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As of October 2019, 68 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University.The building pictured is Nassau Hall.

This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University comprehensively shows the alumni, faculty members as well as researchers of Princeton University who were awarded the Nobel Prize or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the "Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel" (commonly known as the Nobel Economics Prize), was established in 1968 (first awarded in 1969) by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2]

As of October 2019, 68 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Princeton University, and 44 of them are officially listed as "Princeton's Nobel Laureates" by Princeton University for being alumni or having "performed their award-winning work at Princeton, were employed by Princeton when they received their award, or are currently working at the University".[3] Among the 68 laureates, 20 are Princeton alumni (graduates and attendees), 27 have been long-term academic members of the Princeton faculty and 29 have been short-term researchers (8 overlaps). Subject-wise, 28 laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, more than any other subject.

Woodrow Wilson, the former president of Princeton University, was the first Princeton-affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.[4] Four Nobel Prizes (same subject in the same year) were shared by Princeton laureates: James Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics;[5] Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics;[6] David Gross and Frank Wilczek won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics;[7] and Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims won the 2011 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics.[8] In particular, John Bardeen received two Nobel Prizes in Physics, in 1956 and in 1972; since this is a list of laureates, not prizes, he is counted only once.[9]

Inclusion criteria

Princeton University

The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduates and attendees), 2) Long-term Academic Staff, and 3) Short-term Academic Staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate, or equivalent degrees from Princeton, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in a degree program at Princeton but did not complete the program; thus, honorary degrees, posthumous degrees, summer attendees, exchange students, and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term Academic Staff" consists of tenure/tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term Academic Staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers (postdocs), visiting professors/scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At Princeton, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term Academic Staff" are presented as follows. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching/research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) as for award/honor-based visiting positions, to minimize controversy this list takes a conservative view and includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching/research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "affiliation" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vita. To be specific, some award/honor-based visiting positions such as the "Belknap Visitor" program at Princeton University are awards/honors/recognition without employment-level duty.[10] In particular, attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars at Princeton University is not a form of employment-level duty. Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years.

Some visitors and staff not qualified as official academic affiliates
Laureate Nobel Prize Year Role in Princeton University
Nadine Gordimer Literature 1991 Belknap Visitor in the Humanities Council (1969)[11][12]
Herbert A. Simon Economics 1978 Visiting Fellow, Council of Humanities (unclear visiting position and is not included for now)[13]

Summary

See also: List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

In the following list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at Princeton University (including emeritus staff). A name underlined implies that this person has already been listed in a previous category (i.e., multiple affiliations).

Alumni Long-term academic staff Short-term academic staff
Physics (28)
  1. Jim Peebles - 2019
  2. Kip Thorne - 2017
  3. Frank Wilczek - 2004
  4. Steven Weinberg - 1979
  5. John Bardeen - 1956, 1972
  6. Richard Feynman - 1965
  7. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  8. Clinton Davisson - 1937
  9. Arthur Compton - 1927
  1. Jim Peebles - 2019*
  2. Duncan Haldane - 2016*
  3. Arthur B. McDonald - 2015
  4. David Gross - 2004
  5. Daniel Tsui - 1998*
  6. Joseph H. Taylor - 1993*
  7. Russell Hulse - 1993*
  8. James Cronin - 1980
  9. Val Fitch - 1980*
  10. Philip W. Anderson - 1977
  11. Eugene Wigner - 1963*
  12. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  13. Wolfgang Pauli - 1945*
  14. Owen Richardson - 1928
  1. Donna Strickland - 2018
  2. Kip Thorne - 2017
  3. Rainer Weiss - 2017
  4. John M. Kosterlitz - 2016
  5. Riccardo Giacconi - 2002
  6. Arno Penzias - 1978
  7. John van Vleck - 1977
  8. Eugene Wigner - 1963
  9. Robert Hofstadter - 1961
  10. William Shockley - 1956
Chemistry (9)
  1. Frances Arnold- 2018
  2. Richard Smalley- 1996
  3. Edwin McMillan- 1951
  1. John B. Fenn - 2002
  1. Tomas Lindahl- 2015
  2. Osamu Shimomura - 2008
  3. Frank Rowland - 1995
  4. John Polanyi - 1986
  5. Arne Tiselius- 1948
Physiology or Medicine (4)
  1. James Rothman- 2013
  2. Eric Wieschaus - 1995*
  1. Salvador Luria - 1969
  2. Edward C. Kendall - 1950
Economics (21)
  1. Oliver S. Hart - 2016
  2. Lloyd Shapley - 2012
  3. Michael Spence- 2001
  4. James Heckman - 2000
  5. John F. Nash - 1994
  6. Gary Becker - 1992
  1. Abhijit Banerjee - 2019
  2. Angus Deaton - 2015*
  3. Christopher Sims- 2011*
  4. Paul Krugman- 2008*
  5. Daniel Kahneman - 2002*
  6. Joseph Stiglitz- 2001
  7. John F. Nash - 1994*
  8. W. A. Lewis - 1979*
  1. Esther Duflo - 2019
  2. Angus Deaton - 2015
  3. Jean Tirole - 2014
  4. Lloyd Shapley - 2012
  5. Thomas Sargent- 2011
  6. Chris Pissarides - 2010
  7. Eric Maskin- 2007
  8. Robert Aumann - 2005
  9. Lawrence Klein - 1980
  10. Tjalling Koopmans- 1975
Literature (5)
  1. Eugene O'Neill - 1936
  1. Toni Morrison - 1993*
  1. Mario Vargas Llosa- 2010
  2. Kenzaburō Ōe - 1994
  3. Saul Bellow- 1976
Peace (1)
  1. Woodrow Wilson - 1919
  1. Woodrow Wilson - 1919

Nobel laureates by category

Nobel laureates in Physics

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
28 Jim Peebles 2019 PhD; Professor[14] "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology."[15] (shared with Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz)
27 Donna Strickland 2018 Researcher, Advanced Technology Center for Photonics and Opto-electronic Materials (1992-1997)[16] "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses."[17] (shared with Gérard Mourou and Arthur Ashkin)
26 Kip Thorne 2017 Ph.D. (1965); Postdoctoral Researcher[18] "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"[19] (shared with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish)
25 Rainer Weiss 2017 Postdoctoral Researcher[20] "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves."[21] (shared with Kip Thorne and Barry C. Barish)
24 Duncan Haldane 2016 Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics[22] "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[23] (shared with David Thouless and J. Michael Kosterlitz)
23 John M. Kosterlitz 2016 Visiting Professor (1978)[24] "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter."[25] (shared with David Thouless and Duncan Haldane)
22 Arthur B. McDonald 2015 Professor of physics[26] "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[27] (shared with Takaaki Kajita)
21 Frank Wilczek 2004 M.A., Ph.D. (1975)[28] "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[7] (shared with David Gross and H. David Politzer)
20 David Gross 2004 Thomas Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics Emeritus[29] "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[7] (shared with H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek)
19 Riccardo Giacconi 2002 Research Associate, Cosmic Ray Laboratory (1958-1959)[30] "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."[31] (shared with Masatoshi Koshiba and Raymond Davis Jr.)
18 Daniel Chee Tsui 1998 Arthur Legrand Doty Professor of Electrical Engineering[32] "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[33] (shared with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst Ludwig Störmer)
17 Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. 1993 James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics[34] "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[6] (shared with Russell Alan Hulse)
16 Russell Alan Hulse 1993 Principal research physicist, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory[35] "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[6] (shared with Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.)
15 James Cronin 1980 Professor of physics[36] "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[5] (shared with Val Logsdon Fitch)
14 Val Logsdon Fitch 1980 Fogg Brackett Professor of Physics[37] "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[5] (shared with James Cronin)
13 Steven Weinberg 1979 Ph.D. (1957)[38] "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[39] (shared with Sheldon Lee Glashow and Abdus Salam)
12 Arno Allan Penzias 1978 Visiting lecturer with rank of professor[40] "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[41] (shared with Pyotr Kapitsa and Robert Woodrow Wilson)
11 Philip Warren Anderson 1977 Joseph Henry Professor of Physics[42] "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[43] (shared with Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck Van Vleck)
10 John van Vleck 1977 Visiting Professor, Department of Physics (1937), taught a course for a semester[44][45][46] "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems."[47] (shared with Nevill Francis Mott and Philip Warren Anderson)
9 John Bardeen* 1972 Ph.D.(1936) [48] (*Another Physics prize in 1956) "for their for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[49] (shared with Leon Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer)
8 Richard Feynman 1965 Ph.D. (1942)[50] "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[51] (shared with Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Julian Schwinger)
7 Eugene Wigner 1963 Jones Professor of Mathematical Physics; Half-time Research Professor (1931-1934) and Visiting Professor (1934-1936)[52] "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[53](shared with Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen)
6 Robert Hofstadter 1961 M.A., Ph.D. (1938); Assistant Professor; Postdoctoral Researcher[54] "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[55] (shared with Rudolf Mössbauer)
John Bardeen* 1956 Ph.D. (1936)[48] (*Another Physics prize in 1972) "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[56] (shared with William Shockley and Walter Houser Brattain)
5 William Shockley 1956 Lecturer (1946)[57] "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."[58] (shared with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain)
4 Wolfgang Pauli 1945 Professor[59] "for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle."[60]
3 Clinton Davisson 1937 Ph.D (1911)[61] "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[62] (shared with George Paget Thomson)
2 Owen Richardson 1928 Professor[63] "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him."[64]
1 Arthur Compton 1927 M.A., Ph.D (1916)[65] "for his discovery of the effect named after him"[66] (shared with Charles Thomson Rees Wilson)

Nobel laureates in Chemistry

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
9 Frances Arnold 2018 Class of 1979 (B.S)[67] "for the directed evolution of enzymes"[68] (shared with George P. Smith and Gregory P. Winter)
8 Tomas Lindahl 2015 Postdoctoral researcher[69] "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"[70] (shared with Paul L. Modrich and Aziz Sancar)
7 Osamu Shimomura 2008 Research associate in biology[71] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[72] (shared with Martin Chalfie and Roger Tsien)
6 John B. Fenn 2002 Professor[73] "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."[74] (shared with Koichi Tanaka and Kurt Wüthrich)
5 Richard Smalley 1996 File:Richard Smalley.jpg Ph.D. (1974)[75] "for their discovery of fullerenes"[76] (shared with Robert Curl and Harold Kroto)
4 F. Sherwood Rowland 1995 Instructor, Department of Chemistry (1952-1956)[77] "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone."[78] (shared with Mario J. Molina and Paul J. Crutzen)
3 John Polanyi 1986 Research Associate (1954-1956)[79] "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes."[80] (shared with Yuan T. Lee and Dudley R. Herschbach)
2 Edwin McMillan 1951 Ph.D. (1933)[81] "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[82] (shared with Glenn T. Seaborg)
1 Arne Tiselius 1948 Rockefeller Fellow at H.S. Taylor's laboratory (1936)[83] "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins."[84]

Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
4 James Rothman 2013 Squibb Professor in Molecular Biology[85] "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[86] (shared with Randy Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof)
3 Eric F. Wieschaus 1995 Squibb Professor in Molecular Biology[87] "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[88] (shared with Edward B. Lewis and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard)
2 Salvador Luria 1969 Guggenheim Fellow (1943)[89][90] "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."[91] (shared with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey)
1 Edward C. Kendall 1950 Visiting Professor of Chemistry (1951-?)[92][93] "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."[94] (shared with Philip Showalter Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein)

Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
21 Esther Duflo 2019 Visitor (2001-2002)[95] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty."[96] (shared with Michael Kremer and Abhijit Banerjee)
20 Abhijit Banerjee 2019 Assistant Professor (1988-1992)[97] "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty."[98] (shared with Michael Kremer and Esther Duflo)
19 Oliver Hart 2016 Ph.D. (1974)[99] "for their contributions to contract theory"[100] (shared with Bengt R. Holmström)
18 Angus Deaton 2015 Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of Economics and International Affairs[101] "for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"[102]
17 Jean Tirole 2014 Visiting Scholar (Spring 2002)[103] "for his analysis of market power and regulation."[104]
16 Lloyd Shapley 2012 Ph.D. (1953); Fine Instructor (1952-1954)[105] "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"[106] (shared with Alvin E. Roth)
15 Christopher Sims 2011 Harold B. Helms Professor of Economics[107] "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"[8] (shared with Thomas Sargent)
14 Thomas Sargent 2011 Visiting professor of economics (Fall 2011, 2010), taught several courses[108][109] "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"[8] (shared with Christopher Sims)
13 Chris Pissarides 2010 Visitor, Industrial Relations Section (1984)[110] "for their analysis of markets with search frictions."[111] (shared with Peter Diamond and Dale T. Mortensen)
12 Paul Krugman 2008 Professor of economics and international affairs[112] "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity."[113]
11 Eric Maskin 2007 Visiting lecturer with the rank of professor of economics (2000-2012)[114] "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory."[115] (shared with Leonid Hurwicz and Roger Myerson)
10 Robert Aumann 2005 Research Associate (1960-1961)[116] "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis."[117] (shared with Thomas Schelling)
9 Daniel Kahneman 2002 Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and professor of public affairs[118] "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty."[119] (shared with Vernon L. Smith)
8 Michael Spence 2001 Class of 1966 (B.A)[120] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."[121] (shared with George Akerlof and Joseph Stiglitz)
7 Joseph Stiglitz 2001 Professor[122] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."[123] (shared with George Akerlof and Michael Spence)
6 James Heckman 2000 M.A. (1968), Ph.D. (1971)[124] "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples."[125] (shared with Daniel McFadden)
5 John Forbes Nash 1994 Ph.D. (1950); Senior research mathematician[126] "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games."[127] (shared with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten)
4 Gary Becker 1992 Class of 1951 (B.A)[128] "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including non-market behaviour."[129]
3 Lawrence Klein 1980 Visiting Professor (Spring 1966)[130] "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies."[131]
2 W. Arthur Lewis 1979 James Madison Professor of Political Economy[132] "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries."[133] (shared with Theodore Schultz)
1 Tjalling Koopmans 1975 Research Associate (1940-1941)[134] "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources."[135] (shared with Leonid Kantorovich)

Nobel laureates in Literature

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
5 Mario Vargas Llosa 2010 Visiting professor of Latin American Studies[136] "for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"[137]
4 Kenzaburō Ōe 1994 Visiting Lecturer (1997)[138] "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today."[139]
3 Toni Morrison 1993 Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Humanities[140] "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[141]
2 Saul Bellow 1976 Creative Writing Fellow (1952-1953)[142][143] "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work."[144]
1 Eugene O'Neill 1936 Class of 1910[145] "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"[146]

Nobel Peace Prize laureates

No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale
1 Woodrow Wilson 1919 Class of 1879; member of the faculty and president emeritus of the University[147] 28th President of the United States; founder of the League of Nations.[4]

See also

References

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  82. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  83. ^ "Arne Tiselius - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
  84. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  85. ^ "James E Rothman, PhD > Rothman Lab | Cell Biology | Yale School of Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  86. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
  87. ^ "CV (ERIC F. WIESCHAUS)" (PDF).
  88. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  89. ^ "Salvador E. Luria - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  90. ^ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Salvador E. Luria". Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  91. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  92. ^ "Edward C. Kendall - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  93. ^ "Edward C. Kendall (1886—1972)" (PDF).
  94. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  95. ^ "CV (ESTHER DUFLO)".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  96. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  97. ^ "CV (Abhijit Banerjee)". Archived from the original on 2019-10-14.
  98. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2019". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  99. ^ "CV (Oliver Hart)" (PDF).
  100. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2016". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  101. ^ "CV (Angus Stewart Deaton)" (PDF).
  102. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  103. ^ "CV (Jean Tirole)" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  104. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2014". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  105. ^ "CV (Lloyd S. Shapely)".
  106. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  107. ^ "CV (Christopher A. Sims)" (PDF).
  108. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2011". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  109. ^ "1:10 P.M. OCT. 10 UPDATE - Princeton's Sims wins Nobel in economics with visiting professor Sargent". Princeton University. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  110. ^ "CV (Christopher A. Pissarides)" (PDF).
  111. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2010". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  112. ^ "Professor Paul Krugman visiting the Department in Trinity Term 2014". Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  113. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
  114. ^ "CV (Eric S. Maskin)" (PDF).
  115. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  116. ^ "CV (Robert J. Aumann)". Einstein Institute of Mathematics. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  117. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2005". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  118. ^ "CV (Daniel Kahneman)" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  119. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  120. ^ "A. Michael Spence". Stanford Graduate School of Business. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  121. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  122. ^ "CV (Joseph Stiglitz)" (PDF).
  123. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  124. ^ "CV (James Heckman)" (PDF).
  125. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  126. ^ "John F. Nash Jr. - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
  127. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  128. ^ "CV (Gary S. Becker)".
  129. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  130. ^ Breit, William; Hirsch, Barry T. (2009). Lives of the Laureates: Twenty-three Nobel Economists. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262012768.
  131. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1980". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  132. ^ "Sir Arthur Lewis - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  133. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  134. ^ Tjalling Charles Koopmans | Biographical Memoirs V.67 | The National Academies Press. 1995. doi:10.17226/4894. ISBN 978-0-309-05238-2.
  135. ^ "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1975". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  136. ^ "Princeton Distinguished Visitor Vargas Llosa wins Nobel in literature -- UPDATED 11:06 A.M." Princeton University. Retrieved 2018-03-11.
  137. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
  138. ^ "Princeton - PWB 030397 - Nobel laureate in literature teaches about intellectual life of his native Japan". pr.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  139. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1994". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  140. ^ "Toni Morrison | Dean of the Faculty". dof.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
  141. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  142. ^ "Saul Bellow - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  143. ^ "Saul Bellow Biography". biography.jrank.org. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
  144. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1976". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
  145. ^ "Eugene O'Neill - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  146. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-18.
  147. ^ "Woodrow Wilson - Biographical". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2018-03-11.

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