of workers and engineers in the city of Dniepropetrovsk worked in this plant and members of their families (up to 60% of the city population!) knew about the “real production” of Yuzhmash. This missile plant became a significant factor in the arms race of the Cold War. This is why the Soviet government approved of the KGB’s secrecy about Yuzhmash and its products. According to the Soviet government’s decision, the city of Dniepropetrovsk was officially closed to foreign visitors in 1959. No citizen of a foreign country (even of the socialist ones) was allowed to visit the city or district of Dniepropetrovsk. After the late 1950s ordinary Soviet people called Dniepropetrovsk “the rocket closed city.”

Only during perestroika was Dniepropetrovsk opened to foreigners again in 1987. (see in detail in Sergei I. Zhuk, Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960-1985 (Baltimore, MD: the Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2010), 18-28.

After 1991: Since Ukrainian independence

In June 1990,[40] the women’s department of Dnipropetrovsk preliminary prison was destroyed in prison riots. In the ten years that followed, women under investigation (i.e. not convicted) in Dnipropetrovsk oblast were either held in Preliminary Prison 4 in Kryvyi Rih or in "detention blocks" in Dnipropetrovsk; this contravened Ukrainian Law "On preliminary incarceration". Journeys from Kryviy Rih took up to six hours in special railway carriages with grated windows. Some prisoners had to do this 14 or 15 times. After complaints by the ombudsman (Nina Karpacheva) the head of the State prison department of Ukraine (Vladimir Levochkin) arranged that finances were given for the provision of women cells in Dnipropetrovsk Preliminary Prison, making the lives of the 15,000 unconvicted women-detainees easier from August 2000.[41]

In 2005, the most powerful representative of the "Dnipropetrovsk Faction" in Ukrainian politics was Leonid Kuchma, the former President of Ukraine and former senior manager of Yuzhmash.

In June and July 2007, Dnipropetrovsk experienced a wave of serial killings that were dubbed by the media as the work of the Dnipropetrovsk maniacs. In February 2009, three youths were sentenced for their part in 21 murders.[42]

Demographics

Year Ethnicity of Citizens Foreign
Citizens 		Reference
Russian Ukrainian Jewish Polish German
1897 47,200 17,787 39,979 3,418 1,438 1,075 [24]
1897 42.6% 16.0% 36.1% 3.1% 1.3% 1.0% [24]
1904(?) 52% 40% 4.5% Not Stated Not Stated [28]

Between 1923 and 1933 the Ukrainian proportion of the population of Dnipropetrovsk increased from 16% to 48%. This was part of a national trend.[43]

Culture

Attractions

Entrance to the Taras Shevchenko Park in Dnipropetrovsk.

The city has a variety of theatres (plus an Opera) and museums which may be of interest to tourists. There are also several parks, restaurants and beaches which have no linguistic requirements.

The major streets of the city were renamed in honour of Marxist heroes during the Soviet era. The central thoroughfare is known as Karl Marx Prospekt, a beautiful, wide and long boulevard that stretches east to west through the centre of the city. It was founded in the 18th century and parts of its buildings are the actual decoration of the city. In the heart of the city is Zhovtneva [October] Square, which includes the majestic cathedral founded by order of Catherine the Great in 1787.

On the square, there are some remarkable buildings: the Museum of History, Diorama "Battle for the Dnieper River (World War II)", and also the beautiful park in which one can rest in the hot summer. Walking down the hill to the Dnieper River, one arrives in the large Taras Shevchenko Park (which is on the right bank of the river) and on Monastyrsky Island. This island is one of the most interesting places in the city. In the 9th century, the Byzantine monks based a monastery here. It was destroyed by Mongol-Tatars in the 13th century.

While there is no longer any compact "old town" in Dnipropetrovsk, there are still many surviving buildings of historical interest. (Most of them, especially churches, were unfortunately destroyed during World War II and Joseph Stalin's reign of terror in the 1930s.

A few areas retain their historical character: all of Central Avenue, some street-blocks on the main hill (the Nagorna part) between Pushkin Prospekt and Embankment, and sections near Globa (formerly known as Chkalov park until it was recently renamed) and Shevchenko parks have been untouched for 150 years.

The Dnieper River keeps the climate mild. It is visible from many points in Dnipropetrovsk. From any hill (there are 3 in the city) you will find a beautiful view of the river, islands, parks, outskirts, river banks and hills.

There was no need to build skyscrapers in the city in Soviet times. The major industries preferred to locate their offices close to their factories and away from the center of town. In the last ten years since independence the price of real estate has increased considerably. Most new office buildings are being built in the same architectural style as the old buildings, there are however a number with more modern aesthetics as well as those which utilize the two styles in a blend of old and new.

Architecture and cityscape

Sport

The Dnipro Arena in Dnipropetrovsk

The city also houses the Ukrainian Premier League football club, FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. This club, commonly seen as representing the city at large, holds a record for being the only Soviet team to win the USSR Federation Cup twice; since independence they have gone on to win the Ukrainian Championship once and the Ukrainian League Cup three times. Despite Dnipro's dominance, a number of other teams also call Dnipropetrovsk their home, these include, amongst others, FC Lokomotyv Dnipropetrovsk and FC Spartak Dnipropetrovsk, both of which have large fan bases in the city. On a national/international stage however, no team from the city has met with the same level of success experienced by FC Dnipro.

The Dnipro Arena hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification game between Ukraine and England on 10 October 2009.

Dnipropetrovsk is represented within Ukrainian Bandy and Rink-bandy Federation.[44]

Recently the city built a new football stadium; the Dnipro Arena has a capacity of 31,003 people and was built as a replacement for Dnipro's old stadium, Stadium Meteor. The Dnipro Arena was initially chosen as one of the Ukrainian venues for their joint Euro 2012 bid with Poland. However it was dropped from the list in May 2009 as the capacity fell short of the minimum 33,000 seats required by UEFA.[45][46]

Economy

Dnipropetrovsk is a major industrial center of Ukraine. It has several facilities devoted to heavy industry that produce a wide range of products, including cast-iron, rolled metal, pipes, machinery, different mining combines, agricultural equipment, tractors, trolleybuses, refrigerators, different chemicals and many others. The most famous and the oldest (founded in the 19th century) is the Metallurgic Plant named after Petrovsky. The city also has big food processing and light industry factories. Many sewing and dress-making factories work for France, Canada, Germany and Great Britain, using the most advanced technologies, materials and design. Dnipropetrovsk has also dominated in the aerospace industry since the 1950s; construction department Yuzhnoye Design Bureau and Yuzhmash are well known to the specialists all over the world.

Dniproavia, an airline, has its head office on the grounds of Dnipropetrovsk International Airport.[47]

Year Factories
& Plants 		Employees Production Volume[48] Reference
rubles 2007 £
million 		2007 USD
million
1880 49 572 1,500,000 £10.5 m $21 m [24]
1903 194 10,649 21,500,000 £177.5 m $355 m [24]
Year Enterprises Earnings[48][49] Reference
rubles 2007 £
million 		2007 USD
million
1900 1,800 40,000,000 £328.7 m $658 m [28]
1940 622 1,096,929,000 £2,120.3 m $4,242 m [24]

Transportation

Local transportation

A scheme of the Dnipropetrovsk Metro system in the city.
Marshall Malinovsky Street on the left bank of the Dnieper looking west. The arch is part of the railway Merefa-Kherson bridge, which crosses Monastyrsky Island.

The main public forms of transport within Dnipropetrovsk are trams, buses, electric trolley buses and marshrutkas—private minibuses. In addition there are large numbers of taxis and many private cars. Bicycles are rarely in use along with an increasing number of motor scooters. The trams are very badly maintained, and the rails are in poor condition. Also roads are bad or small roads also very bad with no asphalt left and big holes. Major roads and highways are of better quality.

Dnipropetrovsk also has a metro system, opened in 1995, which consists of one line and 6 stations.[50] Work on other stations was abandoned when the city ran out of money for this project; two of these abandoned building works are in the central portion of Karla Marksa Avenue. Currently the project has been restarted.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Completion of the next two stations is necessary to make the municipal subway system profitable. At the present time the completion date is unknown.

Suburban transportation

Dnipropetrovsk has some highways crossing through the city. The most popular routes are from Kiev, Donetsk, Kharkiv and Zaporizhia. Transit through the city is also available.

The largest bus station in eastern Ukraine is located in Dnipropetrovsk. It is near the city's Central Railway Terminal. Bus routes are also available to all over the country, including some international routes to Russia, Poland, Germany, Moldova and Turkey.

In the summertime, there are some routes available by hydrofoils on the Dnieper River. Various tourist ships on their way down the Dnieper, (Kiev–Kherson–Odessa) always make a stop in the city.

Railroads

The city is a large railway junction. Daily trains run to and from many parts of Eastern Europe. There are two railway terminals, "Dnipropetrovsk-Main" and "Dnipropetrovsk-Yuzhnyi". Two rapid trains at day time from Kiev to Dnipropetrovsk and there are a few express trains at night. Trains come from Lviv, Simferopol, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk, Truskavets, Donetsk, Minsk (Belarus), Moscow (Russia) (st. Kursky), Saint Petersburg (Russia) (st. Vitebsky), Baku (Azerbaijan), Varna (Bulgaria) and other places.

Air travel

The city is served by an Dnipropetrovsk International Airport (IATA: DNK) and is connected to other European cities with daily flights.

Notable people from Dnipropetrovsk

Main page: People from Dnipropetrovsk category
House museum of Dmytro Yavornytsky

List of mayors and political chiefs of the city administration

Date Name in English Name Post
Jun 1786–1787 Ivan Shevelev Шевелев Иван mayor
1791–1794 Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович mayor
1794–1796 Peter Ivanovich Bashmakov Башмаков Петр Иванович mayor
1796–1797 Gregory Kustov Кустов Григорий mayor
1797–1800 Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович mayor
1800–1803 Kuzma Molchanov Молчанов Кузьма mayor
1803–1806 Peter Chetverikov Четвериков Петр mayor
1806–1809 Athanasius Kokhanov Коханов Афанасий mayor
1809–1811 Stephan Chetverikov Четвериков Степан mayor
1811–1812 Dmitri Yemelianovich Goriainov Горяинов Дмитрий Емельянович mayor
1812–1817 Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov Колесников Иван Васильевич mayor
1818–1821 Demian Kiselev Киселев Демьян mayor
1821–1825 Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov Колесников Иван Васильевич mayor
1825–1828 Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin Рохлин Яков Андреевич mayor
Jan 1828 – Apr 1828 Ivan Stepanovich Pcholkin Пчелкин Иван Степанович mayor
Apr 1828 – Sep 1828 Ivan Vasilievich Kolesnikov Колесников Иван Васильевич mayor
1830–1833 Fedor Safronovich Duplenko Дупленко Федор Сафронович mayor
1833–1834 Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin Рохлин Яков Андреевич mayor
1834–1836 Andrei Ivanovich Kirpishnikov Кирпишников Андрей Иванович mayor
1836–1839 Jacob Andreivich Rokhlin Рохлин Яков Андреевич mayor
1839–1842 Ivan Timothyvich Artamonov Артамонов Иван Тимофеевич mayor
1842–1843 Ilya Ivanovich Tarkhov Тархов Илья Иванович mayor
1843–1846 Thomas Fedorovich Bogdanov Богданов Фома Федорович mayor
1846–1847 Procopius Andreivich Belyavskii Белявский Прокопий Андреевич acting mayor
1847–1851 Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin Ловягин Иван Изотович mayor
Apr 1851–1854 Procopius Andreivich Belyavskii Белявский Прокопий Андреевич mayor
1854–1860 Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin Ловягин Иван Изотович mayor
1860–1861 Yegor Ptitsyn Птицын Егор acting mayor
Nov 1861–1864 Ivan Izotovich Lovyagin Ловягин Иван Изотович mayor
1864–1864 Dei Mikhailovich Minakov Минаков Дей Михайлович acting mayor
1864–1865 Konstantin Demyanovich Kiselev Киселев Константин Демьянович mayor
1865–1868 Dei Mikhailovich Minakov Минаков Дей Михайлович mayor
1868–1871 DV Pcholkin Пчелкин Д. В. mayor
1871–1877 Dei Mikhailovich Minakov Минаков Дей Михайлович mayor
1877–1885 Peter Vasilievich Kalabuhov Калабухов Петр Васильевич mayor
1885–1888 Ivan Mikhailovich Yakovlev Яковлев Иван Михайлович mayor
7 Feb 1889–1893 Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov Толстиков Александр Яковлевич mayor
1893–1901 Ivan Gavrilovic Grekov Греков Иван Гаврилович mayor
1901–1901 Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov Толстиков Александр Яковлевич mayor
1901–1902 Peter Filippovich Volkov Волков Петр Филиппович acting mayor
1902 – Nov 1905 Alexander Yakovlevich Tolstikov Толстиков Александр Яковлевич mayor
Nov 1905 – 26 Nov 1909 Ivan Yakovlevich Esau Эзау Иван Яковлевич mayor
1909 – 17 Mar 1917 Ivan Vasilievich Sposobny Способный Иван Васильевич mayor
1917–1917 Konstantin Igorevich Makarenko Макаренко Константин Игорьевич acting mayor
Aug 1917–1917 Vasily Ivanovich Osipov Осипов Василий Иванович mayor
1918 – 1 Feb 1919 Ivan Yakovlevich Esau Эзау Иван Яковлевич mayor
1927–1928 F Ryazanov Рязанов Ф. chief of municipal executive committee
1929–1929 Bogdanova Богданова chief of municipal executive committee
1929–1933 Sorokin Сорокин head of the municipal council (soviet)
1930–1932 Fedor Ivanovich Zaitsev Зайцев Федор Иванович first secretary of the city party committee
1933–1933 Kisilev Кисилев head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1933–1933 Nikolai Vasilievich Golubenko Голубенко Николай Васильевич head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1933–1936 Ivan Andreevich Gavrilov Гаврилов Иван Андреевич head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1934–1934 Miroshnichenko Мирошниченко head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1935–1935 Belyaev Беляев head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1935–1936 Rudenko Руденко head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Dec 1936 – Jul 1937 Peter Constantinovich Vetrov Ветров Петр Константинович municipal party committee secretary
1937–1937 Petrichenko Петриченко head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Nov 1937 – 24 Feb 1938 Demian Sergeivich Korotchenko Коротченко Демьян Сергеевич acting first secretary of the municipal committee CP
24 Feb 1938 – Jun 1938 Semen Borisovich Zadionchenko Задионченко Семен Борисович acting first secretary of the municipal committee CP
Jun 1938 – Jul 1941 Semen Borisovich Zadionchenko Задионченко Семен Борисович first secretary of the urban committee CP
1938–1938 Khrenov Хренов head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
1939–1939 Martynov Мартынов head of the municipal council (soviet) and urban executive committee
Dec 1939 – Jul 1941 Nikolai Anisimovich Shchelokov Щелоков Николай Анисимович chief of municipal executive committee
1941–1942 Klostermann Клостерман commissioner of the city on behalf of the Third Reich
1941–1943 PT Sokolovsky Соколовский П. Т. head of city council
1943–1945 Didenko Gavrilovich Manzyuk Манзюк Николай Гаврилович first secretary of the city party committee
1943–1944 GP Vinnik Винник Г. П. chief of municipal executive committee
1944–1945 Gerasimov Герасимов chief of municipal executive committee
1945–1947 Pavel Andreevich Naydenov Найденов Павел Андреевич first secretary of the urban committee CP
1945–1952 Nikolai Evstafevich Gavrilenko Гавриленко Николай Евстафьевич chief of municipal executive committee
1947–1950 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Брежнев Леонид Ильич first secretary of the urban committee CP
1952–1957 Nikolai Andreevich Raspopov Распопов Николай Андреевич chief of municipal executive committee
1957–1963 Nikolai Evstafevich Gavrilenko Гавриленко Николай Евстафьевич chief of municipal executive committee
1961–1964 Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov Чебриков Виктор Михайлович first secretary of the city party committee
1963–1964 Grigory Mikhailovich Sokurenko Сокуренко Григорий Михайлович chief of municipal executive committee
1964–1967 Boris Ivanovich Karmazin Кармазин Борис Иванович chief of municipal executive committee
1964–1970 Ivan Vasilievich Yatsuba Яцуба Иван Васильевич first secretary of the city party committee
1967–1970 Eugene Viktorovich Kachalovskaya Качаловский Евгений Викторович chief of municipal executive committee
1970–1974 Eugene Viktorovich Kachalovskaya Качаловский Евгений Викторович first secretary of the city party committee
1970–1974 Victor Grigorievich Boyko Бойко Виктор Григорьевич chief of municipal executive committee
1974–1976 Victor Grigorievich Boyko Бойко Виктор Григорьевич first secretary of the city party committee
1974–1981 Ivan Afanasievich Lyakh Лях Иван Афанасьевич chief of municipal executive committee
1976–1983 Vladimir Petrovich Oshko Ошко Владимир Петрович first secretary of the city party committee
1981–1989 Alexander Vasilivich Migdeev Мигдеев Александр Васильевич chief of municipal executive committee
1983–1988 Nikolai Grigorievich Omelchenko Омельченко Николай Григорьевич first secretary of the city party committee
Dec 1988–1991 Vladimir Grigorievich Yatsuba Яцуба Владимир Григорьевич first secretary of the city party committee
Oct 1989 – Mar 1991 Pustovoitenko, Valery Pavlovich Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович chief of municipal executive committee
Oct 1990–1991 Vladimir Grigorievich Yatsuba Яцуба Владимир Григорьевич head of city council
Mar 1991 – Apr 1993 Valery Pavlovich Pustovoitenko Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович head of city council
1991–1993 Valery Pavlovich Pustovoitenko Пустовойтенко Валерий Павлович chief of municipal executive committee
Apr 1993 – Jun 1994 Victor Timothyvich Merkushov Меркушов Виктор Тимофеевич head of the committee and city council
Jun 1994 – Oct 1999 Nikolai Antonovich Shvets Швец Николай Антонович head of the committee and city council
Apr 1999 – Jan 2000 Ivan Ivanovich Kulichenko Куличенко Иван Иванович acting mayor
Jan 2000–present Ivan Ivanovich Kulichenko Куличенко Иван Иванович mayor

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns — Sister cities

The city of Dnipropetrovsk is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ^ Dnipropetrovsk mayors personal blog
  2. ^ a b Dnipropetrovsk region, statistics Template:Uk icon
  3. ^ English map of 1820
  4. ^ a b gorod.dp.ua Dnipropetrovsk region, statistics Template:Uk icon
  5. ^ Ukrcensus.gov.ua — City URL accessed on 8 March 2007
  6. ^ uk.wikipedia.org URL accessed on 19 August 2007
  7. ^ A closed city does not allow foreigners inside without official permission.
  8. ^ website of Sicheslav
  9. ^ Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith by Andrew Wilson, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-521-57457-0, page 89
  10. ^ See also: klimadiagramme.de — Climate in Dnipropetrovsk URL accessed on 20 March 2007
  11. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine – Population
  12. ^ a b www.mongabay.com Russia – Geography states: "Since 1990 Russian experts have added to the list the following less spectacular but equally threatening environmental crises: the Dnepropetrovsk-Donets and Kuznets coal-mining and metallurgical centers, which have severely polluted air and water and vast areas of decimated landscape;..."
  13. ^ "Weather and climate, Dnipropetrovsk Ukraine", Dnipropetrovsk, 22. Mar 2008, web: [1].
  14. ^ "Temperatures in Dnipropetrovsk", 10.3.2010, web: [2].
  15. ^ Go2Kiev Dnepropetrovsk
  16. ^ a b c Plokhy, Serhii, The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine, pub Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-924739-0, pages 26, 37, 40, 51, 60–1, 142, 245, and 268.
  17. ^ Guillaume le Vasseur de Beauplan wrote a book Description d'Ukrainie, published in 1651 and 1660.
  18. ^ Capture of Dnepr, Gladiolus, December, 2007
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
  20. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in the early 19th Century was 6,389, whilst Cheba states that this was the population in 1800.
  21. ^ a b Kardasis, Vassilis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861, pub Lexington Books, 2001, ISBN 0-7391-0245-1, page 34.
  22. ^ a b c d e "History" a Dnipropetrovsk Travel Page by Cheba
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Polish Wikipedia – no source is cited for this information.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Dnepropetrovsk Jewish Community (DJC.com) – About Yekaterinoslav Dnepropetrovsk cached copy accessed 24 March 2008.
  25. ^ Cheba states that in a census for 1 January 1866 the population was 22,846. Eugene.com states 22,816 for 1865, while DJC.com states 22,846 for 1865.
  26. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in 1887 was 48,000, whilst Gerald Surh states that it was 47,000. Polish wikipedia says 48100.
    www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
    Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence
  27. ^ Eugene.com states that the population in 1897 was 121,200, Cheba says 121,216, and Surh says 112,800, whilst Vassilis Kardasis states that it was 113,000.
    www.eugene.com.ua Dnepropetrovsk History
    "History" a Dnipropetrovsk Travel Page by Cheba
    Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence
    Kardasis, Vassilis, Diaspora Merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia, 1775–1861
  28. ^ a b c d Surh, Gerald, Ekaterinoslav City in 1905: Workers, Jews, and Violence, published in International Labor and Working-Class History No. 64, Fall 2003, pages 139–166.
  29. ^ a b The emergency evacuation of cities: a cross-national historical and geographical study, by Wilbur Zelinsky, Leszek A. Kosiński, pub Rowman & Littlefield, 1991, ISBN 978-0847676736.
  30. ^ a b c d chinalist.ru says 1,178,000, Polish Wikipedia says 1,179,000 though not citing a source.
  31. ^ "Dnipropetrovsk." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com.
  32. ^ a b United Nations Statistics Division: cities, population, census years (discontinued), code 14720 give the population for the city proper as 1,147,000 for 1996, and 1,122,400 for 1998.
    Eugene.com states that the population in 1998 was 1,137,000
  33. ^ a b c Russian Wikipedia – no source is cited for this information.
  34. ^ There is some confusion concerning the date of this map. According to the image file the map is by Schubert and dates from about 1860. Though Ukrainian Wikipedia claims that it dates from 1885. As the map does not show the railway bridge that was completed in 1884, 1860 seems a more likely date.
  35. ^ a b S. S. Montefiore: Prince of Princes – The Life of Potemkin
  36. ^ Belyakov, Alexander, Processes of integration among ethnic and displaced Germans in Ukraine (a comparative analysis with integrative experience in Germany)
  37. ^ Ukrainetrek Dnepropetrovsk (City)
  38. ^ Ukraine tears down controversial statue, by Rostyslav Khotin, BBC News (November 27, 2009)
    Same article on UNIAN.
  39. ^ The Kravchenko Case: One Man's War Against Stalin by Gary Kern, Enigma Books, 2007, ISBN 978-1-929631-73-5, page 191
  40. ^ New York Times, 20 June 1990 Evolution in Europe; Soviet Troops Kill an Inmate During Riot in Ukrainian Jail This stated that TASS had issued a statement saying that there had been a riot by 2,000 inmates in a prison in Dnipropetrovsk. The riot broke out on Thursday 14 June 1990, and was quelled by Soviet troops on Friday 15 June 1990, killing one prisoner and wounding another.
  41. ^ Kievskie vedomosti, 14 August 2000.
  42. ^ "Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs: Court delivers its verdicts" (in Russian).
  43. ^ Volodymyr Kubiyovych; Zenon Kuzelia, Енциклопедія українознавства (Encyclopedia of Ukrainian studies), 3-volumes, Kiev, 1994, ISBN 5-7702-0554-7
  44. ^ "Ukrainian Federation of Bandy and Rink-Bandy". Ukrbandy.org.ua. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  45. ^ Kiev and Donetsk likely for Euro 2012, others uncertain
  46. ^ UEFA names four Polish Euro 2012 host cities, one in Ukraine
  47. ^ "Contacts." Dniproavia. Retrieved on 21 June 2010.
  48. ^ a b Conversion from contemporary Imperial Russian rubles to 2007 currency used the following method:
    (1) Conversion to contemporary Sterling used table 18 which accompanies Marc Flandreau and Frédréric Zumer's book The Making of Global Finance, 1880–1913, OECD 2004.
    (2) Conversion to 2007 Sterling used RPI data from Table 63 of National Income Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom 1855–1965, by CH Feinstein, pub Cambridge University Press, 1972 and Retail Prices Index: annual index numbers of retail prices 1948–2007 (RPI) (RPIX)
    (3) Conversion to 2007 US Dollars used the calculated 2007 Sterling value and the average exchange rate for 2007 $1 =£0.49987, taken from FXHistory: historical currency exchange rates. It would have been better to have used contemporary ruble/dollar exchange rates and US RPI data, but the latter were not available to author (March 2008).
  49. ^ Conversion from 1940 rubles to 2007 currency used a similar method to that used with Imperial Russian rubles, with the following used to generate ruble to Sterling exchange rate for 1940. Kawlsky, Daniel, Stalin and the Spanish Civil War Chapter 11 quotes a rate for the 1930s of 5.3 rubles per US dollar. measuringworth.com quotes a 1940 exchange rate of $1000000 = £261096.61.
  50. ^ "Metro". Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  51. ^ "Žilina – oficiálne stránky mesta: Partnerské mestá Žiliny (Žilina: Official Partner Cities)". © 2008 MaM Multimedia, s.r.o.. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  52. ^ "Twinning Cities". © 2008 City of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dnipropetrovsk.
Look up dnipro in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Ekaterinoslav.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dnipro&oldid=457365448"