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Cabaret (musical)

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For the 1972 film, see Cabaret (1972 film).

Cabaret
Original Broadway promotional poster by Tom Morrow
MusicJohn Kander
LyricsFred Ebb
BookJoe Masteroff
Basis
PremiereOctober 10, 1966: Shubert Theatre, Boston
Productions
See list
  • 1966 Boston
  • 1966 Broadway
  • 1967 US tour
  • 1968 West End
  • 1969 US tour
  • 1986 West End revival
  • 1987 US tour
  • 1987 Broadway revival
  • 1989 US tour
  • 1998 Broadway revival
  • 1999 North American tour
  • 2006 West End revival
  • 2008 UK tour
  • 2012 UK tour
  • 2012 West End revival
  • 2013 UK Tour
  • 2014 Broadway revival
  • 2016 North American tour
  • 2017 UK tour
  • 2019 UK tour
  • 2021 West End revival
  • 2024 Broadway revival
Awards

Cabaret is a musical with music by John Kander, lyrics by Fred Ebb, and a book by Joe Masteroff. It is based on the 1951 play I Am a Camera by John Van Druten, which in turn was based on the 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin by Christopher Isherwood. Isherwood's novel drew upon his experiences in the poverty-stricken Weimar Republic and his intimate friendship with nineteen-year-old cabaret singer Jean Ross.

Set in 1929–1930 Berlin during the twilight of the Jazz Age as the Nazis rise to power, the musical focuses on the hedonistic nightlife at the seedy Kit Kat Klub and revolves around American writer Clifford Bradshaw's relations with English cabaret performer Sally Bowles. A subplot involves the doomed romance between German boarding house owner Fräulein Schneider and her elderly suitor Herr Schultz, a Jewish fruit vendor.

Overseeing the action is the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub, and the club itself serves as a metaphor for ominous political developments in late Weimar Germany. The musical depicts Weimar-era Berlin during this chaotic interwar period as a carnival of debauchery and despair inhabited by desperate people who are unaware of the national catastrophe that awaits them.

The original Broadway production opened on November 20, 1966, at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York City and became a box office hit that ran for 1,166 performances. The award-winning musical inspired numerous subsequent productions as well as the 1972 film of the same name.

Background

Historical basis

Further information: Christopher Isherwood and Jean Ross
A black and white photograph of gay author Christopher Isherwood at a train station
A black and white photograph of flapper Jean Ross with short hair and wearing a beret
Writer Christopher Isherwood (left) and flapper Jean Ross (right) photographed in the 1930s.

The events depicted in the 1966 musical are derived from Anglo-American writer Christopher Isherwood's autobiographical tales of his colorful escapades in the Weimar Republic.[1][2] In 1929, Isherwood visited Weimar-era Berlin during the final months of the Golden Twenties.[3] He relocated to Berlin to avail himself of boy prostitutes and to enjoy the city's orgiastic Jazz Age cabarets.[4][5] He socialized with a coterie of gay writers that included Stephen Spender, Paul Bowles,[a] and W.H. Auden.[8] At the time, Isherwood viewed the rise of fascism in Germany with political indifference[b] and instead focused on writing his first novel.[11][12]

In Berlin, Isherwood shared modest lodgings with 19-year-old British flapper Jean Ross,[c] an aspiring film actress who earned her living as a chanteuse in lesbian bars and second-rate cabarets.[14][15] While room-mates at Nollendorfstrasse 17 in Schöneberg,[16] Isherwood settled into a same-sex relationship with a young German man,[17] and Ross became pregnant after engaging in a series of sexual liaisons.[18][19] She believed the father of the child to be jazz pianist and later film actor Peter van Eyck.[19]

As a personal favor to Ross, Isherwood pretended to be her heterosexual impregnator in order to facilitate an abortion procedure.[20] Ross nearly died as a result of the botched abortion due to the doctor's incompetence.[19][21] Following the procedure, Isherwood visited an ailing Ross in a Berlin hospital. Wrongly assuming the shy gay author to be her heterosexual partner, the hospital staff despised him for forcing Ross to undergo a near-fatal abortion. These tragicomic events later inspired Isherwood to write his 1937 novella Sally Bowles and serves as its narrative climax.[22][23]

While Ross recovered from the botched abortion procedure, the political situation rapidly deteriorated in Weimar Germany as the incipient Nazi Party grew stronger day by day.[24] "There was a sensation of doom to be felt in the Berlin streets," Spender recalled.[24][25] As Berlin's daily scenes increasingly featured "poverty, unemployment, political demonstrations and street fighting between the forces of the extreme left and the extreme right,"[26] Isherwood, Ross, Spender, and other British nationals realized that they must leave the politically volatile country as soon as possible.[27]

Two weeks after Adolf Hitler implemented the Enabling Act which cemented his dictatorship, Isherwood fled Germany and returned to England on April 5, 1933.[28][29] Afterwards, the Nazis shuttered most of Berlin's seedy cabarets,[d] and many of Isherwood's cabaret acquaintances fled abroad or perished in concentration camps.[31] These events served as the genesis for Isherwood's Berlin stories. In 1951, playwright John Van Druten adapted Isherwood's 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin into the Broadway play I Am a Camera which in turn became a 1955 film starring Laurence Harvey and Julie Harris.[32]

Musical development

Further information: Harold Prince and Kander and Ebb
Julie Andrews was offered the role of Sally Bowles, but her manager refused due to the character's immorality.
Julie Andrews was offered the role of Sally Bowles, but her manager refused due to the character's immorality.

In early 1963, producer David Black commissioned English composer and lyricist Sandy Wilson to undertake a musical adaptation of Van Druten's 1951 play I Am a Camera.[33] Black hoped that singer Julie Andrews would agree to star in the adaptation, but Andrews' manager refused to allow her to accept the role of Sally Bowles due to the character's immorality.[34] By the time Wilson completed his work, however, Black's option on both the 1951 Van Druten play and its source material by Isherwood had lapsed and been acquired by rival Broadway producer Harold Prince.[35] Prince wished to create a gritty adaptation of Isherwood's stories that drew parallels between the spiritual bankruptcy of Germany in the 1920s and contemporary social problems in the United States at a time "when the struggle for civil rights for black Americans was heating up as a result of nonviolent but bold demonstrations being held in the Deep South."[36]

Prince hired playwright Joe Masteroff to work on the adaptation.[37] Both men believed that Wilson's score failed to capture the carefree hedonism of the Jazz Age in late 1920s Berlin.[35] They wanted a score that "evoked the Berlin of Kurt Weill and Lotte Lenya."[35] Consequently, Prince invited the songwriting team of John Kander and Fred Ebb to join the project.[35] Kander and Ebb envisioned the work as a dramatic play preceded by a prologue of songs describing the Berlin atmosphere from various points of view. As the composers distributed the songs between scenes, they realized the story could be told in the structure of a more traditional book musical, and they replaced several songs with tunes more relevant to the plot.[35]

For the musical adaptation, playwright Joe Masteroff significantly altered Isherwood's original characters.[38] He transformed the English protagonist into an American writer named Clifford Bradshaw; the antisemitic landlady became a tolerant woman with a Jewish beau who owned a fruit store; they cut various supporting characters and added new characters such as the Nazi smuggler Ernst Ludwig[e] for dramatic purposes.[40][41] The musical ultimately expressed two stories in one: the first, a revue centered on the decadence of the Kit Kat Klub; the second, a story set in the society of the club.[42]

In fall 1966, the musical entered rehearsals.[43] After viewing one of the last rehearsals before the company headed to Boston for the pre-Broadway run, Prince's friend Jerome Robbins suggested cutting the songs outside the cabaret, but Prince ignored his advice.[43] In Boston, lead actress Jill Haworth struggled with her characterization of Sally Bowles.[44][45] Critics thought Sally's blonde hair and white dress suggested a debutante at a senior prom instead of a cabaret singer, so Sally became a brunette before the show opened on Broadway.[44][45]

Prince staged the show in an unusual way for the time.[46] As the audience entered the theater, they saw the curtain raised, exposing a stage with only a large mirror that reflected the auditorium.[47][48] Instead of an overture, a drum roll and cymbal crash introduced the opening number. The show mixed dialogue scenes with expository songs and standalone cabaret numbers that provided social commentary. This innovative concept initially surprised audiences.[49] Over time, they discerned the distinction between the two and appreciated the rationale behind them.[49]

Synopsis

Act I

A black and white picture of the exterior of a Weimar-era cabaret. The exterior features a cardboard or paper mache figure of a cabaret dancer in a black bra and short skirt.

{{{annotations}}}

A black and white picture of the exterior of a Weimar-era cabaret. The exterior features a cardboard or paper mache figure of a cabaret dancer in a black bra and short skirt.
The Kit Kat Klub is intended to evoke the many Weimar-era cabarets in Berlin.

At the twilight of the Jazz Age in Berlin, the incipient Nazi Party is growing stronger. The Kit Kat Klub is a seedy cabaret—a place of decadent celebration. The club's Master of Ceremonies, or Emcee,[f] together with the cabaret girls and waiters, warm up the audience ("Willkommen"). Meanwhile, a young American writer named Clifford Bradshaw arrives via a railway train in Berlin. He has journeyed to the city to work on a new novel. Cliff encounters Ernst Ludwig,[e] a German smuggler who offers him black market work and recommends a boarding house. At the boarding house, the proprietress Fräulein Schneider offers Cliff a room for one hundred reichsmarks, but he can only pay fifty. After a brief debate, she relents and allows Cliff to live there for fifty marks. Fräulein Schneider observes that she has learned to take whatever life offers ("So What?").

When Cliff visits the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee introduces an English chanteuse, Sally Bowles, who performs a flirtatious number ("Don't Tell Mama").[g] Afterward, she asks Cliff to recite poetry for her, and he recites Ernest Thayer's mock-heroic poem "Casey at the Bat". Cliff offers to escort Sally home, but she says that her boyfriend Max, the club's owner, is too jealous.[h] Sally performs her final number at the Kit Kat Klub aided by a female ensemble of jazz babies ("Mein Herr"). The cabaret ensemble performs a song and dance, calling each other on inter-table phones and inviting each other for dances and drinks ("The Telephone Song").[i]

The next day at the boarding house, Cliff has just finished giving an English lesson to Ernst when Sally arrives. Max has fired her and thrown her out, and now she has no place to live. Sally asks Cliff if she can live in his room. At first he resists, but she convinces him to take her in ("Perfectly Marvelous"). The Emcee and two female companions sing a song ("Two Ladies") that comments on Cliff and Sally's new living arrangement. Herr Schultz, an elderly Jewish fruit-shop owner who lives in the boarding house, gives a pineapple to Fräulein Schneider as a romantic gesture ("It Couldn't Please Me More"). In the Kit Kat Klub, a young waiter starts to sing a song—a patriotic anthem to the Fatherland that slowly descends into a darker, Nazi-inspired marching song ("Tomorrow Belongs to Me"). He initially sings a cappella, before the customers and the band join in.[j]

Months later, Cliff and Sally are still living together and have grown intimate.[c] Cliff knows that he is in a "dream", but he enjoys living with Sally too much to come to his senses ("Why Should I Wake Up?"). Sally reveals that she is pregnant, but she does not know who is the father and decides to obtain an abortion. Cliff reminds her that it could be his child and tries to convince her to have the baby ("Maybe This Time").[k] Ernst enters and offers Cliff a chance to earn easy money—picking up a suitcase in Paris and delivering it to a client in Berlin. The Emcee comments on this with the song "Sitting Pretty" (or, in later versions, "Money").

Meanwhile, Fräulein Schneider has caught one of her boarders, the prostitute Fräulein Kost, bringing sailors into her room. Fräulein Schneider forbids her from doing so again, but Kost threatens to leave. Kost reveals that she has seen Fräulein Schneider with Herr Schultz in her room. Herr Schultz saves Fräulein Schneider's reputation by telling Fräulein Kost that he and Fräulein Schneider are to be married in three weeks. After Fräulein Kost departs, Fräulein Schneider thanks Herr Schultz for lying to Fräulein Kost. Herr Schultz says that he still wishes to marry Fräulein Schneider ("Married").

At Fräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz's engagement party, Cliff arrives and delivers the suitcase of contraband to Ernst. Sally and Cliff gift the couple a crystal fruit bowl. A tipsy Schultz sings "Meeskite" ("meeskite", he explains, is Yiddish for ugly or funny-looking), a song with a moral ("Anyone responsible for loveliness, large or small/Is not a meeskite at all").[l] Afterward, seeking revenge on Fräulein Schneider, Kost tells Ernst, who now sports a Nazi armband, that Schultz is a Jew. Ernst warns Schneider that marrying a Jew is unwise. Kost and company reprise "Tomorrow Belongs to Me", with more overtly Nazi overtones, as Cliff, Sally, Schneider, Schultz, and the Emcee look on.

Act II

A black and white photograph of a column of Nazi brownshirts marching through the streets of Berlin.

{{{annotations}}}

A black and white photograph of a column of Nazi brownshirts marching through the streets of Berlin.
The musical is set against the backdrop of fascism's rise in Germany which reaches a climax at the end of the second act.

The cabaret girls—along with the Emcee in drag—perform a kickline routine which eventually becomes a goose-step. Fräulein Schneider expresses her concerns about her impending nuptials to Herr Schultz, who assures her that everything will be all right ("Married" Reprise).[m] They are interrupted by the crash of a brick being thrown through the glass window of Herr Schultz's fruit shop. Schultz tries to reassure her that it is merely rowdy children making trouble, but Fräulein Schneider is now afraid.

Back at the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee performs a song-and-dance routine with a woman in a gorilla suit, singing that their love has been met with universal disapproval ("If You Could See Her"). Encouraging the audience to be more open-minded, he defends his ape-woman, concluding with, "if you could see her through my eyes... she wouldn't look Jewish at all."[n] Fräulein Schneider goes to Cliff and Sally's room and returns their engagement present, explaining that her marriage has been called off. When Cliff protests and states that she can't just give up this way, she asks him what other choice she has ("What Would You Do?").

Cliff begs Sally to leave Germany with him so that they can raise their child together in America. Sally protests and claims that their life in Berlin is wonderful. Cliff urges her to "wake up" and to notice the growing social upheaval around them.[b] Sally retorts that politics have nothing to do with them and returns to the Kit Kat Klub ("I Don't Care Much").[o] At the club, after another heated argument with Sally, Cliff is accosted by Ernst, who has another delivery job for him. Cliff tries to brush him off. When Ernst inquires if Cliff's attitude towards him is because of "that Jew at the party", Cliff attacks him—only to be beaten by Ernst's bodyguards and ejected from the club.[p] On stage, the Emcee introduces Sally, who enters to perform again, singing that "life is a cabaret, old chum," cementing her decision to live in carefree ignorance ("Cabaret").

The next morning, a bruised Cliff is packing his clothes in his room when Herr Schultz visits. He informs Cliff that he is moving to another boarding house, but he is confident that these difficult times will soon pass. He understands the German people, he declares, because he is a German too. When Sally returns, she announces that she has had an abortion, and Cliff slaps her. She chides him for his previous insistence on keeping the baby, pointing out it would be a "terrible burden" for a child knowing it was the only reason the parents were together. Cliff still hopes that she will join him in France, but Sally retorts that she has "always hated Paris." She hopes that, when Cliff finally writes his novel, he will dedicate the work to her. Cliff leaves, heartbroken.

There was a cabaret, and there was a master of ceremonies and there was a city called Berlin, in a country called Germany—and it was the end of the world...

—Cliff Bradshaw, Cabaret, Act II[54]

On the railway train to Paris, Cliff begins to compose his novel, reflecting on his experiences: "There was a cabaret, and there was a master of ceremonies ... and there was a city called Berlin, in a country called Germany—and it was the end of the world and I was dancing with Sally Bowles—and we were both fast asleep" ("Willkommen" Reprise). In the Kit Kat Klub, the Emcee welcomes the audience once again as the ensemble reprises "Willkommen" but the song is now harsh and discordant.[q] The cabaret ensemble reprises "Willkommen", but the song is now harsh and discordant as the Emcee sings, "Auf Wiedersehen... à bientôt..."[r] followed by a crescendo-ing drum roll and a cymbal crash.[s]

Characters

Micaela Diamond stands at a prop microphone with a blurred figure in the background. She is wearing a white head band and dressed in a low-cut Easter-egg blue kimono.
Micaela Diamond as Sally Bowles in Project Broadway and Broadway Workshop's 2016 Production.[57]
  • Sally Bowles – a British flapper who is the headlining chanteuse at the seedy Kit Kat Klub
  • The Emcee[f] – the Master of Ceremonies at the Kit Kat Klub, a leering, ghoulish, flamboyant figure
  • Clifford Bradshaw – an American writer who has come to Berlin in order to write a novel
  • Fräulein Schneider – an older German woman who runs a boarding house where Cliff and Sally reside
  • Herr Schultz – an elderly Jewish fruit shop owner who falls in love with Fräulein Schneider
  • Ernst Ludwig – a German smuggler who befriends Cliff when he arrives in Berlin
  • Fräulein Kost – a German prostitute who rents a room in Fräulein Schneider's boarding house
  • Maria, Lulu, Rosie, Fritzie, Texas, and Frenchie[t] – cabaret girls who perform at the Kit Kat Klub
  • Bobby, Victor, Hans, and Herman – cabaret boys who perform at the Kit Kat Klub
  • Max – the proprietor of the Kit Kat Klub and Sally's boyfriend

Musical numbers

Every production of Cabaret has modified the original score, with songs being changed, cut, or added from the film version. This is a collective list featuring all songs from every major production.

Song modifications

Many songs planned for the 1966 production were cut.[63] Three excised songs—"Good Time Charlie", "It'll All Blow Over", and "Roommates"—were recorded by Kander and Ebb, and the sheet music published in a collector's book.[60] Sally sang "Good Time Charlie" to Cliff as they walked to Fräulein Schneider and Herr Schultz's engagement party, mocking Cliff for his gloominess.[62] At the end of the first act, Fräulein Schneider sang "It'll All Blow Over," expressing her concerns about marrying a Jew, while Cliff voiced his worries about Germany's emerging Nazism.[64][65] In the song, Sally declares that all will turn out well in the end.[64] "Perfectly Marvelous" replaced "Roommates" and serves the same plot function of Sally convincing Cliff to let her move in with him.[62][66]

The 1972 film added several songs, notably "Mein Herr" and "Maybe This Time" which were included in later productions.[63] The latter song had been written by Kander and Ebb for the unproduced musical Golden Gate.[67] The later 1987 and 1998 Broadway revivals also added new songs such as "I Don't Care Much".[68] In the 1987 revival, Kander and Ebb wrote a new song for Cliff titled "Don't Go".[69] In the 1998 revival, "Mein Herr" replaced "The Telephone Song", and "Maybe This Time" replaced "Why Should I Wake Up?".

Originally, the Emcee sang "Sitting Pretty" accompanied by the cabaret girls in international costumes with their units of currency representing Russian rubles, Japanese yen, French francs, American dollars, and German reichsmarks.[69] In the 1972 film, the Emcee and Sally Bowles sang "Money, Money" instead of "Sitting Pretty." The film soundtrack briefly played "Sitting Pretty" as orchestral background music. In the 1987 revival, they presented a special version that combined a medley of both money songs, and they incorporated motifs from the later song into the "international" dance that featured "Sitting Pretty." In the 1998 revival, they used only the later song written for the film. This version included the cabaret girls and carried a darker undertone.

Productions

Original Broadway production

The original production featured Jill Haworth (left) as Sally Bowles, Joel Grey (center) as the Emcee, and Lotte Lenya (right) as Fräulein Schneider.

The musical opened on Broadway on November 20, 1966,[45] at the Broadhurst Theatre, transferred to the Imperial Theatre and then the Broadway Theatre before closing on September 6, 1969, after 1,166 performances and 21 previews.[70] Directed by Harold Prince and choreographed by Ron Field, the cast featured Jill Haworth as Sally, Bert Convy as Cliff, Lotte Lenya as Fräulein Schneider, Jack Gilford as Herr Schultz, Joel Grey as the Emcee, Edward Winter as Ernst, and Peg Murray as Fräulein Kost.[71][72] Replacements later in the run included Anita Gillette and Melissa Hart as Sally, Ken Kercheval and Larry Kert as Cliff, and Martin Ross as the Emcee.[45] In addition, John Serry Sr. performed as the orchestral accordionist.

The original Broadway production was not an instant success according to playwright Joe Masteroff due to its perceived immoral content.[47] "When the show opened in Boston," Masteroff recalled, "there were a lot of walkouts. Once the reviews came out, the public came back."[47] At the time, actor Joel Grey was merely fifth-billed in the show. Nevertheless, audiences were hypnotized by Grey's sinister performance as the Emcee.[73]

In contrast, Jill Haworth's performance as Sally was less well-received and was criticized for its blandness.[74] Emory Lewis, the reviewer for The Morning Call, wrote that "Jill Haworth, the lovely English actress who played Sally Bowles on opening night, was personable, but she was not sufficiently trained for so pivotal a role. And her voice was small and undramatic. Her performance threw 'Cabaret' out of kilter."[45]

The 1967–68 US national tour featured Melissa Hart as Sally, Signe Hasso as Fräulein Schneider, and Leo Fuchs as Herr Schultz.[75] The tour included the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut in December 1967, the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in May 1968, the Curran Theatre in San Francisco in September 1968, and many others.[76]

Original West End production

The musical premiered in the West End on February 28, 1968, at the Palace Theatre with Judi Dench as Sally, Kevin Colson as Cliff, Barry Dennen as the Emcee, Lila Kedrova as Fräulein Schneider and Peter Sallis as Herr Schultz. It ran for 336 performances.[77] Critics such as Ken Mandelbaum have asserted that "Judi Dench was the finest of all the Sallys that appeared in Hal Prince's original staging, and if she's obviously not much of a singer, her Sally is a perfect example of how one can give a thrilling musical theatre performance without a great singing voice."[78]

1986 West End revival

Kelly Hunter as Sally Bowles.

In 1986, the show was revived in London at the Strand Theatre starring Kelly Hunter as Sally, Peter Land as Cliff and Wayne Sleep as the Emcee, directed and choreographed by Gillian Lynne.[78]

1987 Broadway revival

The first Broadway revival opened on October 22, 1987, with direction and choreography by Prince and Field. The revival opened at the Imperial Theatre, and then transferred to the Minskoff Theatre to complete its 261-performance run.[79] Joel Grey received star billing as the Emcee, with Alyson Reed as Sally, Gregg Edelman as Cliff, Regina Resnik as Fräulein Schneider, Werner Klemperer as Herr Schultz, and David Staller as Ernst Ludwig. The song "Don't Go" was added for Cliff's character.

1993 London revival

Sam Mendes (left) directed the 1993 London revival of Cabaret with Alan Cumming (right) as the Emcee. Cumming would return as the Emcee for the 1998 and 2014 Broadway Revivals.

In 1993, Sam Mendes directed a new production for the Donmar Warehouse in London.[80][81] The revival starred Jane Horrocks as Sally, Adam Godley as Cliff, Alan Cumming as the Emcee and Sara Kestelman as Fräulein Schneider. Cumming received an Olivier Award nomination for his performance and Kestelman won the Olivier for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical.

Mendes' conception was very different from either the original production or the conventional first revival.[80] The most significant change was the character of the Emcee. The role, as played by Joel Grey in both prior incarnations, was an asexual, edgy character with rouged cheeks dressed in a tuxedo. Alan Cumming's portrayal was highly sexualized, as he wore suspenders around his crotch and red paint on his nipples.[82]

Staging details differed as well. Instead of "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" being performed by a male choir of waiting staff, the Emcee plays a recording of a boy soprano singing it. In the final scene, the Emcee removes his outer clothes to reveal a striped uniform of the type worn by the internees in concentration camps; on it are pinned a yellow badge (identifying Jews), a red star (marking Communists and socialists), and a pink triangle (denoting homosexuals). Other changes included added references to Cliff's bisexuality, including a brief scene where he kisses one of the Cabaret boys.[83] "I Don't Care Much," which was added for the 1987 Broadway revival, was maintained for this production, and "Mein Herr" was added from the film.

This production was filmed by Channel Four Film for airing on UK television.[84]

1998 Broadway revival

Natasha Richardson portrayed Sally Bowles in the 1998 revival, and Neil Patrick Harris later starred as the Emcee after Alan Cumming departed the role.

The second Broadway revival was based on the 1993 Mendes-Donmar Warehouse production. For the Broadway transfer, Rob Marshall was co-director and choreographer.[47][85] The production opened after 37 previews on March 19, 1998, at the Kit Kat Klub, housed in what previously had been known as Henry Miller's Theatre.[85] Later that year it transferred to Studio 54,[47] where it remained for the rest of its 2,377-performance run,[79] becoming the third longest-running revival in Broadway musical history, third only to Oh! Calcutta! and Chicago. For the Broadway production, Cumming reprised his role as the Emcee, opposite newcomers Natasha Richardson as Sally, John Benjamin Hickey as Cliff, Ron Rifkin as Herr Schultz, Denis O'Hare as Ernst Ludwig, Michele Pawk as Fräulein Kost, and Mary Louise Wilson as Fräulein Schneider.[85]

The Broadway production was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning four for Cumming, Richardson and Rifkin, as well as the Tony for Best Revival of a Musical. This production featured a number of notable replacements later in the run: Jennifer Jason Leigh, Susan Egan, Joely Fisher, Gina Gershon, Debbie Gibson, Teri Hatcher, Melina Kanakaredes, Jane Leeves, Molly Ringwald, Brooke Shields, and Lea Thompson as Sally; Michael C. Hall, Raúl Esparza, Neil Patrick Harris, Adam Pascal, Jon Secada, Norbert Leo Butz and John Stamos as the Emcee; Boyd Gaines and Michael Hayden as Cliff; Tom Bosley, Dick Latessa, Hal Linden, Laurence Luckinbill, and Tony Roberts as Herr Schultz; and Blair Brown, Polly Bergen, Mariette Hartley and Carole Shelley as Fräulein Schneider.

There were a number of changes made between the 1993 and 1998 revivals, despite the similarities in creative team. The cabaret number "Two Ladies" was staged with the Emcee, a cabaret girl, and a cabaret boy in drag and included a shadow play simulating various sexual positions.[83] The score was re-orchestrated using synthesizer effects and expanding the stage band, with all the instruments now being played by the cabaret girls and boys. The satiric "Sitting Pretty", with its mocking references to deprivation, despair and hunger, was eliminated, as it had been in the film version, and where in the 1993 revival it had been combined with "Money" (as it had been in 1987 London production), "Money" was now performed on its own. "Maybe This Time", from the film adaptation, was added to the score.[83]

2006 West End revival

In September 2006, a new production of the show opened at the Lyric Theatre, directed by Rufus Norris,[86] and starring Anna Maxwell Martin as Sally, James Dreyfus as the Emcee, Harriet Thorpe as Fräulein Kost, and Sheila Hancock as Fräulein Schneider. Hancock won the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical. Replacements later in the run included Kim Medcalf and Amy Nuttall as Sally, Honor Blackman and Angela Richards as Fräulein Schneider, and Julian Clary and Alistair McGowan as the Emcee. This production closed in June 2008 and toured nationally for two years with a cast that included Wayne Sleep as the Emcee and Samantha Barks as Sally, before Siobhan Dillon took over the role.

2012 West End revival

A revival opened in the West End at the Savoy Theatre on October 3, 2012, following a four-week tour of the UK, including Bromley, Southampton, Nottingham, Norwich and Salford.[87] Will Young played the Emcee and Michelle Ryan portrayed Sally Bowles.[88] It was announced on August 10, 2012, that Siân Phillips, Harriet Thorpe and Matt Rawle would also be joining the cast. The production was made by the creative team behind the 2006 London revival, but they created a different set, lighting, costumes, choreography and direction. In August 2013 the show went on tour, again with Young as The Emcee, Siobhan Dillon reprising her role of Sally and Lyn Paul joining the cast as Fräulein Schneider.[89]

The production toured the UK in autumn 2017 with Young reprising his role as the Emcee and Louise Redknapp as Sally Bowles.[90] Another UK tour began in autumn 2019 starring John Partridge as the Emcee, Kara Lily Hayworth as Sally Bowles and Anita Harris as Fräulein Schneider.[91]

2014 Broadway revival

Michelle Williams, Emma Stone, and Sienna Miller each portrayed Sally Bowles in the 2014 Broadway revival.

In September 2013 Roundabout Theatre Company announced plans to return the company's acclaimed 1998 production to Studio 54 in New York.[92][47] For this, the show's third Broadway revival, Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall reprised their respective roles as director and co-director/choreographer to recreate their work from the earlier production. Alan Cumming starred again as the Emcee while Academy Award-nominee Michelle Williams made her Broadway debut as Sally Bowles.[93] On October 7, 2013, Tony Award nominees Danny Burstein and Linda Emond joined the cast as Herr Schultz and Fräulein Schneider.[94] The production began a 24-week limited engagement with previews from March 21, 2014, with opening night on April 24, 2014. This engagement was later extended to a 36-week run concluding on January 4, 2015.[95]

Emma Stone replaced Michelle Williams as Sally from November 11, 2014, until February 15, 2015.[96] Critics praised Stone's performance for her interpretation of the hard-drinking sybarite Sally Bowles "as a flaming flapper, the kind hymned by F. Scott Fitzgerald and embodied by the young Joan Crawford in silent movies."[97] Alan Cumming continued in the role of the Emcee until the show's final curtain in March 2015.[98][99] On February 17, Sienna Miller replaced Stone as Sally through to the show's closing on March 29, 2015.[100][101]

The production later toured the US from January 2016 with Randy Harrison as the Emcee and Andrea Goss (following her appearance as Frenchie in the Broadway production). They were later replaced by Jon Peterson and Leigh Ann Larkin.

2021 West End revival

Kit Kat Club (Playhouse Theatre) Marquee in London

In May 2021, it was announced that Eddie Redmayne and Jessie Buckley would star as the Emcee and Sally Bowles in a new production directed by Rebecca Frecknall, designed by Tom Scutt, choreographed by Julia Cheng with musical supervision and direction by Jennifer Whyte, lighting design by Isabella Byrd, sound design by Nick Lidster, casting by Stuart Burt and fight direction by Jonathan Holby.[102] The production also features Omari Douglas as Cliff Bradshaw, Liza Sadovy as Fraulein Schneider, Elliot Levey as Herr Schultz, Stewart Clarke as Ernst Ludwig and Anna-Jane Casey as Fraulein Kost.[103]

Produced by Underbelly and Ambassador Theatre Group,[104] the production entitled Cabaret at the Kit Kat Club began previews at the Playhouse Theatre on November 15, 2021, which has been refurbished as the "Kit Kat Club" which includes an intimate in-the-round stage reduced to a 550-seat capacity with tables that audience members can dine at as well as a refurbished foyer.[105] On December 14, 2021, it was announced that the production's run would be extended to October 2022. The production led the 2022 Olivier Award nominations with 11 nods,[106] including Best Musical Revival, Best Actor in a Musical for Redmayne and Best Actress in a Musical for Buckley.[106] The production won 7 awards and set a record for being the most award-winning revival in Olivier history, as well for being the first production to obtain awards in all 4 eligible acting categories.

Fra Fee and Amy Lennox took over as The Emcee and Sally Bowles with Omar Baroud as Cliff Bradshaw and Vivien Parry as Fraulein Schneider from March 21, 2022.[107] From October 3, 2022, Callum Scott Howells and Madeline Brewer took over as the Emcee and Sally Bowles. On January 10, 2023, it was announced that Aimee Lou Wood and John McCrea would take over as Sally Bowles and the Emcee from February 13, 2023. On April 26, 2023, it was announced that Maude Apatow and Mason Alexander Park would take over as Sally Bowles and the Emcee, while Beverley Klein and Teddy Kempner would be joining them as Fraulein Schneider and Herr Schultz, respectively, beginning May 29, 2023. On 15 August 2023, it was announced that Jake Shears and Rebecca Lucy Taylor (aka Self Esteem) would take over as the Emcee and Sally Bowles form September 25, 2023.[108]

Planned 2024 Broadway revival

On July 11, 2023, it was announced the current West End production would transfer to the August Wilson Theatre on Broadway in spring 2024.[109] Eddie Redmayne is set to reprise his performance from London as the Emcee with Gayle Rankin set to costar as Sally Bowles. Further casting is still to be announced. Previews are expected to begin on April 1, 2024 ahead of a gala night scheduled for April 20 and press night scheduled for April 21.[110]

Other productions

Anne Beate Odland as Sally Bowles in a 1975 production of Cabaret.

In 1993 a production of Cabaret debuted at the Octagon Theatre in Bolton, England.[111] This version was directed by Ian Forest, designed by Ashley Sharp, and starred Ashley Artus as the Emcee.[111] Critic Natalia Anglesey of The Stage opined that "undoubtedly the star of this particular production of Cabaret is the physically flexible Ashley Artus as the sinister Emcee who adroitly controls the cast and members of his club whilst leading us into the nightmarish world of pre-war Berlin."[111] Artus would later garner the Manchester Evening News Drama Award Nomination for his performance.

A BBC Radio 2 radio broadcast in 1996 at the Golders Green Hippodrome starred Clare Burt as Sally Bowles, Steven Berkoff as the Emcee, Alexander Hanson as Clifford Bradshaw, Keith Michell as Herr Schultz, and Rosemary Leach as Fräulein Schneider.

Since 2003, there have been successful international stagings of the show—many of which have been influenced by Mendes' concept—including productions in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, France, Portugal, Greece, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, and Venezuela. In 2008, the Stratford Shakespeare Festival performed a well-received production at the Avon Theatre designed by Douglas Paraschuk and directed by Amanda Dehnert, featuring Bruce Dow as the Emcee, Trish Lindström as Sally, Sean Arbuckle as Cliff, Nora McClellan as Fräulein Schneider and Frank Moore as Herr Schultz.[112]

The Shaw Festival at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, included Cabaret in its 2014 season.[113] The production, which ran from April 10 – October 26, 2014 at the Festival Theatre, was directed by Peter Hinton with choreography by Denise Clarke. The production featured Juan Chioran as the Emcee, Deborah Hay as Sally, Gray Powell as Cliff, Benedict Campbell as Herr Schultz, and Corrine Koslo as Fräulein Schneider. Hinton's version was influenced by Mendes' 1993 revival.

In 2016, Project Broadway and Broadway Workshop presented Cabaret as their main stage production.[114] The cast, made of over 50 teenage actors divided into two casts, played to the sold-out Baruch Performing Arts Center in New York City.[57] The production was the first in New York City since the Roundabout Theatre Company revival in 2014. The production was directed by Broadway Workshop founder Marc Tumminelli. Among the cast were Michael Nigro and Micaela Diamond.[115]

A 2017 revival production with new direction played Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. The production starred Paul Capsis as the Emcee and Chelsea Gibb as Sally. The production mixed elements of the Mendes production, such as its version of "Two Ladies" and its portrayal of a gay Cliff, with the colorful art design of the original (the Emcee is in full makeup and clothed) and most of the additional songs from the 1972 film (with the exception of "Mein Herr").[116]

Casts

Role Broadway West End First West End Revival First Broadway Revival Second London Revival Second Broadway Revival Third West End Revival Fourth West End Revival Third Broadway Revival Fifth West End Revival Fourth Broadway Revival
1966 1968 1986 1987 1993 1998 2006 2012 2014 2021 2024
The Emcee Joel Grey Barry Dennen Wayne Sleep Joel Grey Alan Cumming James Dreyfus Will Young Alan Cumming Eddie Redmayne
Sally Bowles Jill Haworth Judi Dench Kelly Hunter Alyson Reed Jane Horrocks Natasha Richardson Anna Maxwell Martin Michelle Ryan Michelle Williams Jessie Buckley Gayle Rankin
Cliff Bradshaw Bert Convy Kevin Colson Peter Land Gregg Edelman Adam Godley John Benjamin Hickey Michael Hayden Matt Rawle Bill Heck Omari Douglas
Fräulein Schneider Lotte Lenya Lila Kedrova Vivienne Martin Regina Resnik Sara Kestelman Mary Louise Wilson Sheila Hancock Siân Phillips Linda Emond Liza Sadovy
Herr Schultz Jack Gilford Peter Sallis Oscar Quitak Werner Klemperer George Raistrick Ron Rifkin Geoffrey Hutchings Linal Haft Danny Burstein Elliot Levey
Ernst Ludwig Edward Winter Richard Owens Rodney Cottam David Staller Michael Gardiner Denis O'Hare Andrew Maud Nicholas Tizzard Aaron Krohn Stewart Clarke
Fräulein Kost Peg Murray Pamela Strong Grazine Frame Nora Mae Lyng Charlotte Medcalf Michele Pawk Harriet Thorpe Gayle Rankin Anna-Jane Casey

Notable replacements

Broadway (1966–1969)
Broadway revival (1987–1988)
Broadway revival (1998–2004)
West End revival (2006–2008)
Broadway revival (2014–2015)
West End revival (2021– )

Additional performers

Recordings

Original Broadway cast recording (1967) cover

The first recording of Cabaret was the original cast album with a number of the songs either truncated (e.g., "Sitting Pretty"/"The Money Song") or outright cut to conserve disk space.[78] When this album was released on compact disc, Kander and Ebb's voice-and-piano recordings of songs cut from the musical were added as bonus material.[78]

The 1968 London cast recording purportedly features "a more accurate rendering of the score" and includes "the Act One finale 'Tomorrow Belongs To Me' reprise, the second-act finale as performed in the theatre, and a number of other previously unrecorded bits and pieces."[78] It was released in the UK and reissued on the CBS Embassy label in 1973.

The 1972 movie soundtrack with Liza Minnelli is perhaps the best-known of the recordings, although the movie is much re-written and eliminates all but six of the original songs from the stage production.[78]

Both the 1986 London and 1998 Broadway revival casts were recorded.[78] A 1993 two-CD studio recording contains more or less the entire score, including songs written for the movie or for later productions, and many incidentals and instrumentals not usually recorded. This recording features Jonathan Pryce as the Emcee, Maria Friedman as Sally, Gregg Edelman as Cliff, Judi Dench as Fräulein Schneider, and Fred Ebb as Herr Schultz.

The cast recording of the 2006 London revival at the Lyric Theatre includes James Dreyfus as the Emcee and Anna Maxwell Martin as Sally Bowles. The recording peaked number 107 on the French Albums Chart,[117] and number 49 on the Dutch Albums Chart.[118]

The 2021 London cast recording featuring Eddie Redmayne and Jessie Buckley was recorded live at the Kit Kat Club (Playhouse Theatre, London) and released on January 20, 2023.

In addition to these recordings, cast albums for the French, Spanish, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Austrian, Dutch, Mexican, and two German productions have been released.[78]

Awards and nominations

Original Broadway production

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1967 Tony Award Best Musical Won
Best Original Score John Kander and Fred Ebb Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Jack Gilford Nominated
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Lotte Lenya Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Joel Grey Won
Edward Winter Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Peg Murray Won
Best Direction of a Musical Harold Prince Won
Best Choreography Ron Field Won
Best Scenic Design Boris Aronson Won
Best Costume Design Patricia Zipprodt Won
New York Drama Critics Circle Best Musical Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Best Musical Won

1987 Broadway revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1987 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Werner Klemperer Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Alyson Reed Nominated
Regina Resnik Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Joel Grey Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Musical Harold Prince Nominated

1993 London revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1994 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated
Best Actor in a Musical Alan Cumming Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Sara Kestelman Won
Best Director of a Musical Sam Mendes Nominated

1998 Broadway revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
1998 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Alan Cumming Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Natasha Richardson Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Ron Rifkin Won
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Mary Louise Wilson Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall Nominated
Best Choreography Rob Marshall Nominated
Best Orchestrations Michael Gibson Nominated
Best Costume Design William Ivey Long Nominated
Best Lighting Design Peggy Eisenhauer and Mike Baldassari Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Alan Cumming Won
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Natasha Richardson Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Michele Pawk Nominated
Outstanding Director Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Choreography Rob Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Orchestrations Michael Gibson Nominated
Outstanding Set Design Robert Brill Nominated
Outstanding Costume Design William Ivey Long Nominated
Outstanding Lighting Design Peggy Eisenhauer and Mike Baldassari Nominated
Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Revival Won
New York Drama Critics Circle Special Citation Won
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Won
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Alan Cumming Won
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Natasha Richardson Won
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Ron Rifkin Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Michele Pawk Nominated
Outstanding Choreography Rob Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Costume Design William Ivey Long Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Musical Sam Mendes and Rob Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Lighting Design Peggy Eisenhauer and Mike Baldassari Nominated
Theatre World Award Outstanding Broadway Debut Alan Cumming Won

2006 West End revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2007 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Sheila Hancock Won
Best Theatre Choreographer Javier de Frutos Won

2012 West End revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2013 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated
Best Actor in a Musical Will Young Nominated
Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Siân Phillips Nominated

2014 Broadway revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2014 Tony Award
Best Featured Actor in a Musical Danny Burstein Nominated
Best Featured Actress in a Musical Linda Emond Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Danny Burstein Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated
Outstanding Actress in a Musical Michelle Williams Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Danny Burstein Nominated
Fred and Adele Astaire Award Outstanding Choreographer in a Broadway Show Rob Marshall Nominated
Outstanding Female Dancer in a Broadway Show Gayle Rankin Nominated

2021 West End revival

Year Award Category Nominee Result
2022 WhatsOnStage Awards Best Musical Revival Nominated
Best Performer in a Male Identifying Role in a Musical Eddie Redmayne Won
Best Performer in a Female Identifying Role in a Musical Jessie Buckley Nominated
Best Direction Rebecca Frecknall Nominated
Best Set Design Tom Scutt Nominated
Best Costume Design Tom Scutt Nominated
Best Lighting Design Isabella Byrd Nominated
2022 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Won
Best Actor in a Musical Eddie Redmayne Won
Best Actress in a Musical Jessie Buckley Won
Best Actress in a Supporting Role in a Musical Liza Sadovy Won
Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Elliot Levey Won
Best Director Rebecca Frecknall Won
Best Costume Design Tom Scutt Nominated
Best Set Design Tom Scutt Nominated
Best Sound Design Nick Lidster Won
Best Theatre Choreographer Julia Cheng Nominated
Best Lighting Design Isabella Byrd Nominated
2022 Critics' Circle Theatre Award Best Director Rebecca Frecknall Won
Best Designer Tom Scutt Won
Best Actress Jessie Buckley Won

References

Notes

  1. ^ Paul Bowles was an American writer who wrote the novel The Sheltering Sky.[6] After meeting the author in Berlin, Isherwood appropriated his surname for the character of Sally Bowles.[7]
  2. ^ a b Jean Ross later claimed the political indifference of the Sally Bowles character more closely resembled Isherwood and his hedonistic friends,[9] many of whom "fluttered around town exclaiming how sexy the storm troopers looked in their uniforms."[10]
  3. ^ a b Isherwood claimed he and Ross "had a relationship which was asexual but more truly intimate than the relationships between Sally and her various partners in the novel, the plays and the films."[13]
  4. ^ Many of Berlin's seedy cabarets located along the Kurfürstendamm avenue, an entertainment-vice district, had been marked for future destruction by Joseph Goebbels as early as 1928.[30]
  5. ^ a b The character of Ernst Ludwig shares similarities with Isherwood's acquaintance, Gerald Hamilton, an unscrupulous smuggler who inspired the fictional character of Arthur Norris.[39] Like the fictional character which he inspired, Hamilton was a "nefarious, amoral, sociopathic, manipulative conniver" who "did not hesitate to use or abuse friends and enemies alike."[39]
  6. ^ a b The phonetic term "Emcee" is specifically used by playwright Joe Masteroff in the musical's script.[58]
  7. ^ Isherwood insisted Sally be depicted as a mediocre singer to reflect Jean Ross' lack of vocal talent: "She sang badly, without any expression, her hands hanging down at her sides—yet her performance was... effective because of her startling appearance and her air of not caring a curse of what people thought of her."[50]
  8. ^ According to Isherwood, Sally Bowles should not be interpreted as a tart.[51] Sally "is a little girl who has listened to what the grown-ups had said about tarts, and who was trying to copy those things".[51]
  9. ^ a b "Telephone Song" was cut in the 1993, 1998, 2012, 2014 and 2021 revivals, replaced by "Mein Herr".
  10. ^ a b For the 1998 and 2014 revivals, "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" was changed from an ensemble number by the cabaret waiters to a gramophone recording of a boy soprano singing the song, with the leading player speaking the last words.[61]
  11. ^ a b "Maybe This Time", a song from the film, was added in the 1998, 2012, 2014 and 2021 revivals.
  12. ^ a b "Meeskite" was cut in the 1993 1987, 1998, 2012, 2014 and 2021 revivals.
  13. ^ a b "Married (Reprise)" was cut in the 2012 revival. For the 1998 revival, Fräulein Kost sang the film's German translation of "Married" after two English verses.
  14. ^ The line—"if you could see her through my eyes... she wouldn't look Jewish at all"—was intended to illustrate how easily prejudice is accepted. However, boycott threats from Jewish leaders in Boston led Ebb to write an alternate line, "She isn't a Meeskite at all."[52]
  15. ^ a b "I Don't Care Much" was added for the 1987, 1993, 1998, 2012, 2014 and 2021 revivals.[62]
  16. ^ Although the musical depicts Clifford Bradshaw as staunchly anti-racism, Christopher Isherwood was alleged to be an antisemite.[53] According to biographers, Isherwood was "fairly anti-Semitic to a degree that required some emendations of the Berlin novels when they were republished after the war".[53]
  17. ^ In some versions of the show, Herr Schultz, Fräulein Schneider, and Sally repeat lines from earlier in the show espousing their views: Schultz's belief that he will survive, Schneider choosing safety in the face of oppression, and Sally choosing to ignore politics as she sings a brief reprise of "Cabaret".
  18. ^ In the 1998 revival, the Emcee strips off his overcoat to reveal a concentration camp prisoner's uniform marked with a yellow Star of David and a pink triangle, and the backdrop raises to reveal a white space with the ensemble standing within.[55]
  19. ^ Several productions feature a finale with a white space flashing with a strobe effect, implying the cabaret performers—except for Sally who is not standing in the white space—will fall victim to Nazi atrocities towards the Jews and gays.[56]
  20. ^ The original 1966 script by playwright Joe Masteroff specifies "Maria," "Lulu," "Rosie," "Fritzie," "Texas," and "Frenchie" as the names of the Cabaret girls.[58] Later revivals often alter these names.
  21. ^ The character Bobby replaced one of the ladies in "Two Ladies" for the 1998 and 2014 revivals.
  22. ^ "Don't Go" replaced "Why Should I Wake Up?" in the 1987 revival but was removed from the score afterwards.
  23. ^ "Money, Money", a song from the film, was blended with "Sitting Pretty" in the 1987 revival. It replaced "Sitting Pretty" in the 1998, 2014 and 2021 revivals.

Citations

  1. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 3; Gray 2016.
  2. ^ Bloom & Vlastnik 2004, p. 46.
  3. ^ Isherwood 1976, pp. 3–8: In March 1929, Isherwood joined W. H. Auden in Berlin. Impressed by the city, Isherwood returned again soon after and stayed for several years until the rise of the Nazis.
  4. ^ Moss 1979: Isherwood frequented "the boy-bars in Berlin in the late years of the Weimar Republic.... [He] discovered a world utterly different from the repressive English one he disliked, and with it, the excitements of sex and new subject matter."
  5. ^ Isherwood 1976, Chapter 1: "To Christopher, Berlin meant Boys... Christopher was suffering from an inhibition, then not unusual among upper-class homosexuals; he couldn't relax sexually with a member of his own class or nation. He needed a working-class foreigner. He had become clearly aware of this when he went to Germany in May 1928."
  6. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 6–7.
  7. ^ Izzo 2005, p. 144: "Isherwood himself admitted that he named the character of [Sally Bowles] for Paul Bowles, whose 'looks' he liked."
  8. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 6–7; Spender 1977; Spender 1966, pp. 125–130.
  9. ^ Firchow 2008, p. 120; Caudwell 1986, pp. 28–29.
  10. ^ Isherwood 1976, pp. 124–125; Doyle 2013.
  11. ^ Allen 2004: "The real Isherwood... [was] the least political of the so-called Auden group, [and] Isherwood was always guided by his personal motivations rather than by abstract ideas."
  12. ^ Stansky 1976: Isherwood was a "self-indulgent upper middle-class foreign tourist" who was "a good deal less dedicated to political passion than the legend has had it."
  13. ^ Isherwood 1976, p. 63.
  14. ^ Parker 2004; Parker 2005, p. 205.
  15. ^ Lehmann 1987, p. 18: "Jean Ross, whom [Isherwood] had met in Berlin as one of his fellow-lodgers in the Nollendorfstrasse for a time, when she was earning her living as a (not very remarkable) singer in a second-rate cabaret."
  16. ^ Isherwood 1976, p. 63: "Jean moved into a room in the Nollendorfstrasse flat after she met Christopher, early in 1931."
  17. ^ Izzo 2005, p. 6; Vidal 1976.
  18. ^ Isherwood 1976, pp. 244–245; Parker 2005, p. 205.
  19. ^ a b c Parker 2004: "An affair with a Jewish musician called Götz von Eick, who subsequently became an actor in Hollywood under the name Peter van Eyck, led to her becoming pregnant, and she nearly died after an abortion."
  20. ^ Isherwood 1976, pp. 244–245; Spender 1966, p. 127; Spender 1974, pp. 138–139; Thomson 2005.
  21. ^ Parker 2005, p. 220.
  22. ^ Lehmann 1987, pp. 28–9; Gallagher 2014; Spender 1974, pp. 138–139; Thomson 2005.
  23. ^ Izzo 2005, p. 144: "The abortion is a turning point in the narrator's relationship with Sally and also in his relationship to Berlin and to his writing".
  24. ^ a b Spender 1966, p. 129.
  25. ^ Parker 2005, p. 219: In contrast to Stephen Spender's prescient realization of impending doom, Isherwood near the end of January 1933 "was complaining somewhat unpresciently to Spender that situation in Germany seemed 'very dull.'"
  26. ^ Spender 1977.
  27. ^ Spender 1966, p. 129; Parker 2005, p. 254.
  28. ^ Parker 2005, p. 221: "Isherwood recognized that he could not remain in Berlin much longer and on April 5, the day measures were brought in to ban Jews from the teaching professions and the Civil Service, he arrived back in London, bringing with him many of his possessions."
  29. ^ Parker 2005, p. 220: Commenting on these dramatic change of events in Germany, Isherwood wrote to a friend that roving Nazi gangs could now murder anyone with impunity, and "it is illegal to offer any resistance."
  30. ^ Farina 2013, p. 79.
  31. ^ Isherwood 1976, pp. 164–166; Isherwood 1976, pp. 150, 297; Farina 2013, pp. 74–81.
  32. ^ Lehmann 1987, pp. 28–29; Izzo 2001, pp. 97, 144.
  33. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 15–16.
  34. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 16: "David Black, a producer, had commissioned the show and sparked the interest of Julie Andrews, but the star's manager refused Andrews... to play such a part as Sally Bowles".
  35. ^ a b c d e Garebian 2011, p. 16.
  36. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 15–16, 25, 28.
  37. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 24.
  38. ^ Mordden 2001, p. 154.
  39. ^ a b Izzo 2001, pp. 115–116.
  40. ^ Mordden 2001, p. 154; Masteroff 1967, p. 7.
  41. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 26.
  42. ^ Mordden 2001, pp. 152–54.
  43. ^ a b Garebian 2011, p. 111.
  44. ^ a b Bloom & Vlastnik 2004, pp. 47–49.
  45. ^ a b c d e Lewis 1969.
  46. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 39–42.
  47. ^ a b c d e f Gray 2016.
  48. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 49: "There was no question that the single greatest element in the design was the giant mirror."
  49. ^ a b Mordden 2001, pp. 156–57.
  50. ^ Isherwood 1963, p. 25; Parker 2005, p. 220; Lehmann 1987, p. 18.
  51. ^ a b Van Druten 1983, p. 6.
  52. ^ Jones 2003, p. 243; Garebian 2011, pp. 85, 126.
  53. ^ a b Hensher 2005.
  54. ^ Masteroff 1967, p. 113.
  55. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 175.
  56. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 174–175.
  57. ^ a b Broadway Workshop: Photo Flash 2021.
  58. ^ a b Masteroff 1967, pp. 1–10, 44–42.
  59. ^ a b Bloom & Vlastnik 2004, p. 48.
  60. ^ a b c Kander & Ebb 1999, pp. 3–4.
  61. ^ Garebian 2011, pp. 167, 200.
  62. ^ a b c Garebian 2011, p. 71.
  63. ^ a b Kander & Ebb 1999, pp. 3–4, 136–8.
  64. ^ a b Garebian 2011, p. 29.
  65. ^ Kander & Ebb 1999, p. 150.
  66. ^ Kander & Ebb 1999, pp. 50, 162.
  67. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 141.
  68. ^ Kander & Ebb 1999, pp. 3–4, 129, 136–8.
  69. ^ a b Garebian 2011, p. 187.
  70. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 197; Gray 2016.
  71. ^ Garebian 2011, p. 197.
  72. ^ Bloom & Vlastnik 2004, p. 49.
  73. ^ Royce 2014.
  74. ^ Kerr 1966.
  75. ^ Hart 1967; Leonard 1968.
  76. ^ Leonard 1968; Smith 1968; Oakland Tribune 1968.
  77. ^ Green 1980, p. 53.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h Mandelbaum 1998.
  79. ^ a b Garebian 2011, p. 199.
  80. ^ a b Bloom & Vlastnik 2004, p. 47.
  81. ^ Royce 2014; Lyman 1997.
  82. ^ Reice 1998; Gray 2016.
  83. ^ a b c Brantley 1998.
  84. ^ Mendes 1993.
  85. ^ a b c Lyman 1997.
  86. ^ Simonson 2006.
  87. ^ BBC News 2012.
  88. ^ Michelle Ryan 2012.
  89. ^ Bannister 2013.
  90. ^ Bowie-Sell 2017.
  91. ^ Darvill 2019.
  92. ^ Gioia 2013.
  93. ^ Healy 2013.
  94. ^ BroadwayWorld 2013.
  95. ^ BroadwayWorld 2014.
  96. ^ Feldberg 2014; Jue 2015; Dziemianowicz 2014; Holcomb-Holland 2015.
  97. ^ Brantley 2014.
  98. ^ Dziemianowicz 2014.
  99. ^ Holcomb-Holland 2015.
  100. ^ Healy 2015.
  101. ^ Snetiker 2015.
  102. ^ Brethauer-Hamling 2021.
  103. ^ Franklin 2021.
  104. ^ Kit Kat Club 2022.
  105. ^ Wiegand 2021.
  106. ^ a b Yossman 2022.
  107. ^ Wood 2022.
  108. ^ Wiegand 2023.
  109. ^ Paulson 2023; Culwell-Block 2023.
  110. ^ Wild, Stephi. "Eddie Redmayne Will Reprise Role in CABARET on Broadway Alongside Gayle Rankin". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  111. ^ a b c Anglesey 1993.
  112. ^ Godfrey 2008.
  113. ^ Shaw Festival 2014.
  114. ^ Broadway Workshop: Main Stage 2021.
  115. ^ Playbill: Micaela Diamond.
  116. ^ 2017 Australian Production.
  117. ^ Les Chart 2007.
  118. ^ Dutch Charts 2007.

Works cited

Online sources

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