University of Hull
File:University of Hull Shield.png | ||
Motto | Lampada Ferens (Latin) | |
---|---|---|
Motto in English | Bearing the Torch [of learning] | |
Type | Public | |
Established | 1954 – University Status 1927 – University College Hull | |
Endowment | £5.7 million[1] | |
Chancellor | Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone | |
Vice-Chancellor | Professor Calie Pistorius | |
Visitor | The Lord President of the Council ex officio | |
Academic staff | 970[2] | |
Students | 22,275[3] | |
Undergraduates | 18,710[3] | |
Postgraduates | 3,565[3] | |
Location | , | |
Campus | Urban area | |
Courses | 2,200+[4] | |
Colours | Scarf colours, blue and gold Turquoise blue[5] |
Academic silk colour |
Affiliations | Global U8 (GU8) | |
Website | www.hull.ac.uk | |
File:Hull uni logo 2010.gif |
The University of Hull (known informally as "Hull University") is an English university, founded in 1927, located in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Though classed as a "redbrick university", its expansion in recent decades has seen the addition of a variety of building styles from the traditional main buildings, 1960s teaching blocks to modern additions.[7][8]
The main university campus is located in Hull and there is a smaller campus in Scarborough on the North Yorkshire coast. It is a partner in the proposed University Centre of Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education in North East Lincolnshire. The main campus is home to the Hull York Medical School, a joint initiative with the University of York. Students are served by Hull University Union.
The University's Brynmor Jones Library was the workplace of the poet Philip Larkin who served as its Head Librarian for thirty years. The Philip Larkin Society organises activities in remembrance of Larkin including the Larkin 25 festival which was organised during 2010 in partnership with the University. The Library was also the workplace of former poet laureate Andrew Motion and the late film director Anthony Minghella. Lord Wilberforce was chancellor of the University from 1978 until 1994. Robert Armstrong was chancellor from 1994 to 2006. Virginia Bottomley was installed as the current chancellor in April 2006.
Alumni of the University of Hull are prominent in the fields of academia, politics, journalism and drama. They include former MP and Deputy Prime Minister Lord Prescott of Kingston-upon-Hull (John Prescott), social scientist Lord Anthony Giddens, poet Roger McGough, journalist John McCarthy, politician and author Chris Mullin.
History
University College
The foundation stone of University College Hull, then an external college of the University of London, was laid in 1927 by Prince Albert, the Duke of York (who later became king as George VI). It was built on land donated by Hull City Council and local benefactors Thomas Ferens and G F Grant. A year later the first 14 departments, in pure sciences and the arts, opened with 39 students. The college at that time consisted of one building, now named the Venn building (after the mathematician John Venn, who was born in Hull). The building now houses the administrative centre of the university. Other early buildings include the Cohen Building, which originally housed the college library, and Staff House, built in 1948 as the Student's Union. Another early structure was the Chemistry Building, built in 1953. With the rapid expansion of student numbers which took place in the 1950s many many academic departments were housed in temporary buildings, colloquially known as 'huts,' which gave the campus the feel of an 'academic army camp.'[9]
The first principal of the college was Arthur E Morgan (1926–1935), the second was John H Nicholson (1935–1956), who also served as the university's first vice-chancellor when the college was granted university status.
Coat of Arms
The university coat of arms was designed by Sir Algernon Tudor-Craig in 1928. The symbols are the torch for learning, the rose for Yorkshire, the ducal coronet from the arms of the City of Hull, the fleur-de-lys for Lincolnshire and the dove, symbolising peace, from the arms of Thomas Ferens. These symbols were later reused to create the current university logo.[10]
Royal Charter
The college gained its Royal Charter in 1954, which empowered it to award degrees of its own, making it the third university in Yorkshire and the 14th in England. Within a year of the charter being granted applications to study at the new university had doubled, and in 1956 student numbers topped 1,000 for the first time.
The Mace
The academic authority and autonomy of the university is symbolically embodied in the ceremonial mace. Made of gilt silver, and incorporating devices from the Hull University coat of arms, the mace was presented to the university in December 1956 by the Lord Mayor of Hull. As a gift from the city it also reflects the close relationship between "town and gown" existing in Hull. The mace is carried in procession and displayed at all major university ceremonies.[11]
Expansion in the 1950s and 1960s
The Brynmor Jones Library, which houses more than a million volumes, was constructed in two phases: the first phase was fully completed in 1959, with a tower block extension officially opened in 1970. During the 1950s and 1960s a considerable number of academic buildings were built, including the Larkin and Wilberforce Buildings (originally given other names). The 'Martin Plan' of 1967, Sir Leslie Martin was the university architect, envisaged a campus with its tallest buildings in the centre surrounded by buildings diminishing in height towards the perimeter. In the course of 1960s most of the departments housed in temporary structures were moved into new purpose-built premises. However, Biochemistry was still partially located in a 'hut' to the rear of the Venn building into the early 1980s.[12] This early phase of expansion through building ended in 1974, after this year there was to be no further academic building construction on the campus until 1996. However, student numbers doubled in this period, with the university becoming highly efficient in using its existing building stock.[13]
Liquid crystal technology
In 1972 George Gray and Ken Harrison created room-temperature stable liquid crystals in the university chemistry laboratories, which were an immediate success in the electronics industry and consumer products. This led to Hull becoming the first university to be awarded the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for the joint-development of the long-lasting materials that made liquid crystal displays possible.[14][15]
Expansion in the 21st century
In 2000 the university bought the site of University College Scarborough on Filey Road, Scarborough, plus two linked buildings on the same road. This became the University of Hull Scarborough Campus.
A further significant expansion took place in 2003, when the buildings of the University of Lincoln campus, which were situated immediately adjacent to Hull University's main campus, were purchased. The acquisition increased the size of the Cottingham Road campus by more than a third. It was the largest single act of expansion in the history of the university. Hull University fully occupied the newly acquired premises in the 2005 academic year; the area becoming the university's West Campus. The site now houses the Hull York Medical School and the relocated business school, which is located in three of the most prominent buildings – Wharfe, Derwent and Esk.[16]
Hull History Centre
The Hull History Centre, which opened in 2010, is located in a new building on Worship Street in Hull city centre. It unites the holdings of Hull City Library's Local Studies collections and Hull University's archives and is run in partnership between the City Library and University Library.
Campuses
The main campus is located in a residential district of North Hull on Cottingham Road. The University has a smaller campus in Scarborough on the North Yorkshire coast.
Main Campus (Hull)
Hull University is a campus university; though situated in a city, its main campus is in a suburban rather than urban district. The main campus occupies a single, clearly defined site and is essentially self-contained in regard to catering and entertainment for students and staff. Most of the major features of the campus are described in the 'history' section above; in addition, the campus has a large Students' Union building, which is often described as one of the finest in the country, and extensive playing fields and other sports facilities. The village of Cottingham on the north-western outskirts of Hull houses most of the university-owned student accommodation.
Scarborough Campus
The University of Hull: Scarborough Campus is the satellite campus of the university located in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, attended by approximately 2,000 students. Formerly University College Scarborough, a higher education institution offering BSc and BA degrees, the building was acquired by the University of Hull in 2000. Scarborough Campus remains true to its teacher training roots by being best known for its Education courses, particularly at a primary level. Undergraduate degrees on offer also include Marine Biology, Music Technology, Theatre Studies, Tourism Management, and a number of Computer Science, Business and English courses.
Scarborough runs somewhat independently of the main campus in Hull, with its own branch of the Hull University Union. Being much smaller than the main campus, there are approximately 2,000 students attending courses at Scarborough per academic year, with graduation ceremonies taking place within Scarborough's historic Spa Complex. It is home to the newly refurbished "Keith Donaldson Library", and "Calvino's" cafe and bar, which was refurbished in 2007, and reopened by The Bar Wizards of Britain's Got Talent fame. The campus also contains basic amenities for study, such as computer labs,performance studios for students of Theatre and Dance related courses as well as dedicated music suites in the "Filey Road Studios" building opposite the campus.
In recent years, efforts have been made to improve Scarborough students' accessibility to Hull's resources, such as the ability to request library books from Hull's much larger Brynmor Jones Library, and a developing coach service between the two campuses.
History
The university building started out as Orleton Boys' School and included facilities such as a swimming pool and a gym. The main building also contained dormitories for the boys. "Cayley Halls", named after the aeronautical engineer Sir George Cayley, was built when demand for office space meant that students could no longer reside within the main building, and continues its use at present for the students of the university.
In 1947, the building became the North Riding College, used for teacher training. However, a downturn in numbers of trainee teachers in the early 1990s led to an expansion into undergraduate degrees, and the college became known as University College Scarborough, offering BSc and BA degree-level courses in an effort to avert closure. The building was obtained by the University of Hull in 2000, giving it its current name.
Academic profile
Faculty of Science and Engineering (FoSE)
- Dean: Stephen M Kelly
- Departments: School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Chemistry, Computer Science, Engineering, Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences (Scarborough Campus), Geography, Physics and Mathematics, Psychology, Sports Science, Healthcare Science & Exercise Science
Until recently, there were two faculties, the 'Faculty of Applied Science & Technology' and the 'Faculty of Science & the Environment', before becoming the 'Faculty of Science' and later being renamed to the 'Faculty of Science and Engineering'.
Notable sub-departments include the Hull Immersive Visualisation Environment[17] (HIVE), the Institute for Estuarine and Coastal Studies[18] (IECS). The Chemistry department is noted for its research record, and the Computer Science department is noted for its Computer Science and Video Game development degrees.
A new biomedical research facility will bring academics from biology and chemistry together and will include Positron Emission Tomography with CT scanning (PET-CT) and two mini cyclotrons. Two new research groups will be based at the facility, called the Allam building: one focusing on cardiovascular and metabolic research and the other on cancer.
Arts and Social Sciences (FASS)
- Dean: Alison Yarrington
- Departments: Criminology & Social Sciences (including social work), Drama & Music, English, Gender Studies, History, Humanities, Law school, School of Languages, Linguistics & Cultures (American Studies, French, German, Chinese, Italian and Spanish), Politics & International studies, School of Arts & New Media, Social Work[19]
Most social science and law-related department housed in the refurbished Wilberforce Building. Includes the School of Arts and New Media at Scarborough, formed in August 2006. Drama is taught in the Gulbenkian Centre, including the Donald Roy Theatre. History, English, Languages and Music are in the Larkin Building.
Health and Social Care (FHSC)
- Dean: Steven J Ersser
- Departments: Nursing & Midwifery, Applied Health Studies[20]
Based in the Calder, Aire and Dearne buildings in the west campus (former campus of universities of Humberside, then finally Lincoln). The Leven building contains mock clinical areas, wards, an operating theatre and a midwifery suite, within a simulated environment.[20]
The FHSC is running a new degree programe, BSc Global Health and Disease (International Health, Development and Humanitarian Relief).[21]
Faculty of Education (FoE)
- Dean: Dina Lewis
- Centres: Educational Studies,[22] Lifelong Learning, Scarborough School of Education[23] And includes the Scarborough School of Education, a former teacher training college – the North Riding College. This became University College Scarborough, then the Scarborough campus.
Hull York Medical School (HYMS)
- Dean: Tony Kendrick
Teaching of medicine began in October 2003 on the west campus. Medical students receive joint degrees from the universities of Hull and York. The school includes the 'International Society for the Study of Cough' based at Castle Hill hospital on Castle Road in Cottingham. Third and fourth year students train also at hospitals in Scunthorpe, Grimsby, and Scarborough.
Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI)
- Director: Nicholas D. Stafford[24]
Established in 1994, one of the PGMI's sections is the Yorkshire Cancer Research-funded Centre for Magnetic Resonance Investigations which, under the directorship of Professor Lindsay W. Turnbull, is actively engaged in researching the application of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques to cancer research.
Hull University Business School (HUBS)
- Dean: Terry Williams[25]
Established in August 1999, Hull University Business School has around 3,500 students from over 100 countries. Students are taught at the Hull and Scarborough campuses, with additional MBA students taught overseas. On the Hull campus, the school occupies refurbished listed buildings on the West Campus which were opened in 2005. The Logistics Institute was completed in September 2007, and officially launched in March 2008.[26]
In 2011, following accreditation by the AMBA, EQUIS and AACSB, the Business School became the first in Yorkshire, and the 13th in the UK, to achieve "triple crown accreditation" status.[27]
Wilberforce Institute (WISE)
- Director: John Oldfield
The Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation (WISE) is located in Oriel Chambers on the High Street in Hull's Old Town, adjacent to Wilberforce House. It undertakes graduate research in the field of slavery and human rights and offers an MA in Slavery Studies. WISE draws upon the university's academic expertise in history, law, social sciences and English. The institute's patron is Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu.
Maritime Historical Studies Centre
- Director: David J Starkey
The University's Maritime Historical Studies Centre provides a BA in History and Maritime History, an online Diploma in Maritime History and PhD research in maritime history. The Centre is located in the Hull's Old Town in Blaydes House.
Rankings
2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guardian University Guide | 69th | 75th | 59th[28] | 30th[29] | 54th | 55th[30] | 40th[31] | 65th[32] | 39th[33] | |||||||
Sunday Times University Guide | 43rd | 44th=[34] | 51st=[34] | 47th=[34] | 45th=[35] | 51st | 38th[36] | 36th | 46th[37] | 45th[37] | 35th[37] | 36th[37] | 39th[37] | 33rd[37] | 35th[37] | |
Independent / Complete University Guide | 56th[38] | 62nd[39] | 56th[40] | 48th[41] | 39th[41] | |||||||||||
The Times University Guide | 49th | 53rd |
Student life
Students' Union
Hull University Union is the main provider of student catering, services and entertainment on the university campus. It has over 100 student societies affiliated to it, and also runs a volunteering and charity hub. Approximately 50 sports clubs are affiliated to the Students Union's Athletic Union, many of which compete in BUCS national university leagues. The University Union was voted Students' Union of the Year in July 2012.[42]
The student union building comprises an on-site nightclub as well as a number of bars and catering outlets. The building also houses a shop, a Waterstones book shop, advice centre, and the university-run careers service.
There is a monthly student magazine called Hullfire and a student radio station which broadcasts from the union building called JamRadio.
Student accommodation
The University of Hull's main student accommodation complex is The Lawns in the nearby village of Cottingham. It accommodates nearly 1,000 students across seven halls of residence: Ferens, Lambert, Nicholson, Morgan, Downs, Reckitt and Grant.[43] Students from six of the halls rely on the communal Lawns Centre as a catering and social hub. Ferens Hall was built during the Second World War as a barracks for the US Air Force whilst the other six halls were purpose-built between 1963 and 1967.
Thwaite Hall is a traditional hall of residence also in Cottingham set in an 18th Century country house surrounded by its own parkland and lake. It has 187 rooms.[44] The university's other accommodation in Cottingham is Needler Hall, also an 18th Century country house. It has 167 rooms.[45]
There is on-campus accommodation at the Taylor Court flats, which comprise 288 self-contained, single study-bedrooms. Student housing is based primarily in the terraced streets around the university campus itself, as well as around the Newland Avenue and Beverley Road areas of the city.
Sports
Hull Ice Hogs
The Hull Ice Hogs are a British ice hockey team that play in the Second Division North of the British Universities Ice Hockey Association. The team plays its home games at the Hull Ice Arena, Kingston upon Hull, England. The Hull Ice Hogs are governed by the University of Hull Athletic Union and therefore are obligated to hold committee elections annually to vote the next season's committee.
Notable academics
- Arthur Geoffrey Dickens – historian on The English Reformation (1949–1962)
- Richard Beeman – American history (1976–77)
- Malcolm Bradbury – Adult education (1959–61), novelist and academic.
- Jacob Bronowski – mathematics (1934–42).
- George William Gray – instrumental in developing the materials which made liquid crystal displays possible (1946–1990), awarded Kyoto Prize and Leverhulme Medal of the Royal Society
- Clive Head – artist (1990–2000)
- Ludwig Lachmann – German economist and member of the Austrian School of economics (1943–1948)
- Chris Langton – developed an early detection system for osteoporosis utilising ultrasonic waves[46]
- Philip Larkin – University Librarian (1955–1985), poet, jazz critic and novelist
- Kathleen Lennon – Ferens Chair in Philosophy, feminist philosopher
- Sir Leslie Martin – Head of Architecture (1934–?), leading architect and designer of the Royal Festival Hall
- Rob S. Miles – computer scientist, Microsoft MVP
- Sir Andrew Motion – Lecturer in English (1976–1980), Poet Laureate (1999–2009)
- Philip Norton, Baron Norton of Louth – professor of politics
- Stuart Palmer – responsible for breakthroughs in the field of ultrasound bone densitometry
- Michael Paraskos – writer and anarchist art historian (1994–2001)
- Bhikhu Parekh, Baron Parekh – professor of politics, specialist on the theory of multiculturalism (1964–2000)
- John Guest Phillips FRS – endocrinologist and gerontologist, Professor of Zoology at Hull (1967–1979), Vice Chancellor of Loughborough University (1986–1987).[47]
- Eric Roll, Baron Roll of Ipsden – Professor of Economics and Commerce (1935–1946), economist, civil servant and banker
- John Saville – Professor of History, marxist historian.
- Richard Swinburne – Christian philosopher of religion, later professor of philosophy at University of Oxford.
- Alan R. White – exponent of ordinary language philosophy (1945–1985)
Notable alumni
- Daniel Francis Annan – Former appeal court judge and speaker of the Parliament of Ghana
- Fred Kwasi Apaloo – Former Chief Justice of Ghana and Kenya
- Mark Charnock – Actor and star of ITV soap Emmerdale
- Tracey Crouch – Member of Parliament for Chatham and Aylesford
- Jeremy Darroch – Chief Executive of British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB)
- Richard Douglas – Acting Permanent Secretary for the Department of Health
- Robert Elstone – CEO of Everton F.C.
- Anthony Giddens – a British sociologist credited with the Third Way and policy adviser to both Tony Blair and Bill Clinton
- Helen Grant Member of Parliament for Maidstone and The Weald
- Lord Hattersley – Former Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection and Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
- Peter Kenny - Voice-over artist, actor, singer and designer
- Muhtar Kent – CEO of The Coca-Cola Company
- Nicholas Liverpool – High Court judge in Antigua and Montserrat and President of Dominica
- Sally Lindsay – Former Coronation Street actress and a member of Loose Women
- John McCarthy – Writer and former hostage
- Roger McGough – Poet and presenter
- Kevin McNamara – Politician and MP for a number of Hull constituencies, Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
- Leon Menezes – Professor of Practice at the Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan
- Anthony Minghella – BAFTA and Academy Award winning British film director, playwright and screenwriter
- Jenni Murray – Writer and Woman's Hour presenter
- Lord Prescott – former MP and ex-Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- Sian Reese-Williams – Actor and star of ITV soap Emmerdale
- Sam Troughton – Actor
- Tracey Thorn – Singer, songwriter and one half of Everything but the girl
- Jeremy Williams – Actor/Writer/Photographer
References
- ^ http://www2.hull.ac.uk/pdf/statementsofaccounts08-09.pdf
- ^ http://www.hesa.ac.uk/
- ^ a b c "Table 0a – All students by institution, mode of study, level of study, gender and domicile 2006/07" (Microsoft Excel spreadsheet). Higher Education Statistics Agency. Retrieved 9 April 2008.
- ^ http://www2.hull.ac.uk/theuniversity/facts.aspx
- ^ http://www2.hull.ac.uk/student/graduation/your_graduation/gownorrobehire/academicdressgownsrobesho.aspx
- ^ http://www.hesa.ac.uk/
- ^ "The Independent newspaper, A-Z of universities, 3rd para". London: Independent.co.uk. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
- ^ Bruce Truscott (pseudonym Professor Edgar Allison Peers), who coined the phrase redbrick university in his 1943 book "Redbrick University" p.59, mentions University College Hull (now the University of Hull) amongst the redbrick institutions battling against the Oxbridge stranglehold on resources and funding
- ^ University Buildings: University of Hull Website [1]
- ^ ""The Mace – a potent symbol of authority", University of Hull Alumni Site". Hullalumni.org. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ ""The Mace – a potent symbol of authority", University of Hull Alumni Site". Hullalumni.org. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ University Buildings: University of Hull Website [2]
- ^ History: University of Hull Website [3]
- ^ History: University of Hull Website [4]
- ^ The History of Liquid Crystals at the University of Hull
- ^ History: University of Hull Website [5]
- ^ HIVE Hull Immersive Visualisation Environment – Official website
- ^ Institute for Estuarine and Coastal Studies – Official website
- ^ "Welcome to the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences -The University of Hull". Hull.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
- ^ a b "Faculty of Health and Social Care". University of Hull. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
- ^ "Global health and disease". University of Hull. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.
- ^ Hull University – Centre for Educational Studies
- ^ "IFL". Hull.ac.uk. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
- ^ "PGMI – University of Hull". Hull.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "The University of Hull – Hull University Business School". Hull.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "Logistics Institute Launch". Hull regeneration. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ "International honours for Hull University Business School". Hull.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ "University guide 2012: University league table | Education | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian. London. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
- ^ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
- ^ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ "University ranking by institution 2004". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
- ^ "University ranking by institution". The Guardian 2003 (University Guide 2004). London. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ a b c "The Sunday Times University League Table". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 12 September 2010. Cite error: The named reference "Sunday_times 2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Hamilton, Fiona. "The Sunday Times University League Table". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 8 October 2008.
- ^ "The Sunday Times University League Table" (PDF). The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g "University ranking based on performance over 10 years" (PDF). London: Times Online. 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
- ^ "Top UK University League Tables and Rankings 2011–2012". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "Top UK University League Tables and Rankings 2010–2011". Complete University Guide. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ "The Independent University League Table". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ a b "The Independent University League Table". The Independent. London. 24 April 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2010.
- ^ http://www2.hull.ac.uk/news_and_events-1/news_archive/2012newsarchive/july/subestincountry.aspx
- ^ "The Lawns, University of Hull Accommodation". hull.ac.uk. University of Hull. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Thwaite Hall, University of Hull Accommodation". hull.ac.uk. University of Hull. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ "Needler Hall, University of Hull Accommodation". hull.ac.uk. University of Hull. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
- ^ ""100 UK university discoveries", ''The Guardian'', July 5th, 2006". London: Education.guardian.co.uk. 5 July 2006. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
- ^ Vinson, G.P. and Tait, J.F. John Guest Phillips. 13 June 1933 – 14 March 1987, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 34 (Dec. 1988), pp. 610–637