42 AD: Traditional date for the founding of Gaya by Suro.[18]
53: Goguryeo begins to become a centralized kingdom under Taejo's reign.[19]
234: Baekje begins to become a centralized kingdom under Goi's reign.[20]
244: Goguryeo is defeated by Cao Wei in the Goguryeo–Wei War, the defeat is so severe that Goguryeo is not mentioned again in Chinese historial record for decades.[21]
313: Goguryeo destroys Lelang Commandery, ending the last of the four Han Chinese commanderies established by the Han Dynasty.[22]
356: Silla becomes a centralized kingdom under Naemul's reign.
433: Baekje and Silla form an alliance against Goguryeo's aggression.[29]
475: Goguryeo attacks Baekje and captures Hanseong (modern day Seoul).[30] Baekje moves its capital south to Ungjin (modern-day Gongju) due to Goguryeo's pressure.
520: Silla formalizes the Bone-rank system, an aristocratic rank system that acted as a caste system under the reign of Beopheung of Silla.
527: Silla formally adopts Buddhism after Beopheung of Silla executes Ichadon, a Buddhist convert who had tried to persuade the king to adopt Buddhism.[33] Before he was executed, Ichadon predicted that milk colored blood would spill from his body after his death.[34] This supposed miracle allegedly occurred according to the Samguk Yusa and convinced Silla's royal court to adopt Buddhism as its state religion.
538: Baekje moves its capital to Sabi (modern-day Buyeo).[30]
553: Silla attacks Baekje, breaking the alliance.[35]
662: As a result of the fall of Baekje, Tamna enters into a tributary relationship with Silla.
663: Battle of Baekgang, the remnants of Baekje allied with Japanese expeditionary forces are defeated by the Silla-Tang alliance, ending all hopes for the restoration of the kingdom.
668: Goguryeo falls to the Silla-Tang forces.
North–South States period and Later Three Kingdoms
936: Goryeo completes the reunification of the Later Three Kingdoms, absorbing the entirety of Hubaekje and parts of former Balhae territory.
938: Goryeo subjugates Tamna
956: Emperor Gwangjong forces major land and slavery reforms, and in 958 implements civil service examinations.
979: According to the Goryeosa, tens of thousands of Balhae refugees from Jeongan fled to Goryeo in 979, and was recorded as the largest Balhae migration since the 936 exodus.[38]
1033: Goryeo builds the second Cheolli Jangseong (lit. "Thousand Li Wall"), also known as the Goryeo Jangseong, a massive wall running along the northern border.
1135: Buddhist monk and geomancer Myocheong rebels in a failed attempt to move the capital to Pyongyang and pursue aggressive expansion against the Jin Dynasty
1234: Choi Yun-ui's Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun is published, world's first metal-block printed text.
1251: Goryeo completes the Tripitaka Koreana, the most comprehensive and oldest intact version of the Buddhist canon in Chinese script
1268: Mongol peace treaty is signed which Mongols agree to protect them the best they can.
1270: Goryeo signs a peace treaty with the Mongols, beginning an 80-year period of Yuan overlordship. The Sambyeolcho Rebellion lasts for three more years.
1597: António Corea, a Korean slave kidnapped and taken to Japan, is sold to an Italian master. He is then taken to Italy, and becomes possibly the first Korean to set foot in Europe.[40]
1653: Dutch mariner Hendrick Hamel crashes on Jeju Island. The isolationist Joseon government prevents him from leaving, although he is given relative freedom to live normally on the peninsula.[41][42]
1666: Hamel and some of his crew sneak from the southern coast of Korea to Dejima, Japan. From there, they make their way back to the Netherlands. Hamel then publishes a written account of his travels in Korea: the first first-hand eyewitness description of Korea by a Westerner.[41][42]
1881: 10 December. Chōsen Shinpō, primarily a Japanese-language and Classical Chinese publication, became the first newspaper to be published in Korea.[44]
1882: Imo Incident: Mutiny by Korean soldiers in Seoul against the modernization policies of emperor Gojong
1883: 31 October. The first native Korean newspaper, Hansŏng sunbo, is established by the Joseon monarchy. It is written in Classical Chinese.[46]
1884: Kim Ok-gyun leads the Gapsin Coup. In 3 days, Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives and their Japanese supporters.
1885: 11 October. The first Methodist church in Korea, Chungdong First Methodist Church, is established in Seoul by American missionary Henry Appenzeller. The church's main chapel, built in 1897, is now the oldest extant church in Korea, and the only extant one built in the 19th century.[47]
1886: 25 January. The government newspaper Hansŏng jubo is established after its predecessor's facilities were burnt down in the Gapsin Coup. It is the first newspaper written primarily in the Korean language (mixed script) and the first weekly newspaper in Korea.[48][49]
1897: 20 February. King Gojong returns to his palace after 1 year of refuge at the Russian legation.
1897: King Gojong proclaims the Korean Empire and is crowned at the religious shrine Hwangudan in Seoul.[54]
1898: January. Independence Gate is constructed in Seoul. A symbol of Korean independence, it was built in place of Yeongeunmun, which was used to welcome Chinese ambassadors when Korea was a tributary state.[55][56]
1902: The first modern indoor theater in Korea, Hyŏpyul-sa, is established in Seoul.[57]
1903: The first Korean immigrants to the United States arrive in Hawaii.
1904: The Korea Daily News, predecessor to today's Seoul Shinmun, is founded by British journalist Ernest Bethell and becomes an important newspaper that can avoid Japanese censorship. It continues publication until increasing Japanese pressure causes it to be sold off in 1910. After which, it is renamed Maeil Sinbo.[59][60]
1906: Kim Ransa returns from studying abroad at Ohio Wesleyan University. She is the first Korean woman to receive a bachelors degree from the United States.[61][62]
1907: Historic movie theater Dansungsa is founded in Seoul.[65]
1907: June. The Hague Secret Emissary Affair occurs, in which emissaries from Gojong attempt to assert Korea's independence in Europe, but are rebuffed.
1907: 18 July. Gojong is forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Sunjong by Imperial Japan.
1908: 25 March. Durham Stevens, an American diplomat and Japanese sympathizer, is assassinated by Korean independence activists.
1911: The 105-Man Incident occurs, in which the Japanese arrest over 700 Koreans in connection to alleged assassination attempts on the Governor-General of Korea, Terauchi Masatake.
1919: 8 February. Inspired by the promotion of self-determination laid out in the Fourteen Points statement, Korean independence activists in Japan publish a February 8 Declaration of Independence. This directly inspires a similar act in Korea three weeks later.[66]
1919: September. Saito Makoto appointed as third Governor-General of Korea. The period of "cultural policy" begins.
1919: 27 October. The kino-drama, Righteous Revenge, widely considered the first Korean film, premieres at Dansungsa. This marks the anniversary of the modern Korean Film Day, although whether it is truly the first Korean film has been disputed.[67][68][69]
1920: Kim Il Sung (then "Kim Song-ju") and his family flee to Manchuria.[70]
1920: November. The first time a Korean journalist is killed while reporting. The Dong-a Ilbo journalist Chang Dŏk-chun [ko] is killed by Japanese soldiers while investigating a Japanese massacre of Koreans in Hunchun, Manchuria.[73]
The first golf course in Korea at what is now Hyochang Park. It was established by the Japanese, who left the graves of Korean royal family members directly on the course (fenced-off area in center of photo; photo published 1925)1921: June. The first golf course in Korea is established at Hyochangwon by the Japanese colonial government. The tombs of Joseon royal family members are controversially left directly on the course.[74]
1923: 1 March. The Koryo-saram newspaper Sŏnbong is established. It changed names to the Lenin Kichi in 1938 and Koryo Ilbo in 1991. As of 2023[update], it is the oldest active Korean-language newspaper outside of the Korean peninsula.[75]
1923: 1 September. In the immediate aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake in Japan, the Kantō Massacre occurs. Rumors emerge that ethnic Koreans had poisoned wells or were planning to attack the Japanese.[76] The Japanese military, police, and bands of armed vigilantes massacre thousands of Koreans, anyone they suspect of being Korean, and Japanese anarchists or left-wingers.[77][78] The Japanese government then begins a campaign to minimize or downplay the scale of the massacre.[76][79]
1926: The June 10th Movement pro-independence protests occur and are suppressed.
1932: 29 April. The Hongkou Park Incident occurs, in which Yun Bong-gil sets off a bomb in a park in Shanghai (now Lu Xun Park), killing several Japanese colonial and military leadership. In the aftermath, the KPG is forced to flee Shanghai.[81][82]
1932: Japan begins the "comfort women" program, in which civilian women were coerced or forced into prostitution for the Japanese military. By the end of World War II, an estimated 100,000–200,000 Korean women would be forced into sexual slavery by Imperial Japan.
1934: The Chinese Kuomintang assists in training 92 Korean guerrilla fighters in the 17th Army Officer Training Class of the 4th Battalion (제2총대 제4대대 육군군관훈련반 제17대) in Luoyang.[83]
1937: September. The deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union occurs, in which roughly 172,000 Koreans are forced to move from the Russian Far East to Central Asia. Conditions during the journey and at their destination are poor, and death toll ranges from 16,500 to 50,000.
1937: November/December. The KPG flees Nanjing just weeks before the Nanjing Massacre.
1938: The Governor-General of Korea enacts the Sōshi-kaimei policy, under which Koreans are pressured and incentivized to adopt Japanese-style names.
1939: 24 March. The State General Mobilization Law is passed, and millions of Koreans are forcefully conscripted to work for Japan. Tens of thousands die due to poor work conditions.
1939: The KPG settles in Chongqing, where they would remain until the end of the war.
1940: 17 September. The KPG establishes the Korean Liberation Army, a guerrilla army that was intended to eventually fight to liberate the Korean peninsula. At its peak, it reached over 400 personnel.
1940: Kim Il Sung and a few survivors escape from China into the USSR.[70]
1943: 27 November. The Cairo Declaration between China, the United States, and the United Kingdom announces the intention of the Allies to liberate Korea after World War II, but place it under a trusteeship. This both excites and angers Koreans.[84][50]
1944: Starting in 1944, Japan started the conscription of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944.
1945: 8 February. At the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt secretly proposes to Joseph Stalin that Korea be placed a three-way trusteeship, between China, the USSR, and the US for a period of 20–30 years, and that no troops be stationed on the peninsula. Stalin mostly agrees, but argues that the trusteeship should be as short as possible.[84][85][86]
1945: May. The Eagle Project, a joint operation between the KPG and the United States Office of Strategic Services, occurs. Kim Ku and others are hopeful that it will facilitate the US's formal recognition of the KPG, but Truman rebuffs Kim's attempts at communication and the mission is halted after the atomic bombings of Japan.[87][88]
1945: July. It is decided during the Potsdam Conference and announced via the Potsdam Declaration that the Cairo Declaration's terms on Korea would be affirmed.[84]
1945: 11 August. The General Order No. 1, drafted by the United States, specified the division of Korea at the 38th parallel. Stalin did not object to the terms.[84]
1945: 11 August. Soviet troops begin their first military operation in Korea, and land in Unggi County (later renamed Sonbong-guyok).
1945: 13–17 August. The Seishin Operation is fought between the Soviet Union and Japan. Despite being outnumbered, the Soviet troops win. Chŏng Sang-chin is the only ethnic Korean to fight on the Soviet side.[89][90]
1945: 6 September. Before both trusteeships are well-established, Lyuh Woon-hyung establishes an independent People's Republic of Korea that incorporates both left- and right-leaning politicians. However, its activities are quickly suppressed and it never gains recognition from either the USSR or US.[93]
1945: 19 September. Kim Il Sung returns to the Korean peninsula with the Soviets.[94]
1945: December. At the Moscow Conference, negotiations to reunify Korea fail. Instead, Korea is placed under a four-way trusteeship, by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China for five years. This leads to protest and anger in the Korean peninsula.[50]
1946: 4 January. Cho Man-sik, Kim's main rival for leadership in the North, is removed from office and placed under house arrest by the Soviets.[95]
1946: 8 February. The Provisional People's Committee of North Korea is established, and Kim Il Sung is made its chairman. While it supposedly represents all political groups in the North, it is dominated by the Soviet-backed Communist Party.[96]
1946: December. A coalition is made in the North among all major political parties, including representatives of left-leaning parties in the South. This coalition is again dominated by the Communists.[99]
1947: Hyundai is established, initially as a construction company.
1947: 19 July. Lyuh Woon-hyung, whom some Americans had been eyeing as a more moderate alternative candidate for leadership in the South,[100] is assassinated by a member of the far-right terrorist group the White Shirts Society.[101]
1947: 14 November. The United Nations passes General Assembly Resolution 112, which creates the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. The commission was intended to monitor the integrity of elections throughout the peninsula.[102] This resolution was the result of a September initiative by the United States, which was frustrated by the lack of Soviet cooperation in negotiations about the administration of Korea. The Soviets dispute the authority of the commission and ignore it.[103]
1948: April. Protests occur in Jeju that lead to the Jeju Uprising. The protests began in response to the news of separate elections occurring in North and South Korea. These are violently suppressed by 1949.[104][103] The estimated death toll is uncertain, but a significant portion (up to 30%) of the population is killed.[105] This event and its aftermath significantly threaten the Jeju language,[106] which as of 2023[update], is considered critically endangered.[107]
1948: 10 May. Despite significant controversy, elections for the National Assembly are held in South Korea, and Syngman Rhee becomes its chair.[103]
1948: October. The Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion occurs. While being shipped off to Jeju to suppress the unrest, left-leaning soldiers launch a rebellion in South Jeolla Province. Thousands are killed.[105]
1948: 20 November. The South Korean National Assembly passes the National Security Law. The law has been consistently criticized for its broad scope and historical use by South Korean dictatorships to quash political resistance.[105]
1949: 26 June. Kim Ku is murdered in his home by Ahn Doo-hee. The exact motives behind the murder still remain unclear.[109]
1950: 30 January.[110] After months of negotiations, Stalin finally relents to Kim's requests to launch an invasion of the South, but makes it conditional on whether Kim can convince Mao to support the effort.[111][112]
1950: April. Mao agrees to support Kim in the invasion.[111][112]
1950: 25 June. The Korean War begins with a surprise attack from the North. While minor border skirmishes had happened prior to the war, they are not comparable in scale of the invasion the North launches. The First Battle of Seoul begins with the deaths of hundreds of civilians; Seoul falls within a few days.[113]
1950: 7 July. The UN Security Council creates the United Nations Command under the United States to support the South. Over the following years, tens of thousands of soldiers from a number of countries fight for the South.[114]
1950: 26 to 29 July. The No Gun Ri massacre occurs. Unarmed South Korean civilians near the village of Nogeun-ri are deliberately killed by the US Army; the death toll and cause of the massacre is disputed.[115]
1950: August. UN forces are driven back to the south-east corner of the Korean Peninsula ("The Pusan Perimeter").[116]
1950: September. The Battle of Inchon occurs after UN Troops make a surprise amphibious landing on the west coast. Despite the death toll, the UN resolution's original goal of returning to the status quo borders, and the concerns of the US's allies that China or the USSR could enter the war, MacArthur and Rhee decide to push North and reunify the peninsula. The UN approves this on 7 October, and troops move North on 9 October. This prompts the Chinese to begin planning a counteroffensive.[117]
1950: 27 November. Chinese forces launch a massive offensive from the North, which puts the UN and ROK forces into a full retreat.[116]
1950: 6 December. The Chinese retake Pyongyang.[118]
1950: December. The National Defense Corps incident begins and lasts until February 1951. The Rhee government drafts hundreds of thousands of civilians into a militia, but fail to provide them adequate supplies. Tens of thousands die or disappear.[118][119]
1951: 4 January. The North and China take Seoul.[118]
1951: 15 March. Seoul is retaken by the ROK and UN Forces.[118]
1951: July. Armistice talks begin. While the establishment of a demilitarized zone and the creation of an armistice commission are agreed on, the talks stall on the issue of prisoner exchanges. Over the following two years of more stalled talks, the US and UN Forces drop more bombs on North Korea than the Allies did on Germany and Japan in World War II. Both the North and the South commit atrocities against their own citizens and civilians on the other side. Over a million and up to two million Koreans die.[120]
1953: 27 July. The Korean War is halted by the Korean Armistice Agreement that has remained in force until now.
1955: March 1955. Chongryon, an association for Koreans in Japan that are aligned with North Korea, is created. It has continued to draw controversy and criticism until today.
1956: April. Chongryon assists in establishing the North Korean-aligned Korea University in Tokyo.
1956: September. The August Faction Incident occurs, in which pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese North Koreans attempt to purge Kim Il Sung from power. Kim then conducts a counter-purge, which diplomatically distances North Korea from its Soviet allies.
1962: 12 October. Sino–Korean Border Agreement is signed, beginning the process of establishing the modern border between China and North Korea. The process finishes with the agreement's 1964 companion, the Protocols on the Sino–Korean Border.
1967: start of the second Five-year plans of South Korea.
1968: January. The Blue House raid, an unsuccessful attempt of North Korean commandos to assassinate South Korean president Park Chung Hee occurs.
1968: April. In retaliation for the Blue House raid, a South Korean group is created (Unit 684) to assassinate Kim Il Sung, but the group eventually mutinies on 23 August.
1972: start of the third Five-year plans of South Korea.
1972: 12 August. The first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea are held.
1972: President Park Chung Hee declares Emergency martial law and changes Constitution in August, which may allow him to become the permanent ruler. This is similar to Gojong of the Korean Empire stating his country's governmental system as 'autocratic' in the constitution- for greater leadership and less opposition.
1974: 15 August. The assassination of first lady Yuk Young-soo by North Korean sympathizer Mun Se-gwang.
1976: 12 October. Discontinuation of rice imports, the accomplishment of total self-sufficiency in rice by the 'Unification Rice'.
1977: start of the fourth Five-Year Plans of South Korea.
1977: 22 December. Celebration of achievement of 10 billion dollars gained by exports.
1978: 26 October. Detection of the 3rd tunnel. Made by North Korea to attack South Korea.
1978: 10 December. Achievement of 1,117 US dollars as GNP.
1979: American president Jimmy Carter visits Korea. Threatens Park by stating he would reduce the US forces in Korea if he does not stop the ongoing Nuclear Weapons Development project.
1980: Gwangju Uprising. Martial law is declared throughout the nation. The city of Gwangju becomes a battleground between dissenters and the Armed Forces (18–27 May). The official death toll was set at 200 people but some reports claim over 1000 casualties.
1981: 16 November. A South Korean expedition team marks the first time Koreans set foot in Antarctica.[122][123]
1998: Taepodong-1, a two-stage intermediate-range ballistic missile is developed and tested by the DPRK. End of the Arduous March. It is possible that up to 3.5 million people did not survive the 'march'.
1998: The Shimonoseki Trial, the first ever lawsuit against the Japanese government by comfort women or forced laborers by Koreans, ends with the denial of compensation for the three women.[125][126]
1999: The DPRK promises to freeze long-range missile tests.
2002: The 2002 FIFA World Cup jointly held by Korea & Japan. South Korea national football team reaches the semi-finals for the first time in Korean football history. The DPRK pledges to extend moratorium on missile tests beyond 2003.
2004: The DPRK reaffirms moratorium.
2005: The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
2007: The second summit between DPRK and ROK leaders is held, with Roh Moo-hyun representing the south and Kim Jong-il the north. The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan.
2008: 8 April. A Korean woman, Yi So-yeon, becomes the first Korean to fly to outer space.[127]
2009: North Korea launches a rocket (Unha), supposedly for space exploration. This move affects relationships with Japan, the United States and South Korea. The DPRK conducts another nuclear test.
2010: North Korea launches missile and attacks Korean Pohang-classcorvette, ROKS Cheonan. 46 Korean soldiers die because of the attack. At November, North Korean army rains artillery fire on Yeon-Pyeong-Do island.
2011: Kim Jong-il dies, Kim Jong-un takes over as the Supreme Leader of North Korea. The National Intelligence Service accuses pro-unification lawmakers of being spies. One of the members was a former Democratic Party representative. In a move indicative of the heavy-handedness of the Park regime, the party is outlawed and key party members are imprisoned.
2012: 13 April. The Kim Regime of the DPRK tested a rocket, officially called "Unha-3", an expendable launch system developed from the Soviet Scud rockets. The rocket was to send a satellite, called "Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3", into orbit. The rocket failed to launch the satellite and fell into the Yellow Sea. The mission ultimately ended in complete failure.
2013: 8 December. Jang Song-thaek, uncle of North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un, was ousted from all powerful posts on various charges. The official Korean Central News Agency said the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea stripped Jang of all posts, depriving him of all titles and expelling him and removing his name from the party.[128]
2013: 12 December. North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un, executes his Uncle, Jang Song-thaek, as a "traitor for all ages." Jang Song-thaek's execution was said to be set up by his own wife, Kim Kyong-hui, Late Supreme Leader Kim Jong-il's sister. Jang Song-thaek was considered to be the most powerful official in the DPRK Regime.[129]
2014: 16 April. Sinking of MV Sewol, where 304 people, mostly students, die during the sinking of the ship.[130][131]
2016: 9 December. The impeachment vote of President Park Geun-hye took place, whilst 234 members in the 300-member National Assembly voting in favor of the impeachment and temporary suspension of her presidential powers and duties. Hwang Kyo-ahn, then prime minister, became acting president while the Constitutional Court of Korea was due to determine whether to accept the impeachment.
2017: 10 March. The court upheld the impeachment in a unanimous 8–0 decision, removing Park from office.
2017: 10 May. Moon Jae-In is sworn into office immediately after official votes were counted on 10 May, replacing Acting President and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-Ahn.[132]
2022: 10 May. Yoon Suk Yeol is sworn into office, succeeding former President Moon Jae-in.
2022: 29 October. Seoul Halloween crowd crush, 159 people are killed and another 197 injured in the deadliest accident since the sinking of the Sewol.[133]
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"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
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