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|website = [http://www.jamaat-e-islami.org/index.php jamaat-e-islami.org]
|website = [http://www.jamaat-e-islami.org/index.php jamaat-e-islami.org]
}}
}}
'''Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami''' ({{lang-bn|বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী}}), previously known as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, and Jamaat for short,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/10/21/news0727.htm|title=ITTEFAQ.COM|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> is the largest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/islamic-fundamentalists-terrorize-minorities-in-bangladesh/|title=Islamic Fundamentalists Terrorize Minorities in Bangladesh|author=Sanjay Kumar, The Diplomat|work=The Diplomat|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> [[Political aspects of Islam|Islamist]] and one of the three largest political party in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12855437|title=Bangladesh's election: The tenacity of hope|work=The Economist|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/16485517?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth], [[The Economist]]</ref> On 1 August 2013 the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal. <ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/scweb/case_history/case_history.php?div_id=2&case_id=179191 Writ Petition 630/2009] (dead link)</ref><ref>[http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/08/01/jamaat-registration-cancelled Jamaat loses registration - bdnews24.com]| bdnews24.com| 2013/08/01<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819424198348.html|title=Bangladesh court declares Jamaat illegal|publisher=aljazeera.com|date=1 August 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23531826|title=BBC News - Bangladesh high court restricts Islamist party Jamaat|work=BBC News|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/01/world/asia/bangladesh-islamist-verdict|title=Bangladesh high court declares rules against Islamist party|author=Farid Ahmed and Saeed Ahmed, CNN|date=1 August 2013|work=CNN|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>. It was founded in pre-partition British India by Syed Ab'ul Ala Maududi. After independence of Bangladesh in 1971 it run as Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami party.
'''Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami''' ({{lang-bn|বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী}}), previously known as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, and Jamaat for short,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2008/10/21/news0727.htm|title=ITTEFAQ.COM|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> is the largest<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2014/01/islamic-fundamentalists-terrorize-minorities-in-bangladesh/|title=Islamic Fundamentalists Terrorize Minorities in Bangladesh|author=Sanjay Kumar, The Diplomat|work=The Diplomat|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> [[Political aspects of Islam|Islamist]] political party in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12855437|title=Bangladesh's election: The tenacity of hope|work=The Economist|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/16485517?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth], [[The Economist]]</ref> On 1 August 2013 the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal, ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls,<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.bd/scweb/case_history/case_history.php?div_id=2&case_id=179191 Writ Petition 630/2009] (dead link)</ref><ref>[http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/08/01/jamaat-registration-cancelled Jamaat loses registration - bdnews24.com]| bdnews24.com| 2013/08/01<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="aljazeera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/08/2013819424198348.html|title=Bangladesh court declares Jamaat illegal|publisher=aljazeera.com|date=1 August 2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-23531826|title=BBC News - Bangladesh high court restricts Islamist party Jamaat|work=BBC News|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/01/world/asia/bangladesh-islamist-verdict|title=Bangladesh high court declares rules against Islamist party|author=Farid Ahmed and Saeed Ahmed, CNN|date=1 August 2013|work=CNN|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> following widespread acts of violence against religious minorities and others, and calls by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters for reunification with [[Pakistan]], and expulsion of the approximately 20 million non-Muslim Bangladeshis.<ref name=asianews>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Islamic-party-wants-to-expel-minorities,-reunify-with-Pakistan-27323.html|title=BANGLADESH Islamic party wants to expel minorities, reunify with Pakistan|publisher=AsiaNews.it|date=7 March 2013|first1=Nozrul|last1=Islam|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>


The predecessor of the party ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]) strongly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and break-up of Pakistan. In 1971, it collaborated with the [[Pakistani Army]] in its operations against Bengali nationalists and pro-liberation intellectuals. Many of its leaders and activists participated in paramilitary forces<ref name="Rubin2010"/> that were implicated in war crimes, such as mass murder, especially of Hindus, rape and forced conversions of Hindus to Islam.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh party leader accused of war crimes in 1971 conflict|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/03/bangladesh-party-leader-accused-war-crimes|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=new_age_1>{{cite news|title=Charges pressed against Ghulam Azam|url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-12-12&nid=43333|accessdate=23 January 2013|newspaper=New Age|date=12 December 2011}}</ref><ref name=daily_star_1>{{cite news|title=Ghulam Azam was 'involved'|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=208936|accessdate=23 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=2 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh: Abdul Kader Mullah gets life sentence for war crimes|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21332622|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami members led the formation of the [[Shanti Committee]], and the [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakar]] and [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] paramilitary forces.<ref name="Rubin2010">{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Barry A.|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA59|accessdate=6 March 2013|year=2010|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-4138-0|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ভারতীয় চক্রান্ত বরদাস্ত করব না (We will never tolerate Indian conspiracy)|newspaper=[[The Daily Sangram]]|date=13 April 1971}}</ref><ref name="Fair2010">{{cite book|last=Fair|first=C. Christine|title=Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RC-ANwtR_SoC&pg=PA22|accessdate=6 March 2013|date=16 June 2010|publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=978-0-8330-4807-3|pages=21–22}}</ref>
⚫
The predecessor of the party ([[Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan]]) strongly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and break-up of Pakistan. Upon the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the new government banned Jamaat-e-Islami from political participation and its leaders went into exile in Pakistan. Following the assassination of the first president and the military coup that brought Maj. Gen. [[Ziaur Rahman]] to power in Bangladesh in 1975, the ban on the Jamaat was lifted and the new party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh was formed. Its leaders were allowed to return. Abbas Ali Khan was the first Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh. The Jamaat agenda is the creation of an "[[Islamic state]]" with the [[Shariat]] legal system, and outlawing "un-Islamic" practices and laws.

⚫
Upon the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the new government banned Jamaat-e-Islami from political participation and its leaders went into exile in Pakistan. Following the assassination of the first president and the military coup that brought Maj. Gen. [[Ziaur Rahman]] to power in Bangladesh in 1975, the ban on the Jamaat was lifted and the new party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh was formed. Its leaders were allowed to return. Abbas Ali Khan was the first Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh. The Jamaat agenda is the creation of an "[[Islamic state]]" with the [[Shariat]] legal system, and outlawing "un-Islamic" practices and laws.


In the 1980s, the Jamaat joined the multi-party alliance for the restoration of democracy. It later allied with Ziaur Rahman's [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and Jamaat leaders became ministers in the two BNP-led regimes of prime minister [[Begum Khaleda Zia]] (from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006). Its popularity has decreased and in 2008, it won only two of 300 elected seats in Parliament. In 2010 the government, led by the [[Awami League]], began prosecution of war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]]. By 2012, two leaders of the BNP and eight of Jamaat had been charged with war crimes, and by March 2013, three Jamaat leaders had been convicted of crimes. In response, the Jamaat has held major strikes and violent protests across the country, which have led to more than 60 deaths (mostly by security forces)<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22058462 BBC (2013)], Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina rejects blasphemy law .</ref> and a mass destruction of public and national properties.
In the 1980s, the Jamaat joined the multi-party alliance for the restoration of democracy. It later allied with Ziaur Rahman's [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and Jamaat leaders became ministers in the two BNP-led regimes of prime minister [[Begum Khaleda Zia]] (from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006). Its popularity has decreased and in 2008, it won only two of 300 elected seats in Parliament. In 2010 the government, led by the [[Awami League]], began prosecution of war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]]. By 2012, two leaders of the BNP and eight of Jamaat had been charged with war crimes, and by March 2013, three Jamaat leaders had been convicted of crimes. In response, the Jamaat has held major strikes and violent protests across the country, which have led to more than 60 deaths (mostly by security forces)<ref name="BBC">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22058462 BBC (2013)], Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina rejects blasphemy law .</ref> and a mass destruction of public and national properties.
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== Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir ==
== Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir ==
The student wing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/ics.htm|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> of this organisation is the [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir]], a major organisation at many colleges and universities including the [[Chittagong College]], [[University of Chittagong]], [[University of Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi University]], [[Islamic University]] etc. It is also influential in the [[madrassa]] system.
The student wing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/bangladesh/terroristoutfits/ics.htm|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> of this organisation is the [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir]], a major organisation at many colleges and universities including the [[Chittagong College]], [[University of Chittagong]], [[University of Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi University]], [[Islamic University]] etc. It is also influential in the [[madrassa]] system.
It was known as '''Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/islami-chhatra-shibir|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> before the [[Liberation war of Bangladesh]].
It was known as '''Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/islami-chhatra-shibir|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> before the [[Liberation war of Bangladesh]]. Members of Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha led the formation of [[Al-Badr (Pakistan)|Al-Badr]] that involved in the [[1971 killing of bengali intellectuals]] and some of them have already been convicted by [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]]<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/jamaat-secretarygeneral-gets-death-penalty-for-war-crimes/article4926010.ecet The Hindu]</ref><ref>http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-08-03&nid=19421#.UY5zx118uo8</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/key-man-of-al-badr/|title=Key man of Al-Badr|work=The Daily Star|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/09/17/quader-molla-to-go-to-the-gallows-for-murders|title=Mirpur butcher Molla must die, says SC|work=bdnews24.com|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref>http://newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-06-22&nid=14609#.URZgvPIYH2M</ref>
It is a member of the [[International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations]] and the [[World Assembly of Muslim Youth]].
It is a member of the [[International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations]] and the [[World Assembly of Muslim Youth]].
Activists of this organization extort money from the students of many educational institutions, hostel residents and traders of neighbouring areas<ref name="New Age">[http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-09-13&nid=33153 New Age]</ref><ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=128474|title=Shibir rented out RU hall seats|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> in the name of ''Baitul Mal'' (party fund).<ref name="New Age"/><ref name="The Daily Star"/>
Activists of this organization extort money from the students of many educational institutions, hostel residents and traders of neighbouring areas<ref name="New Age">[http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-09-13&nid=33153 New Age]</ref><ref name="The Daily Star">{{cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=128474|title=Shibir rented out RU hall seats|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> in the name of ''Baitul Mal'' (party fund).<ref name="New Age"/><ref name="The Daily Star"/>
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This student group is also involved in violent clashes with other student groups,<ref name="priyo.ICS">{{cite web|url=http://news.priyo.com/topic/islami-chhatra-shibir|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir|publisher=Priyo News|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> is extremely militant and has been linked to numerous acts of violence.<ref name=consortium/> The group has also been linked to a number of larger terrorist organizations both in Bangladesh, and internationally.<ref name=consortium>{{cite web|title=Terrorist Organization Profile: Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4065|publisher=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> It has been dubbed by the [[IHS Inc.]] as the world third most violent terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.ihs.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-terrorism/global-terrorism-insurgency-attacks-rapidly-increase-five-|title=Global Terrorism & Insurgency Attacks Rapidly Increase in Five Years, According to IHS Jane’s Terrorism and Insurgency Centre|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>
This student group is also involved in violent clashes with other student groups,<ref name="priyo.ICS">{{cite web|url=http://news.priyo.com/topic/islami-chhatra-shibir|title=Islami Chhatra Shibir|publisher=Priyo News|accessdate=6 January 2013}}</ref> is extremely militant and has been linked to numerous acts of violence.<ref name=consortium/> The group has also been linked to a number of larger terrorist organizations both in Bangladesh, and internationally.<ref name=consortium>{{cite web|title=Terrorist Organization Profile: Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4065|publisher=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> It has been dubbed by the [[IHS Inc.]] as the world third most violent terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.ihs.com/press-release/aerospace-defense-terrorism/global-terrorism-insurgency-attacks-rapidly-increase-five-|title=Global Terrorism & Insurgency Attacks Rapidly Increase in Five Years, According to IHS Jane’s Terrorism and Insurgency Centre|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>


==2013 violence==
{{further|2013 Bangladesh riots}}
February 2013, following the verdict by the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] (ICT), and the announcement of death sentence of [[Delwar Hossain Sayidee]], a leader of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, (who was accused of murder, arson, looting, rape, and forcefully converting non-Muslim people to Muslims<ref name="Guardian-1">{{cite news|title=Bangladesh party leader accused of war crimes in 1971 conflict|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/03/bangladesh-party-leader-accused-war-crimes|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 October 2011|location=London}}</ref> during the [[Bangladesh liberation war]] of 1971<ref name="thedailystar.net">"[http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=149471%E0%A5%A4 Tribunal hears war crimes of Sayedee]", ''The Daily Star'', 5 August 2010</ref>). Supporters of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing [[Islami Chhatra Shibir]] were involved in country-wide violence, including attacks on police, minorities, the setting fire to Hindu temples, and other destruction of property.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name="Hindu temple-1">{{cite news|title=Bagerhat Hindu temple set on fire|url=http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[Bdnews24.com]]|date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/at-least-44-dead-in-bangladesh-clashes/1613160.html |title=At Least 44 Dead in Bangladesh Clashes |publisher=Voanews.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ahmed |first=Anis |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/28/us-bangladesh-tribunal-idUSBRE91R0AN20130228 |title=Bangladesh Islamist's death sentence sparks deadly riots |publisher=Reuters |date= 28 February 2013|accessdate=2013-03-04}}</ref> More than 50 temples were damaged, and more than 1500 houses and business establishments of Hindus were torched in [[Noakhali district|Noakhali]], [[Gaibandha District|Gaibandha]], [[Chittagong]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Sylhet]], [[Chapainawabganj]], [[Bogra]] and in many other districts of the country.<ref name="Hindu temple-2">{{cite news|title=Hindus under attack|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=270925|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]|date=1 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hindu temple-3">{{cite news|title=Bagerhat, Barisal Hindu temples set ablaze|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/03/02/bagerhat-barisal-hindu-temples-set-ablaze|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[Bdnews24.com]]|date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nine Die in Bogra violence|url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/03/03/nine-die-in-bogra-violence|accessdate=10 March 2013|newspaper=bdnews24.com|date=3 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="vandalism of temples">{{cite news|title=Violent Vandalism of More Than 50 Temples of Minority Communities|url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2013-03-04/news/333874|accessdate=8 March 2013|newspaper=Prothom Alo|date=4 March 2013}}</ref>
By March 2013, at least 87 people killed.<ref name=asianews/> The Jamaat-e-Islami supporters called for the fall of the government and reunification with [[Pakistan]], and expulsion of non-Muslim Bangladeshis.<ref name=asianews>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Islamic-party-wants-to-expel-minorities,-reunify-with-Pakistan-27323.html|title=BANGLADESH Islamic party wants to expel minorities, reunify with Pakistan - Asia News|publisher=AsiaNews.it|date=7 March 2013|first1=Nozrul|last1=Islam|accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=April 2015}}


Supporters of Jamaat and its student wing Shibir stand accused of being involved in committing violence to retain their political power.<ref name=START-1>{{cite web|title=National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism|url=http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4065|publisher=[[University of Maryland]]|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> They have been accused of cutting opponent political party activist's tendon to instigating riot by spreading false news.<ref name=START-1/><ref name=DS-0001>{{cite news|title=Photoshopped pic of Sayedee used to instigate Bogra violence|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=271242|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|date=4 March 2013}}</ref><ref name=DS-0002>{{cite news|title=Fanatics used fake facebook page to run rampage in Ramu|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=253751|accessdate=31 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|date=14 October 2012}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:Jamaat-e-Islami]]
[[Category:Political parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Political parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalism]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Bangladesh]]

Revision as of 11:19, 25 May 2015

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
FounderAbbas Ali Khan (Joypurhat)
HeadquartersMogbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
IdeologyPolitical Islam
Seats in the Jatyo Sangshad
0 / 300
Website
jamaat-e-islami.org

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী), previously known as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, and Jamaat for short,[1] is the largest[2] Islamist political party in Bangladesh.[3][4] On 1 August 2013 the Bangladesh Supreme Court declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal, ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls,[5][6][7][8][9] following widespread acts of violence against religious minorities and others, and calls by Jamaat-e-Islami supporters for reunification with Pakistan, and expulsion of the approximately 20 million non-Muslim Bangladeshis.[10]

The predecessor of the party (Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan) strongly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and break-up of Pakistan. In 1971, it collaborated with the Pakistani Army in its operations against Bengali nationalists and pro-liberation intellectuals. Many of its leaders and activists participated in paramilitary forces[11] that were implicated in war crimes, such as mass murder, especially of Hindus, rape and forced conversions of Hindus to Islam.[12][13][14][15] Jamaat-e-Islami members led the formation of the Shanti Committee, and the Razakar and Al-Badr paramilitary forces.[11][16][17]

Upon the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the new government banned Jamaat-e-Islami from political participation and its leaders went into exile in Pakistan. Following the assassination of the first president and the military coup that brought Maj. Gen. Ziaur Rahman to power in Bangladesh in 1975, the ban on the Jamaat was lifted and the new party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh was formed. Its leaders were allowed to return. Abbas Ali Khan was the first Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh. The Jamaat agenda is the creation of an "Islamic state" with the Shariat legal system, and outlawing "un-Islamic" practices and laws.

In the 1980s, the Jamaat joined the multi-party alliance for the restoration of democracy. It later allied with Ziaur Rahman's Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat leaders became ministers in the two BNP-led regimes of prime minister Begum Khaleda Zia (from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006). Its popularity has decreased and in 2008, it won only two of 300 elected seats in Parliament. In 2010 the government, led by the Awami League, began prosecution of war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the International Crimes Tribunal. By 2012, two leaders of the BNP and eight of Jamaat had been charged with war crimes, and by March 2013, three Jamaat leaders had been convicted of crimes. In response, the Jamaat has held major strikes and violent protests across the country, which have led to more than 60 deaths (mostly by security forces)[18] and a mass destruction of public and national properties.

History of the party

The Jamaat in parliamentary elections
Year Results
1973 Party banned because of opposition
to Bangladeshi independence
and collaboration with the Pakistani army.
1979 Party legalized under the name
"Islamic Democratic League"
Together with larger Muslim League won 20 seats
1986 10 seats.[19]
1991 18 seats.[19]
1996 3 seats.[19]
2001 17 seats. (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)[19]
2008 2 seats.[20](took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)

British India (1941–1947)

Main article: Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

The Jamaat-e-Islami was founded in pre-partition British India by Syed Ab'ul Ala Maududi at Islamia Park, Lahore on 26 August 1941 as a movement to promote Social and Political Islam. Jamaat opposed the creation of a separate state of Pakistan for the Muslims of India. It also did not support the Muslim League, then the largest Muslim party, in the election of 1946.

Pakistan Period (1948–1971)

After the creation of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami divided into separate Indian and Pakistani national organisations. The East Pakistan wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan later became Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.

Jammat-e-Islami participated in the democratic movement in Pakistan during the Martial Law Period declared by General Ayub Khan. An all-party democratic alliance (DAC) was formed in 1965. Jamaat head in East Pakistan, Ghulam Azam was a member of the alliance, which also included Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[21][22]

During the 1950s and especially the 1960s, tension developed and escalated between East and West Pakistan, which had many differences in language and culture although both were majority Muslim. East Pakistan had a majority of Pakistan's population and economic activity but Pakistan's government and military were largely dominated by the upper classes from the west. Friction first developed over use of Bengali language[23] then political autonomy for the East, and the perceived poor response of the government to a massive cyclone killing up to half a million people in East Pakistan.[24]

In 1970 the pro-autonomy Awami League won a majority in Pakistan's Parliament but[25] was blocked by West Pakistanis from taking office. After compromise talks broke down, the Pakistan military launched Operation Searchlight[26] to crush East Pakistan opposition,[27] beginning the Bangladesh Liberation War. The Pakistan military's chief targets included intellectuals and Hindus, and about one million refugees fled to neighbouring India.[28]

As an Islamist party JI was uninterested in ethnic issues or local languages but strongly supported Islamic unity, and so supported the Pakistani military in their campaign. East Pakistan JI head Ghulam Azam coordinated the development and operation of paramilitary forces during the war, including Razakar, Al-shams, Al-badr for collaboration with the Pakistan Army. These units committed genocide and other war crimes at the time, most notorious of which were the systematic execution of Bengali pro-liberation intellectuals on 14 December 1971. As the war neared its end, a final effort to wipe off as many intellectuals as possible took place, to eliminate the future leaders of the new nation. On 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were picked up from their homes in Dhaka by the Al-Badr militias . Notable novelist Shahidullah Kaiser and playwright Munier Choudhury were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. Later they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. Jamaat strongly opposed an independent Bangladesh, which it considers to be founded against the principles of Islam.

Estimates of those East Pakistanis massacred throughout the war range from thirty thousand to three million.[29]

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, a by-election was ordered by the military administration of West Pakistan; it appointed Rao Farman Ali in charge. Ali wanted to reward the rightist political parties who helped the army and awarded 44 seats to Jamaat.[30]

Bangladesh Period (1978–present)

Jamaat was banned after the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, and its top leaders fled to West Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, first president of Bangladesh also cancelled the citizenship of Golam Azam, the leader of Jamaat. Azam then moved to UK and Pakistan, and other leaders moved to the Middle East.[31]

Golam first fled to Pakistan and organized a "East Pakistan Recovery Week". As information about his participation in the killing of civilians came to light "a strong groundswell of resentment against" East Pakistan JI leadership developed and Golam and Maulan Abdur Rahim were sent to Saudi Arabia. In Saudi, Azam and some of his followers successfully appealed for donations to "defend Islam" in Bangladesh, asserting that the Hindu minority there were "killing Muslims and burning their homes."[32]

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated in 1975, enabling army chief Major general Ziaur Rahman to seize power. With Rahman's coup, Jamaat again resumed political activities in Bangladesh. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat.[31] After the end of military rule in 1990, mass protests began against Azam and Jamaat under war criminal charges headed by Jahanara Imam, an author who lost her two sons and husband in the liberation war. Azam's citizenship was challenged in a case that went to the Bangladesh Supreme Court, as he held only a Pakistani passport. Absent prosecution of Azam for war crimes, the Supreme Court ruled that he had to be allowed a Bangladeshi passport and the freedom to resume his political activities. Bangladesh police arrested Jamaat-e-Islami chief and former Industry Minister Matiur Rahman Nizami from his residence in the capital in a graft case on 19 May 2008. Earlier, two former Cabinet Ministers of the immediate past BNP-led alliance government, Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan and Shamsul Islam were sent to Dhaka Central Jail after they surrendered before the court.[citation needed] The Jamaat-e-Islami party has become less popular. In the parliamentary elections of December 2008, the Jamaat-e-Islami party garnered fewer than 5 seats out of the total 300 that constitute the national parliament. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party is concerned, as the Jamaat-e-Islami has been their primary political partner in the Four-Party Alliance.[33]

Controversy

Involvement in war crimes

Many of Jamaat's leaders are accused of committing war crimes during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971 and several have already been convicted by the International Crimes Tribunal.[34]

International Crimes Tribunal

Main article: International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)

By November 2011, the International Crimes Tribunal had charged two BNP leaders and ten Jamaat leaders with war crimes committed during the Bangladesh liberation war.

Abul Kalam Azad, a nationally known Islamic cleric and former member of Jamaat, was charged with genocide, rape, abduction, confinement and torture. He was tried in absentia after having fled the country; police believe he is in Pakistan.[35] In January 2013 Azad was the first suspect to be convicted in the trials; he was found guilty of seven of eight charges and sentenced to death by hanging.[36] Azad's defence lawyer, a prominent Supreme Court lawyer appointed by the state, did not have any witnesses in the case; he said Azad's family failed to cooperate in helping locate witnesses and refused to testify.[37]

The summary of verdict in the conviction of Abdul Quader Molla recognized the role played by Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing ('Islami Chatra Sangha') as collaborators with the Pakistan Army in 1971. The party was found guilty of forming paramilitary forces, such as Razakar and Al-Badr. It was said to have taken part in the systematic genocide of the Bangladeshi people and other violent activities.[38]

As a result of the trials, the activists of the 2013 Shahbag Protest have demanded that the government ban Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics.[39][40] In response, the government started drafting a bill to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from Bangladeshi politics.[41]

On 28 February 2013, Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the deputy of Jamaat, was found guilty of genocide, rape and religious persecution. He was sentenced to death by hanging.[42] His defence lawyer had earlier complained that a witness who was supposed to testify for him was abducted from the gates of the courthouse on 5 November 2012, reportedly by police, and has not been heard from since. The government did not seem to take the issue seriously after the prosecution denied there was a problem.[43]

Muhammad Kamaruzzaman, senior assistant secretary general of Jamaat-e-Islami was indicted on 7 June 2012 on 7 counts of crimes against humanity.[44] On 9 May 2013 he was convicted and given the death penalty on five counts of mass killings, rape, torture and kidnapping.[45]

Ghulam Azam, ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000 was found guilty by the ICT on five counts. Incitement, conspiracy, planning, abatement and failure to prevent murder. He was sentenced on 15 July 2013 to 90 years imprisonment.[46]

Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed, Secretary General of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was sentenced to death by hanging on 17 July 2013.[47]

Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, who fled to UK after the liberation of Bangladesh and a leader of the London-based Jamaat organization Dawatul Islam[48] indicted for crimes against humanity and genocide and being a leader of the Al-Badr militia. He is also accused of the murder of Bangladesh's top intellectuals during the war, although he has denied all charges.[49]

Cancellation of Registration

On 27 January 2009, Bangladesh Supreme Court issued a ruling after 25 people from different Islamic organizations, including Bangladesh Tariqat Federation’s Secretary General Syed Rezaul Haque Chandpuri, Jaker Party’s Secretary General Munshi Abdul Latif and Sammilita Islami Jote’s President Maulana Ziaul Hasan, filed a joint petition. Jamaat e Islami chief Motiur Rahman Nizami, Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mujaheed and the Election Commission Secretary were given six weeks time to reply, but they did not. The ruling asked to explain as to "why the Jamaat’s registration should not be declared illegal". As a verdict of the ruling, High Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami on 1 August 2013,[5][50] ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls because its charter puts God above democratic process.[5][7][8][9][51]

On 5 August 2013 the Supreme Court rejected Jamaat's plea against the High Court. The chamber judge of the Appellate Division Justice AHM Shamsuddin Choudhury Manik while rejecting the Jamaat’s petition seeking stay on the High Court verdict, said that the Jamaat could move a regular appeal before the Appellate Division against the verdict after getting its full text.[52]

Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir

The student wing[53] of this organisation is the Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir, a major organisation at many colleges and universities including the Chittagong College, University of Chittagong, University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University, Islamic University etc. It is also influential in the madrassa system. It was known as Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha[54] before the Liberation war of Bangladesh. Members of Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha led the formation of Al-Badr that involved in the 1971 killing of bengali intellectuals and some of them have already been convicted by International Crimes Tribunal[55][56][57][58][59] It is a member of the International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. Activists of this organization extort money from the students of many educational institutions, hostel residents and traders of neighbouring areas[60][61] in the name of Baitul Mal (party fund).[60][61] Activists of Shibir also pressure the students to sign the supporter's document (form) of the organization as well as join the organisation.[60] This student group is also involved in violent clashes with other student groups,[62] is extremely militant and has been linked to numerous acts of violence.[63] The group has also been linked to a number of larger terrorist organizations both in Bangladesh, and internationally.[63] It has been dubbed by the IHS Inc. as the world third most violent terrorist group.[64]

2013 violence

Further information: 2013 Bangladesh riots

February 2013, following the verdict by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT), and the announcement of death sentence of Delwar Hossain Sayidee, a leader of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami, (who was accused of murder, arson, looting, rape, and forcefully converting non-Muslim people to Muslims[34] during the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971[65]). Supporters of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir were involved in country-wide violence, including attacks on police, minorities, the setting fire to Hindu temples, and other destruction of property.[19][66][67][68] More than 50 temples were damaged, and more than 1500 houses and business establishments of Hindus were torched in Noakhali, Gaibandha, Chittagong, Rangpur, Sylhet, Chapainawabganj, Bogra and in many other districts of the country.[69][70][71][72] By March 2013, at least 87 people killed.[10] The Jamaat-e-Islami supporters called for the fall of the government and reunification with Pakistan, and expulsion of non-Muslim Bangladeshis.[10][additional citation(s) needed]

Supporters of Jamaat and its student wing Shibir stand accused of being involved in committing violence to retain their political power.[73] They have been accused of cutting opponent political party activist's tendon to instigating riot by spreading false news.[73][74][75]

See also

References

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  6. ^ Jamaat loses registration - bdnews24.com| bdnews24.com| 2013/08/01]
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  28. ^ LaPorte, R (1972). "Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation". Asian Survey. 12 (2): 97–108. doi:10.1525/as.1972.12.2.01p0190a.
  29. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J., YoungmanAndrew Youngmandu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations.
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  33. ^ [1]. The Daily Star
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  35. ^ Quadir, Serajul (21 January 2013). "Islamic cleric sentenced to death for Bangladesh war crimes". Reuters.
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  50. ^ HC declares Jamaat registration illegal
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  60. ^ a b c New Age
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  72. ^ "Violent Vandalism of More Than 50 Temples of Minority Communities". Prothom Alo. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
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Baxter, C (1997). Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3632-5. OCLC 47885632.

External links

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