Heydar Aliyev: Difference between revisions

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We need serious sources, and attribute it as someone's point of view... Perhaps opponents of his policy say so... As a village population "Jomardly" (in source: "Джамартлу," сел. [village], In Russian), Zangezur Uyezd, was indicated by the ″Caucasian calendar″ at the beginning of the 20th century (1910) as "Татары" (In Russian) https://www.prlib.ru/item/417314 (page 240)
→‎Early life: The claim is by an Armenian villager, not a reliable source
Tag: Reverted
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=== Early life ===
=== Early life ===
[[File:Heydar Aliyev childhood.jpg|thumb|left|Heydar Aliyev with his family in 1920s]]
[[File:Heydar Aliyev childhood.jpg|thumb|left|Heydar Aliyev with his family in 1920s]]
Aliyev was born on 10 May 1923 in the city of [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]].<ref name="biography" /> His family had moved to Nakhchivan from the village of Jomardly (modern-day [[Tanahat]] in the [[Syunik Province]] of Armenia) only a few miles from Nakhichevan,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-10|title=Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev|url=http://www.aniarc.am/2015/05/10/tanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Aniarc|language=en-US}}</ref> before his birth. Some sources claim that Aliyev was actually born 2 years earlier, in Jomardly, but that it was later decided that a senior Azerbaijani politician should not have an Armenian place of birth <ref>{{Cite web|title=Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/heidar-aliev-political-colossus|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iwpr.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dewaal">{{cite book|last=De Waal|first=Thomas|url=|title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War|date=2003|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-1944-9|location=New York and London|pages=306|quote=Some maintain that Heidar Aliev was actually born in Armenia in 1921, not in Nakhichevan in 1923. His younger brother, Jalal Aliev, interviewed on 4 November 2000, said that the Aliev family came from the village of Jomartly in Zangezur but had moved to Nakhichevan by the time Heidar was born.|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/in-armenia-azerbaijani-leaders-ancestral-village-lies-abandoned|access-date=2021-12-19|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> His father was from Jomardly<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/heidar-aliev-political-colossus|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iwpr.net|language=en}}</ref> and his mother was from [[Vorotan, Sisian|Vorodan]] (in modern-day [[Syunik Province]] of [[Armenia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-10|title=Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev|url=http://www.aniarc.am/2015/05/10/tanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Aniarc|language=en-US}}</ref> Aliyev had four brothers: [[Hasan Aliyev (academician)|Hasan]], [[Huseyn Aliyev|Huseyn]], [[Jalal Aliyev|Jalal]], and Agil, as well as three sisters: Sura, Shafiga and Rafiga.
Aliyev was born on 10 May 1923 in the city of [[Nakhchivan (city)|Nakhchivan]].<ref name="biography" /> His family had moved to Nakhchivan from the village of Jomardly (modern-day [[Tanahat]] in the [[Syunik Province]] of Armenia) only a few miles from Nakhichevan,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-10|title=Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev|url=http://www.aniarc.am/2015/05/10/tanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Aniarc|language=en-US}}</ref> before his birth. Some sources claim that Aliyev was actually born 2 years earlier, in Jomardly.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/heidar-aliev-political-colossus|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iwpr.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name="dewaal">{{cite book|last=De Waal|first=Thomas|url=|title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War|date=2003|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-1944-9|location=New York and London|pages=306|quote=Some maintain that Heidar Aliev was actually born in Armenia in 1921, not in Nakhichevan in 1923. His younger brother, Jalal Aliev, interviewed on 4 November 2000, said that the Aliev family came from the village of Jomartly in Zangezur but had moved to Nakhichevan by the time Heidar was born.|author-link=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned {{!}} Eurasianet|url=https://eurasianet.org/in-armenia-azerbaijani-leaders-ancestral-village-lies-abandoned|access-date=2021-12-19|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> His father was from Jomardly<ref>{{Cite web|title=Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/heidar-aliev-political-colossus|access-date=2021-12-19|website=iwpr.net|language=en}}</ref> and his mother was from [[Vorotan, Sisian|Vorodan]] (in modern-day [[Syunik Province]] of [[Armenia]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-10|title=Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev|url=http://www.aniarc.am/2015/05/10/tanahat-jomartlou-the-native-village-of-the-worlds-most-famous-azerbaijani-haydar-aliyev/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Aniarc|language=en-US}}</ref> Aliyev had four brothers: [[Hasan Aliyev (academician)|Hasan]], [[Huseyn Aliyev|Huseyn]], [[Jalal Aliyev|Jalal]], and Agil, as well as three sisters: Sura, Shafiga and Rafiga.


After graduating from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School, Aliyev attended the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute (now the [[Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University]]) from 1939 to 1941, where he studied architecture. In 1949 and 1950, he studied at the USSR Ministry of State Security Higher School in [[Leningrad]]. Aliyev's official biography also states that he studied at [[Baku State University]], graduating with a degree in history in 1957.<ref name="biography">{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://heydaraliyevcenter.az/#2_HeydarAliyev|publisher=Heydar Aliyev Center|access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> According to American journalist [[Pete Earley]], Aliyev first attended the Ministry of State Security Academy in Leningrad and graduated in 1944.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Earley|first1=Pete|title=Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War|date=2008|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxxynN0KTJcC&pg=PT200|isbn=9781101207673}}</ref> He also took Senior Staff Professional Development courses at the [[FSB Academy|Dzerzhinsky Higher School of the KGB]] in [[Moscow]] in 1966.<ref name=":1" />
After graduating from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School, Aliyev attended the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute (now the [[Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University]]) from 1939 to 1941, where he studied architecture. In 1949 and 1950, he studied at the USSR Ministry of State Security Higher School in [[Leningrad]]. Aliyev's official biography also states that he studied at [[Baku State University]], graduating with a degree in history in 1957.<ref name="biography">{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://heydaraliyevcenter.az/#2_HeydarAliyev|publisher=Heydar Aliyev Center|access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> According to American journalist [[Pete Earley]], Aliyev first attended the Ministry of State Security Academy in Leningrad and graduated in 1944.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Earley|first1=Pete|title=Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War|date=2008|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|page=200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxxynN0KTJcC&pg=PT200|isbn=9781101207673}}</ref> He also took Senior Staff Professional Development courses at the [[FSB Academy|Dzerzhinsky Higher School of the KGB]] in [[Moscow]] in 1966.<ref name=":1" />

Revision as of 19:46, 13 January 2022

Heydar Aliyev
Heydər Əliyev
3rd President of Azerbaijan
In office
10 October 1993 – 31 October 2003
Acting: 24 June – 10 October 1993
Prime MinisterSurat Huseynov
Fuad Guliyev
Artur Rasizade
Ilham Aliyev
Preceded byAbulfaz Elchibey
Succeeded byIlham Aliyev
Speaker of the National Assembly
In office
15 June 1993 – 5 November 1993
PresidentAbulfaz Elchibey
Himself
Prime MinisterSurat Huseynov
Fuad Guliyev
Preceded byIsa Gambar
Succeeded byRasul Guliyev
First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
In office
24 November 1982 – 23 October 1987
PresidentVasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Yuri Andropov
Vasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Konstantin Chernenko
Vasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Andrei Gromyko
PremierNikolai Tikhonov
Nikolai Ryzhkov
Preceded byIvan Arkhipov
Succeeded byAndrei Gromyko
Full member of the 26th, 27th Politburo
In office
22 November 1982 – 21 October 1987
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan
In office
14 July 1969 – 3 December 1982
Preceded byVeli Akhundov
Succeeded byKamran Baghirov
Candidate member of the 25th, 26th Politburo
In office
5 March 1976 – 22 November 1982
Chairman of the Supreme Assembly of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
In office
17 November 1990 – 9 October 1993
Preceded byPosition Established
Succeeded byVasif Talibov
Personal details
Born
Heydar Alirza oğlu Aliyev

(1923-05-10)10 May 1923
Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan SSR, Transcaucasian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died12 December 2003(2003-12-12) (aged 80)
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
NationalityAzerbaijan
Political partyCommunist Party of the Soviet Union (1945–1991)
New Azerbaijan Party (1992–2003)[1]
SpouseZarifa Aliyeva
ChildrenSevil Aliyeva
Ilham Aliyev
Alma materBaku State University
Awards
Signature
Military service
Allegiance Soviet Union
Branch/serviceKGB of Azerbaijan SSR
Years of service1941–1969
RankMajor General

Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev (Azerbaijani: Heydər Əlirza oğlu Əliyev, IPA: [hejˈdæɾ æliɾˈzɑ oɣˈlu æˈlijef]; Russian: Гейда́р Али́евич Али́ев, IPA: [ɡʲɪjˈdar ɐˈlʲijɪvʲɪtɕ ɐˈlʲijɪf]; 10 May 1923[2] – 12 December 2003) was a Soviet and Azerbaijani politician who served as the third President of Azerbaijan from October 1993 to October 2003. Originally a high-ranking official in the KGB of the Azerbaijan SSR, serving for 28 years in Soviet state security organs (1941–1969), he led Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1982 and held the post of First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1987.

Aliyev became president of independent Azerbaijan while the country was on the brink of civil war and suffering serious losses in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighboring Armenia. Aliyev's supporters credit him with restoring stability to Azerbaijan and turning the country into a major international energy producer.[3] His regime in Azerbaijan has been described as dictatorial,[4][5][6][7][8][9] authoritarian,[10][11][12][13] and repressive.[14] He was also said to have run a heavy-handed police state where elections were rigged and dissent was repressed.[15][16] A cult of personality developed around Aliyev, which has continued after his death. Following his death in 2003, his son Ilham Aliyev was elected president in a controversial election and continues to lead Azerbaijan to this day.[17]

Career in the Soviet era

Early life

Heydar Aliyev with his family in 1920s

Aliyev was born on 10 May 1923 in the city of Nakhchivan.[18] His family had moved to Nakhchivan from the village of Jomardly (modern-day Tanahat in the Syunik Province of Armenia) only a few miles from Nakhichevan,[19] before his birth. Some sources claim that Aliyev was actually born 2 years earlier, in Jomardly.[20][21][22] His father was from Jomardly[23] and his mother was from Vorodan (in modern-day Syunik Province of Armenia).[24] Aliyev had four brothers: Hasan, Huseyn, Jalal, and Agil, as well as three sisters: Sura, Shafiga and Rafiga.

After graduating from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School, Aliyev attended the Azerbaijan Industrial Institute (now the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University) from 1939 to 1941, where he studied architecture. In 1949 and 1950, he studied at the USSR Ministry of State Security Higher School in Leningrad. Aliyev's official biography also states that he studied at Baku State University, graduating with a degree in history in 1957.[18] According to American journalist Pete Earley, Aliyev first attended the Ministry of State Security Academy in Leningrad and graduated in 1944.[25] He also took Senior Staff Professional Development courses at the Dzerzhinsky Higher School of the KGB in Moscow in 1966.[26]

In 1948, Aliyev married Zarifa Aliyeva.[27] On 12 October 1955, their daughter Sevil Aliyeva was born. On 24 December 1961, their son Ilham was born. Zarifa Aliyeva died of cancer in 1985.

Early career

Young Heydar Aliyev

Aliyev served at the Archive Department of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1941 to 1944, before his appointment to the Head of General Department of the Council of People's Commissars of the Nakhchivan ASSR. He joined the Azerbaijan SSR People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) in 1944 and proceeded to become the Department Head of State Security Committee of Azerbaijan SSR in 1950, after he graduated from Senior Staff Training School of the USSR State Security Committee.[26] In 1954, as part of government reform, the NKGB, which was previously named the Ministry of State Security (MGB), was again renamed, this time as the KGB. Aliyev rose quickly through the KGB ranks, becoming a Deputy Chairman of the Azerbaijani KGB in 1964, its Chairman in 1967, and eventually major general.[28][29]

From KGB to leader of Azerbaijan SSR

Aliyev in his KGB uniform.
Aliyev during his visit to state collective farm in 70s.

As head of the Azerbaijani KGB, Aliyev ran an anti-corruption campaign.[30][31][32] Following the campaign, he became the undisputed leader of Azerbaijan. He was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party at its Plenary Session held on 12 July 1969.[26][33][34] Aliyev made some progress in the fight against corruption: a number of people were sentenced to prison terms, and in 1975, five factory and collective farm managers were sentenced to death for gross corruption.[35] In the early 1980s, Aliyev barred the children of certain legal personnel from attending the republic's law school, in a purported effort to curb a self-perpetuating elite based on corruption. In 1977, he visited Iran.[36]

During the period of his leadership of Soviet Azerbaijan, Aliyev's efforts led to considerably increased economic, social and cultural growth rates in Azerbaijan SSR.[37] Aliyev became perhaps the most successful republican leader, raising the profile of the underprivileged republic and consistently promoting Azerbaijanis to senior posts.[38][39]

Aliyev became a candidate (non-voting) member of the Soviet Politburo in 1976. He held this position until December 1982, when Yuri Andropov promoted him to the office of First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers and made him a full member of the Politburo.[30][40] Aliyev also served at the Council of Ministers as the first deputy chairman in 1974–1979.[26] On 22 November 1982, Andropov promoted Aliyev from a candidate to a full member of the Soviet Politburo[40] and appointed him to the post of First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR,[41] responsible for transportation and social services. Aliyev thus attained the highest position ever reached by an Azerbaijani in the Soviet Union.[42]

Aliyev was dismissed from his position as First Deputy Premier and from the Politburo by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987, officially on health grounds.[42][17]

Fall and re-invention

After his forced retirement in 1987, Aliyev remained in Moscow until 1990. He suffered a heart attack during this time. Aliyev publicly opposed the January 1990 Soviet military crackdown in Baku, which had followed the continuing conflict regarding Nagorno-Karabakh.[1][17]

Almost immediately after this public appearance, Aliyev left Moscow for his native Nakhchivan. There, Aliyev reinvented himself as a moderate nationalist. He was elected the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan SSR in Baku in October 1990.[1] Under the pressure and criticism from groups connected to his nemesis, the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov, Aliyev again returned to Nakhchivan, where he was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Nakhchivan in 1991. He resigned that same year from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[1]

By December 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved and Azerbaijan formally became an independent state, Aliyev independently governed Nakhchivan in spite of Mutallibov's presidency. Early 1992 saw increased violence in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War following the fall of Shusha, the last Azerbaijani-populated town in Nagorno-Karabakh. These events resulted in Mutallibov's resignation and the subsequent rise to power of the Azerbaijan Popular Front led by Abulfaz Elchibey. During Elchibey's one year in power, Aliyev continued to govern Nakhchivan without any deference to the official government in Baku. The attempt by the Popular Front's Minister of Interior Isgandar Hamidov to forcibly overthrow Aliyev in Nakhchivan was thwarted by local militia at the regional airport. During the same period, Aliyev independently negotiated a cease-fire agreement in Nakhchivan with the then-President of Armenia, Levon Ter-Petrossian.

Aliyev was elected as the leader of New Azerbaijan Party at its constituent congress organized in Nakhchivan on November 21, 1992.[26]

In May–June 1993, when a crisis in the government led the country to the brink of civil war and loss of independence, the people of Azerbaijan demanded to bring Aliyev to power. The leaders of Azerbaijan were obliged to officially invite Aliyev to Baku. On 24 June 1993, amidst the advancement of insurgent forces under Surat Huseynov's control towards Baku, Elchibey fled from the city to his native village of Keleki in Nakhchivan. Earlier, on 15 June 1993, Aliyev had been elected Chairman of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, and after Elchibey's flight, he also assumed temporary presidential powers.[43] In August 1993, Elchibey was stripped of his presidency by a nationwide referendum, and in October 1993, Aliyev was elected President of Azerbaijan. In May 1994, Aliyev agreed to ceasefire agreement to end the hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh, which largely held until the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in 2020.

Presidency

Aliyev during his Inauguration.

On 3 October 1993, as a result of nationwide voting, Heydar Aliyev was elected President of the Republic of Azerbaijan.[44] On 11 October 1998, he was re-elected, winning 77 percent of the vote.[45] Aliyev was nominated as a candidate in the 2003 presidential elections, but declined to run in the elections in connection with health problems.[26]

Domestic policy

Constitutional reform

Aliyev assembled the Constitutional Commission in June 1995 to create a constitution to replace the 1978 Azerbaijan SSR Constitution. The first draft was ready in October for public debate[46] and the final version consisted of 5 chapters, 12 sections and 147 articles. The new constitution was confirmed by a referendum held on November 12, 1995.[47] To ensure separation of power, the constitution created 3 divisions: legislative (Milli Majlis), executive (President) and judicial (courts).[48]

Aliyev suggested amendments to the Constitution of Azerbaijan in June 2002. The first amendment to the Constitution of Azerbaijan was approved as the result of the 2002 Azerbaijani constitutional referendum. Consequently, 39 amendments to 23 articles of the Constitution of Azerbaijan were made. These included the abolition of proportional party-list elections to Parliament, a change in the presidential line of succession to favor the Prime Minister instead of the Chairman of Milli Majlis, the favoring of a simple majority when calculating presidential election results, and the establishment of rights for citizens, courts and ombudsmen to appeal directly to the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan.[49][50]

Abolition of Death Penalty

Aliyev requested the elimination of the death penalty on 3 February 1998. In his speech addressed to Milli Majlis, Aliyev stated: "I am convinced that the abolition of the death penalty is a crucial step in the humanization of criminal justice policy, moreover it is an important stage in the reform of the legal system as a whole. Taking into consideration all the facts, I am submitting a draft law on amendments and additions to the Criminal, Criminal-Procedure, and Corrective Labour Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan regarding the abolition of capital punishment in the Republic of Azerbaijan in accordance with Article 96 of the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan for the discussion.”[51] Milli Majlis approved the draft law, so on 10 February 1998 the “Law on Amendments and Additions to the Criminal, Criminal-Procedural and Corrective Labour Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan regarding the elimination of the death penalty in the Republic of Azerbaijan” was adopted.[52] As a result, capital punishment was replaced with life imprisonment.[53][54]

Azerbaijan joined the “Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty” on 22 January 1999.[55]

Establishment of Ombudsman Institution

Aliyev issued a decree on “Measures for Ensuring Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms” on February 22, 1998. The State Program on the Protection of Human Rights was confirmed by a Presidential Order dated 18 June 1998.[56][57] An Ombudsman institution in Azerbaijan was established based on this State Program, the Constitutional Law “On the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) of the Republic of Azerbaijan” (28 December 2001),[58] commitments before the Council of Europe,[56] and a Presidential Decree dated 5 March 2002 on implementation of this law.[57] Elmira Süleymanova was appointed the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) among 3 nominees requested by President Aliyev, as recorded in Decision No. 362 of the Milli Majlis on July 2, 2002.[59][60]

Agrarian and land reform

Main article: Agrarian reforms in Azerbaijan

Agrarian reforms implemented during the Aliyev administration can be divided into 2 phases:

  • 1995-1997 – During the first phase, the legislative base for an agrarian sector was reestablished through the adoption of a number of legislative documents. Privatization of Azerbaijani agriculture through the dissolution of the traditional collective and state farms was the focus of these laws.[61] Examples of these laws include “the Basis of Agrarian Reform” (18 February 1995);[62] “Reform of state and collective farms” (18 February 1995);[63] and “Land Reform” (16 July 1996).[64] On 10 January 1997 Aliyev issued a Decree on “Approval of some legal documents assuring implementation of agrarian reforms”. The State Commission on Agrarian Reforms was formed by Aliyev on 2 March 1995.[65][66]
  • 1998-2001 – The second phase focused on post-privatization support and the removal of bureaucratic barriers for more effective implementation of these reforms. The Ministry of Agriculture was reorganized by a presidential decree dated 6 June 1998 (On Ratification of the Statue on the Ministry of Agriculture),[67] the law on “State land cadaster, land monitoring and structure” (22 December 1998),[68] a decree on “Land rent” (12 March 1999),[69] and a law on “land market” (7 May 1999).[70] The Land Code of Azerbaijani Republic was approved by the Law on “Approval of Land Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan”[71] (25 June 1999).[61]

Foreign policy

A meeting between Heydar Aliyev, Vladimir Putin and Robert Kocharyan in Kremlin on 30 November 2001.

During the Aliyev administration, Azerbaijani foreign policy was rebalanced. The bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and other countries, as well as cooperation with international organizations, deepened.[72]

Relations with United Nations

During Aliyev's presidency, Azerbaijan began actively participating within international organizations such as the United Nations. Aliyev attended the 49th session of the UN General Assembly (UN GA) in 1994 and the special session of UN GA dedicated to 50th anniversary of United Nations in October 1995.[73] He received former Secretary General of UN Boutros Boutros-Ghali in October 1994 in Baku. Aliyev met with Secretary General Kofi Annan during his trip to the US in 1997 July.[74] Aliyev addressed the Millennium Summit of UN held in September 2000, where he talked about the Armenian invasion of Nagorno-Karabakh and adjacent regions, and mentioned UN resolutions 822, 853, 874, 884, which demanded unconditional withdrawal of the Armenian armed forces from the occupied Azerbaijani territories.[75] After 11 September attacks, Azerbaijan joined the anti-terror coalition of UN and cooperated with Office of Counter-Terrorism and Sanctions Committee of the UN SC. In October 2001, Azerbaijan joined the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism adopted by UN SC in 1999.[74]

Relations with NATO

The Partnership for Peace (PfP) Framework Document was signed to enhance security and defense cooperation with NATO on May 4, 1994.[76] Aliyev approved the PfP Presentation Document on April 19, 1996. In November 1997, Azerbaijan joined the PfP Planning and Review Process.[77] NATO PA also made Azerbaijan an associate member of NATO in November.[78]

Relations with EU

The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Azerbaijan was signed in Luxembourg on April 22, 1996, and went into effect on June 22, 1999. It promises cooperation in the fields of trade, investment, economy, legislation, culture, immigration and the prevention of illicit trade. Azerbaijan received assistance from the EU for economic reforms in the country through the TACIS and TRACECA programmes.[79] The “Restoration of the Historic Silk Road” international conference was organized in Baku on 8 September 1998 by Aliyev and President Eduard Shevardnadze of Georgia with the support of the TACIS and TRACECA programmes.[80]

Relations with Council of Europe

Azerbaijan participated as a specially invited guest at the Council of Europe (CoE) on 28 June 1996. Consequently, a number of resolutions and legal acts were adopted from 1996–2001 to improve the Azerbaijani legislative system so it could fulfill the requirements of European standards and international law. On 28 June 2000, Azerbaijan's full admission to the CoE was recommended at the session of Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE. Azerbaijan became a full member of the CoE on 17 January 2001; the official ceremony was conducted on 25 January 2001.[81] Presidential orders “On the implementation of the measures of the program of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan” (July 8, 1996),[82] "On the measures of Deepening Cooperation between the Council of Europe and the Republic of Azerbaijan" (20 January 1998), and “On the measures of expanding cooperation between Azerbaijan and CoE for defending interests of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Council of Europe"[82] (14 May 1999) were adopted by Aliyev.[83]

Relations with Russia

Aliyev prioritized establishing warmer relations with Russia more than the previous leadership of Azerbaijan did. He stated in his speech at Milli Majlis on June 15, 1993, after being elected as the head of Parliament of Azerbaijan:[84] "Russia, our northern neighbor, is absolutely a vast state. Undoubtedly, the relation based on independent principles between Azerbaijan and Russia must be better, broader and more fruitful."[85] The Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Security between Russia and Azerbaijan was signed on July 3, 1997.[86] Aliyev paid his first official trip to Russia as a President of the Republic of Azerbaijan in July 1997 with the invitation of Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Relations with Russia further developed through Aliyev-Putin negotiations during their bilateral visits (Vladimir Putin visited Azerbaijan in 2001 and Aliyev paid a reciprocal visit to Russia in 2002).[84] The agreements on “The Status and Benefiting Principles of Gabala Radio Location Station”, “Long term economic cooperation agreement between Russian Federation and the Azerbaijan Republic until the year 2010”, and “The common declaration of the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin and President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev” were signed in the latter meeting.[87]

Relations with US

Establishing closer relations and developing cooperation with the US were among the main goals of Aliyev's foreign policy. He stated in one of his speeches regarding this issue: “The relations of Azerbaijan with the United States are important as we need to learn the Western democracy, culture, achievements, to benefit from them, to use and apply them in Azerbaijan. In this regard, the United States is a special country for us."[88] Relations between the two countries strengthened after oil contracts were signed. Aliyev paid his first official visit to the US and met with President Bill Clinton on August 1, 1997. They signed a Joint Statement on future relations between the US and Azerbaijan in defense and military issues. During this trip (27 July-5 August 1997), a statement on intentions of formation of bilateral dialogue between the US and Azerbaijan regarding energy issues and the general agreement between the Government of the Azerbaijani Republic, the National Bank, and the US Export-Import Bank on the promotion of projects were signed. Additionally, 4 agreements on development and production sharing for the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea were signed.[88] After the visit, Aliyev issued an order on “Measures to expand partnership relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the United States” on 2 September 1997.[89] Azerbaijan joined a US-lead international coalition against terrorism after 11 September attacks,[90] and sent a military contingent to Afghanistan.[91] An amendment to the Freedom Support Act was adopted on 24 October 2002 by the US Senate to allow a US president to temporarily waive Section 907, which used to forbid to export any financial or humanitarian support to Azerbaijan.[92]

Oil strategy

Oil pipeline routes

Aliyev used the oil potential of Azerbaijan to avoid the difficulties his country faced after the collapse of the Soviet Union by attracting foreign investment into Azerbaijan. After a year-long series of negotiations in Baku, Istanbul and Houston,[93][94] the “Agreement on the Joint Development and Production Sharing for the Azeri and Chirag Fields and the Deep Water Portion of the Gunashli Field in the Azerbaijan Sector of the Caspian Sea” was signed in Baku on September 20, 1994 by the Government of Azerbaijan and a consortium of 11 oil companies from 6 countries (US, UK, Russia, Norway, Turkey, Saudi Arabia) in the presence of Aliyev.[95][96]

The State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan was established by Presidential Decree in December 1999 to gather the income gained from oil profit with the aim of financing social and economic projects.[97] As a result of the oil strategy developed by Aliyev, Azerbaijani oil was planned to be carried through different routes as Baku–Supsa, Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline (BTC), etc.[94] In order to export Azerbaijani oil to the European market, the presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey agreed to construct the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline in 1998 in Ankara. The ground-breaking ceremony of BTC took place in September 2002 with the participation of Aliyev, Turkish President Ahmet Necdet Sezer, and Georgian President Edward Shevardnadze.[98][99][100]

The decision to export Azerbaijani crude oil to the Port of Novorossiysk was made through a contract signed in Moscow on February 18, 1996.[101][100] Oil transportation through this route was realized in October 1997.[102] Establishment of the alternative Baku–Supsa route was agreed on March 8, 1996 by Aliyev and Shevardnadze. The Baku–Supsa route began operation in April 1999.[103][104]

Death and successor

The Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku
Main articles: Death and state funeral of Heydar Aliyev and Heydar Aliyev's cult of personality

Aliyev's health began to fail in 1999 when he had a major heart bypass operation in the United States at the Cleveland Clinic. He later had prostate surgery and a hernia operation. He suffered a collapse while giving a speech on live television in April 2003. On 6 August, Aliyev returned to the US for treatment of congestive heart failure and kidney problems. He stood down from the presidency at the start of October 2003 and appointed his son Ilham as his party's sole presidential candidate. On 12 December 2003, President Aliyev died at the Cleveland Clinic.[105] He was given a large state funeral and buried at the Alley of Honor cemetery in Baku.

Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev won a fraudulent presidential election on 15 October 2003. International observers criticized the contest as falling well below expected standards.[106] This transfer of power became the first case of top-level succession in the former Soviet Union.[107]

Honours

See also: Statue of Heydar Aliyev, Mexico City
Aliyev's statue in Belgrade

Throughout his life, Aliyev was awarded a number of state orders and medals, international awards, and elected honourable doctor of universities in many countries. Awards he has received include the Order of Lenin five times, the Order of the Red Star once, and Hero of the Socialist Labor twice. On 27 March 1997 in Kyiv, Ukraine, Aliyev received Ukraine's highest award, the Yaroslav Mudry Order, and on 13 April 1999, Turkey's highest honour, the Atatürk International Peace Prize. On 3 April 2003, he was elected a professor and authorized member of the Academy of Safety of the Russian Federation, and was subsequently awarded the Premium of Yuri Andropov. On 10 May 2003, he was decorated with the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called—Russia's supreme award.[2][108] A statue of Aliyev has been unveiled in a Tašmajdan Park in Belgrade; its renovation was aided by 2 million euros ($2.9 million) from the Azerbaijani government.[109]

Full list of honours and awards

Soviet Union
Other

See also

References

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External links

Party political offices
Preceded by First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party
1969–1982 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by
none
 Parliamentary Chairman of Nakhchivan
1991–1993 		Succeeded by
Preceded by President of Azerbaijan
1993–2003 		Succeeded by
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