Haplogroup O-M122
The factual accuracy of parts of this article (those related to article) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (December 2012) |
Haplogroup O-M122 | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 34,042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942] ybp[1] 35,000 (with slower average mutation rate) or 30,000 (with faster average mutation rate) years ago[2] 31,500 [95% CI 29,600 <-> 33,400] years before present[3] |
Coalescence age | 29,000 [95% CI 26,600 <-> 31,500] years before present[3] |
Possible place of origin | China (GenographicProject 2005) or Southeast Asia (Shi 2009) |
Ancestor | O-M175 |
Defining mutations | M122 (Krahn and FTDNA 2013) |
Highest frequencies | Tamang 86%, Nyishi 78%, Bhutanese 74%, Han Chinese 68%, Naiman Kazakhs 68%,[4] Filipinos 62%, Tibetan 48%, She People 48%, Manchus 45%, Vietnamese 44%, Korean 43%, Thai (Siamese) 40%[5] |
In human population genetics, haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Haplogroup O-M122 (also known as Haplogroup O2 (formerly Haplogroup O3))is an Eastern Eurasian Y-chromosome haplogroup. The lineage ranges across Southeast Asia and East Asia, where it dominates the paternal lineages with extremely high frequencies. It is also significantly present in Central Asia, especially among the Naiman tribe of Kazakhs.[4]
This lineage is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup O-M175.
Origins
Researchers believe that O-M122 first appeared in Southeast Asia approximately 25,000-30,000 years ago (Shi 2009) or roughly between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago according to more recent studies (Karmin et al. 2015, Poznik et al. 2016, YFull January 4, 2018). In a systematic sampling and genetic screening of an East Asian–specific Y-chromosome haplogroup (O-M122) in 2,332 individuals from diverse East Asian populations, results indicate that the O-M122 lineage is dominant in East Asian populations, with an average frequency of 44.3%. Microsatellite data show that the O-M122 haplotypes are more diverse in Southeast Asia than those in northern East Asia (Shi 2009) . This suggests a southern origin of the O-M122 mutation to be likely.
It was also part of the settlement of East Asia. However, the prehistoric peopling of East Asia by modern humans remains controversial with respect to early population migrations and the place of the O-M122 lineage in these migrations is ambivalent.[citation needed]
Distribution
Although Haplogroup O-M122 appears to be primarily associated with Chinese people, it also forms a significant component of the Y-chromosome diversity of most modern populations of the East Asian region.
Population | Frequency | n | Source | SNPs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Derung | 1 | Shi 2009 | ||
Naga (Sagaing, Myanmar) |
1.000 | 15 | Peng 2013 | Page23=15 |
Nishi | 0.94 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Adi | 0.89 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Tamang | 0.867 | 45 | Gayden 2007 | M134 |
Nu | 0.86 | Wen 2004 | ||
Yao (Liannan) | 0.829 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=18 M117=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=2 |
Achang | 0.825 | Shi 2009 | ||
Apatani | 0.82 | Cordaux 2004 | ||
Bai | 0.82 | Shi 2009 | ||
CHS (Han in Hunan & Fujian) |
0.788 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | M122=41 |
Naga (NE India) | 0.765 | 34 | Cordaux 2004 | M134=26 |
Ava (Yunnan) | 0.759 | 29 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Han Chinese | 0.74 | Wen 2004 | ||
She | 0.735 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M7=10 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=6 M134(xM117)=2 |
Nu | 0.7 | Shi 2009 | ||
Miao | 0.7 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Shui | 0.7 | Shi 2009 | ||
Han (Harbin) | 0.657 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M134(xM117)=8 M117=5 |
Lisu | 0.65 | Wen 2004 | ||
Zaomin (Guangdong) | 0.649 | 37 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
She | 0.63 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Filipinos | 0.62 | Jin 2009 | ||
Taiwan Han | 0.619 | 21 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Philippines | 0.607 | 28 | Hurles 2005 | M122 |
Han (East China) | 0.593 | 167 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Garo | 0.59 | Reddy 2007 | ||
Chin (Chin State, Myanmar) |
0.579 | 19 | Peng 2013 | Page23=10 M122(xM324)=1 |
Han (North China) | 0.566 | 129 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Toba (Sumatra) | 0.553 | 38 | Karafet 2010 | P201(xM7, M134) |
Northern Han | 0.551 | 49 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Garo | 0.55 | Kumar 2007 | ||
Tujia | 0.54 | Shi 2009 | ||
Tujia | 0.53 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Han (Chengdu) | 0.529 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=8 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5 |
Han (NE China) | 0.524 | 42 | Katoh 2005 | M122=22 |
Han (Meixian) | 0.514 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M117=4 M7=2 M159=1 M134(xM117)=1 |
CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing) |
0.500 | 46 | Poznik 2016 | F444=8 M117=7 JST002611=5 KL2(xJST002611)=2 M188(xM7)=1 |
Han (South China) | 0.492 | 65 | Yan 2011 | M122 |
Va | 0.48 | Shi 2009 | ||
Bai | 0.48 | Shi 2009 Wen 2004 |
||
KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City) |
0.478 | 46 | Poznik 2016 | M7=6 M133=4 F444=4 JST002611=4 KL2(xJST002611)=2 N6>F4124=1 CTS1754=1 |
Koreans | 0.472 | 216 | Kim 2007 | |
Lisu | 0.47 | Shi 2009 | ||
Hani | 0.47 | Wen 2004 | ||
Han (Yili) | 0.469 | 32 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=10 M7=2 M117=2 M134(xM117)=1 |
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) | 0.46 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Hezhe (China) | 0.444 | 45 | Xue 2005 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=11 M134(xM117)=2 M117=7 |
Koreans | 0.443 | 506 | Kim 2011 | P201=146 M324(xP201)=76 M122(xM324)=2 |
Tibetans (Zhongdian, Yunnan) |
0.440 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Miao | 0.44 | Shi 2009 | ||
Yi | 0.44 | Wen 2004 | ||
Lahu | 0.43 | Shi 2009 | ||
Bit (Laos) | 0.429 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Manchu (NE China) | 0.426 | 101 | Katoh 2005 | M122=43 |
Koreans (Seoul) | 0.422 | 573 | Park 2012 | M122 |
Koreans (Daejeon) | 0.414 | 133 | Park 2012 | M122 |
Hmong Daw (Laos) | 0.412 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Vietnamese | 0.41 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Dai | 0.4 | Yang 2005 | ||
Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) | 0.40 | 40 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Tibetans | 0.400 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M117=13 M134(xM117)=1 |
Koreans (China) | 0.400 | 25 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=4 |
Shan (Northern Thailand) |
0.400 | 20 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=7 M7=1 |
Thai (Central Thailand) | 0.395 | 129 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42*=17 M7=11 JST002611=10 F474/F317=4 F323/F46=4 M159=2 F2055/CTS445=1 F2137=1 F837=1 |
Koreans (South Korea) | 0.395 | 43 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M134(xM117)=5 M117=5 |
Vietnamese | 0.39 | Jin 2009 | ||
Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand) |
0.390 | 205 | Brunelli 2017 | O-M117=46 O-M7=17 O-M324(xM7, M134)=16 O-M122(xM324)=1 |
Mon (Northern Thailand) |
0.389 | 18 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=4 M324(xM7, M134)=3 |
Blang (Yunnan) | 0.385 | 52 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Northern Thai people (Khon Mueang & Tai Yuan) |
0.384 | 86 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=24 M7=7 JST002611=1 F999/F717=1 |
Manchu | 0.38 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Philippine (Tagalog language group) |
0.380 | 50 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Hanoi, Vietnam | 0.375 | 24 | Trejaut 2014 | M7=3 M134(xM133)=3 M133=1 JST002611=1 M159=1 |
Manchu | 0.371 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=5 M134(xM117)=2 |
Han (Lanzhou) | 0.367 | 30 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=6 M117=3 M134(xM117)=2 |
Lahu | 0.36 | Wen 2004 | ||
Qiang | 0.364 | 33 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M7=2 |
Bamar (Myanmar) | 0.361 | 72 | Peng 2013 | Page23=26 |
Borneo, Indonesia | 0.360 | 86 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Korean | 0.356 | 45 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Pahng (Guangxi) | 0.355 | 31 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Philippines | 0.354 | 48 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Western Yugur | 0.35 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Thai (Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen) |
0.353 | 34 | Shi 2009 Tajima 2004 |
M122 |
Tai Yong (Northern Thailand) |
0.346 | 26 | Brunelli 2017 | M324(xM7, M134)=4 M117=3 M7=2 |
Tharu | 0.345 | 171 | Fornarino 2009 | M134 |
Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) | 0.342 | 76 | He 2012 | M122 |
Koreans (Seoul) | 0.341 | 85 | Katoh 2005 | M122=29 |
Tibet | 0.340 | 156 | Gayden 2007 | M122 |
Yao (Bama) | 0.343 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=12 |
Kazakhs (SE Altai) | 0.337 | 89 | Dulik 2011 | M134(xM117, P101) |
Tai Yuan (Thailand) |
0.329 | 85 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=15 M7=5 M122(xM324)=5 M134(xM117)=3 |
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) |
0.327 | 52 | Poznik 2016 | O-M133=13 O-M7=2 O-F444=1 O-JST002611=1 |
Polynesians | 0.325 | Su 2000 | ||
Tibetans | 0.32 | Wen 2004 | ||
Khasi | 0.32 | Reddy 2007 | ||
Lao (Luang Prabang, Laos) |
0.32 | 25 | He 2012 | M122 |
Eastern Yugur | 0.31 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Malays | 0.31 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Buyei | 0.314 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M7=6 M134(xM117)=3 M117=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mongolian (Khalkh) | 0.311 | Kim 2011 | ||
Filipinos | 0.308 | 146 | Trejaut 2014 | P164(xM134)=26 JST002611=7 M7=3 M133=3 M134(xM133)=2 P201(xM159, M7, P164)=2 M159=1 M324(xKL1, P201)=1 |
Han (Pinghua speakers) | 0.3 | Gan 2008 | ||
Salar | 0.302 | 43 | WeiWang 2003 | M122 |
Dong | 0.300 | 20 | Xie 2004 | M134=3 M122(xM7, M134)=3 |
Thailand | 0.293 | 75 | Trejaut 2014 | M133(xM162)=10 M7=5 M134(xM133)=3 JST002611=2 P164(xM134)=1 M122(xM324)=1 |
Koreans (NE China) | 0.291 | 79 | Katoh 2005 | M122=23 |
Khasi | 0.29 | Kumar 2007 | ||
Zhuang | 0.29 | Su 2000 | ||
Inner Mongolian | 0.289 | 45 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=5 M117=5 M134(xM117)=3 |
Tai Lue (Northern Thailand) |
0.286 | 91 | Brunelli 2017 | O-M117=16 O-M7=6 O-M324(xM7, M134)=3 O-M122(xM324)=1 |
Zhuang | 0.286 | 28 | Xie 2004 | M134=7 M122(xM7, M134)=1 |
Laotian (Vientiane & Luang Prabang) |
0.275 | 40 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=6 M7=2 M188(xM7)=2 P164(xF8,F46,F4110,F706,F717)=1 |
Bonan | 0.273 | 44 | WeiWang 2003 | M122 |
Sibe | 0.268 | 41 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=5 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M117=2 |
Micronesia | 0.27 | Su 2000 | ||
Mon (Thailand) | 0.267 | 105 | Kutanan 2019 | F8/F42=15 M7=4 F323/F46=4 JST002611=3 F2859=1 M122(x002611,M188,P164,F837)=1 |
Daur | 0.256 | 39 | Xue 2005 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=7 M117=3 |
Polynesians | 0.25 | Hammer 2005 Kayser 2006 |
||
Bunu (Guangxi) | 0.25 | 36 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Malay (near Kuala Lumpur) |
0.25 | 12 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Zhuang (Guangxi) | 0.247 | 166 | Chen 2006 | M122(xM121, M134)=23 M117=9 M134(xM117)=7 M121=2 |
Japanese (Kyūshū) | 0.240 | 104 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Dongxiang | 0.24 | WeiWang 2003 | ||
Manchurian Evenks | 0.24 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Thai (Northern Thailand) | 0.235 | 17 | He 2012 | M122 |
Japanese | 0.234 | 47 | Xue 2006 | M117=8 M134(xM117)=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.234 | 47 | Wen 2004 | M122 |
Evenks (China) | 0.231 | 26 | Xue 2005 | M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Mongolia (mainly Khalkhs[6]) |
0.228 | 149 | Hammer 2006 | M134=24 M122(xM134)=10 |
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) |
0.222 | 63 | Zhao 2010 | M117=5 M122(xM188, M134)=4 M188=3 M134(xM117)=2 |
Lawa (Northern Thailand) |
0.220 | 50 | Brunelli 2017 | M324(xM7, M134)=6 M117=5 |
Mal (Laos) | 0.220 | 50 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Cambodian (Siem Reap) | 0.216 | 125 | Black 2006 | M122 |
Japanese (Tokushima) | 0.214 | 70 | Hammer 2005 | M122 |
Newar | 0.212 | 66 | Gayden 2007 | M117 |
Lao Isan | 0.210 | 62 | Kutanan 2019 | M7=6 F8=4 JST002611=3 |
Blang | 0.21 | Shi 2009 | ||
Okinawans | 0.21 | Nonaka 2007 | ||
Tai Khün (Northern Thailand) |
0.208 | 24 | Brunelli 2017 | M117=4 M134(xM117)=1 |
Kathmandu, Nepal | 0.208 | 77 | Gayden 2007 | M324 |
Sui | 0.200 | 50 | Xie 2004 | M134=10 |
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) | 0.20 | 50 | Wen 2004 | M122(xM7) |
Japanese (Shizuoka) | 0.197 | 61 | Hammer 2005 | M122 |
Khmu (Laos) | 0.196 | 51 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Dongxiang | 0.196 | 46 | Wang 2003 | M122 |
Oroqen | 0.194 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M7=2 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Khalkh (Mongolia) | 0.188 | 85 | Katoh 2005 | M122=16 |
Hani | 0.176 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=3 M117=2 M122(xM159, M7, M134)=1 |
Micronesia | 0.18 | Hammer 2005 | ||
Japanese (Tokyo) | 0.179 | 56 | Poznik 2016 | M122 |
Hui | 0.171 | 35 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=4 M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Kalmyk (Khoshuud) | 0.171 | 82 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=14 |
Japanese | 0.167 | 263 | Nonaka 2007 | M122 |
Mandar (Sulawesi) | 0.167 | 54 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Japanese (Kantō) | 0.162 | 117 | Katoh 2005 | M122=19 |
Thai | 0.16 | Jin 2009 | ||
Zhuang | 0.16 | Karafet 2001 | ||
Aheu (Laos) | 0.158 | 38 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Bugan (Yunnan) | 0.156 | 32 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Okinawans | 0.156 | 45 | Hammer 2005 | M122(xM134)=6 M134=1 |
Uygur (Yili) | 0.154 | 39 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=2 M134(xM117)=2 M117=2 |
Japanese (Aomori) | 0.154 | 26 | Hammer 2005 | M122 |
Cambodia | 0.14 | Shi 2009 | ||
Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) |
0.136 | 59 | He 2012 | M122 |
Java (mainly sampled in Dieng) |
0.131 | 61 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Aboriginal Taiwanese | 0.126 | 223 | Tajima 2004 | M122 |
Uighur (Kazakhstan) | 0.122 | 41 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Uzbek (Bukhara) | 0.121 | 58 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Ulchi | 0.115 | 52 | Balanovska 2018 | O-M122(xP201)=6 |
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan) | 0.114 | 44 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) | 0.111 | 72 | Li 2013 | M117=3 M122(xM159, M117)=3 M159=2 |
Outer Mongolian | 0.108 | 65 | Xue 2006 | M122(xM159, M7, M134)=3 M117=3 M134(xM117)=1 |
Bo (Laos) | 0.107 | 28 | Cai 2011 | M122 |
Tibetans | 0.1 | Zhou 2008 | ||
Maluku Islands | 0.1 | 30 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Kazakh (Kazakhstan) | 0.093 | 54 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Bouyei | 0.089 | 45 | Xie 2004 | M122(xM7, M134)=2 M7=1 M134=1 |
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) | 0.085 | 47 | Wen 2004 | M122(xM7) |
Zakhchin (Mongolia) | 0.083 | 60 | Katoh 2005 | M122=5 |
Mongols | 0.083 | 24 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Balinese (Bali) | 0.073 | 641 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Japanese | 0.068 | 59 | Ochiai 2016 | P198 |
Uriankhai (Mongolia) | 0.067 | 60 | Katoh 2005 | M122=4 |
Sinte (Uzbekistan) | 0.067 | 15 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Uygur (Urumqi) | 0.065 | 31 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=1 M117=1 |
Iranian (Esfahan) | 0.063 | 16 | Wells 2001 | M122 |
Kalmyk (Dörwöd) | 0.061 | 165 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=10 |
Flores | 0.046 | 394 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Buryat | 0.040 | 298 | Kharkov 2014 | M324(xM134)=5 M134(xM117)=4 M117=3 |
Buyei | 0.04 | Yang 2005 | ||
Kalmyk (Torguud) | 0.033 | 150 | Malyarchuk 2013 | M122=5 |
Kazakhs (SW Altai) | 0.033 | 30 | Dulik 2011 | M134(xM117, P101) |
Munda (Jharkhand) |
0.032 | 94 | Borkar 2011 | M134=3 |
Burusho | 0.031 | 97 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Li | 0.029 | 34 | Xue 2006 | M134(xM117)=1 |
Sumba | 0.029 | 350 | Karafet 2010 | M122 |
Khoton (Mongolia) | 0.025 | 40 | Katoh 2005 | M122=1 |
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) | 0.025 | 40 | Wen 2004 | M134 |
Rajbanshi (West Bengal) |
0.022 | 45 | Borkar 2011 | M134=1 |
Pathan | 0.010 | 96 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Pakistan | 0.005 | 638 | Firasat 2007 | M122 |
Haplogroup O1a-M119, one near outgroup of haplogroup O2-M122, displays a geographical distribution similar to that of O2-M122, being found among nearly all populations of East and Southeast Asia, but generally at a frequency much lower than that of Haplogroup O2-M122. The other near outgroup, Haplogroup O1b-M286, has an impressive extent of dispersal, as it has been found among the males of populations as widely separated as the Austroasiatic peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the Nicobarese of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean, Koreans, Japanese and Han Chinese, but all these disjunct populations in Southeast Asia, Austroasiatic languages populations, Japanese, Koreans and Chinese belongs to certain downstream branches.
East Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is found in over 50% of all modern Han Chinese males (with frequency ranging from 30/101=29.7% among Pinghua-speaking Hans in Guangxi (Gan et al. 2008) to 110/148=74.3% among Hans in Changting, Fujian (Wen et al. 2004c) ), about 40% of Manchu, Korean, and Vietnamese males, about 33.3% (Hammer et al. 2005) to 62% (Jin et al. 2009 and (Hurles et al. 2005) ) of Filipino males, about 10.5% (Su et al. 2000) to 55.6% (Su et al. 2000) of Malaysian males, about 10% (4/39 Guide County, Qinghai) (Zhou et al. 2008) to 45% (22/49 Zhongdian County, Yunnan) (Wen et al. 2004) of Tibetan males, about 20% (10/50 Shuangbai, northern Yunnan) (Wen et al. 2004) to 44% (8/18 Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan) (Wen et al. 2004) and (Karafet et al. 2001) of Yi males, about 25% of Zhuang (Jing et al. 2006) and Indonesian (HuiLi et al. 2008) males, and about 16% (Katoh et al. 2005) and (Nonaka et al. 2007) to 20% (Hammer et al. 2005) of Japanese males. The distribution of Haplogroup O-M122 stretches far into Asia (approx. 40% of Dungans (Wells et al. 2001) , 30% of Salars (WeiWang et al. 2003) , 28% of Bonan (WeiWang 2003) , 24% of Dongxiang (WeiWang et al. 2003) , 18% to 22.8% of Mongolian citizens in Ulaanbaatar (Hammer et al. 2005) , 11%-15.4% of Khalkha Mongolians (Yamamoto et al. 2013[7]) but also as high as 31.1% (Kim et al 2011), 12% of Uyghurs (Wells et al. 2001) , 9% of Kazakhs (Wells et al. 2001) but in the Naiman of Kazakhs 65.81%,[4] 6.8% of Kalmyks[8] (17.1% of Khoshuud, 6.1% of Dörwöd, 3.3% of Torguud, 0% of Buzawa), 6.2% of Altaians (Kharkov et al. 2007) , 5.3% of Kyrgyz,[9] 4.1% of Uzbeks (Wells et al. 2001) , and 4.0% of Buryats.[10]
The East Asian O3-M122 Y chromosome Haplogroup is found in large quantities in other Muslims close to the Hui people like Dongxiang, Bo'an and Salar. The majority of Tibeto-Burmans, Han Chinese, and Ningxia and Liaoning Hui share paternal Y chromosomes of East Asian origin which are unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Eastern and Europeans whom the Muslims of China are not related to, East Asians, Han Chinese, and most of the Hui and Dongxiang of Linxia share more genes with each other. This indicates that native East Asian populations converted to Islam and were culturally assimilated to these ethnicities and that Chinese Muslim populations are mostly not descendants of foreigners as claimed by some accounts while only a small minority of them are.[11]
South Asia
Haplogroup O-M122 is restricted among tribal groups of Northeast India where it is found at very high frequencies. In Arunachal Pradesh, it is found at 89% among Adi, 82% among Apatani, and 94% among Nishi, while the Naga people show it at 76% (Cordaux 2004 ). In Meghalaya, 59.2% (42/71) of a sample of Garos and 31.7% (112/353) of a sample of Khasis have been found to belong to O-M122 (Reddy 2007) . In Nepal, Tamang people present a very high frequency of O-M122 (39/45 = 86.7%), while much lower percentages of Newar (14/66 = 21.2%) and the general population of Kathmandu (16/77 = 20.8%) belong to this haplogroup (Gayden 2007) . A study published in 2009 found O-M122 in 52.6% (30/57, including 28 members of O-M117 and two members of O-M134(xM117)) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Chitwan District of south-central Nepal, 28.6% (22/77, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from another village in Chitwan District, and 18.9% (7/37, all O-M117) of a sample of Tharus from a village in Morang District of southeastern Nepal.[12] In contrast, the same study found O-M122 in only one individual in a sample of non-Tharu Hindus collected in Chitwan District (1/26 = 3.8% O-M134(xM117)), one tribal individual from Andhra Pradesh, India (1/29 = 3.4% O-M117), and one individual in a sample of Hindus from New Delhi, India (1/49 = 2.0% O-M122(xM134)).[12]
Southeast Asia
Among all the populations of East and Southeast Asia, Haplogroup O-M122 is most closely associated with those that speak a Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman, or Hmong–Mien language. Haplogroup O-M122 comprises about 50% or more of the total Y-chromosome variation among the populations of each of these language families. The Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman language families are generally believed to be derived from a common Sino-Tibetan protolanguage, and most linguists place the homeland of the Sino-Tibetan language family somewhere in northern China. The Hmong–Mien languages and cultures, for various archaeological and ethnohistorical reasons, are also generally believed to have derived from a source somewhere north of their current distribution, perhaps in northern or central China. The Tibetans, however, despite the fact that they speak a language of the Tibeto-Burman language family, have high percentages of the otherwise rare haplogroups D-M15 and D3, which are also found at much lower frequencies among the members of some other ethnic groups in East Asia and Central Asia.
Haplogroup O-M122 has been implicated as a diagnostic genetic marker of the Austronesian expansion when it is found in populations of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania. It appears at moderately high frequencies in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its distribution in Oceania is mostly limited to the traditionally Austronesian culture zones, chiefly Polynesia (approx. 25% (Hammer 2005) to 32.5% (Su 2000) ). O-M122 is found at generally lower frequencies in coastal and island Melanesia, Micronesia, and Taiwanese aboriginal tribes (18% (Hammer 2005) to 27.4% (Su 2000) of Micronesians, and 5% of Melanesians (Karafet 2005) , albeit with reduced frequencies of most subclades.
Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes, which are not defined by any identified downstream markers, are actually more common among certain non-Han Chinese populations than among Han Chinese ones, and the presence of these O-M122* Y-chromosomes among various populations of Central Asia, East Asia, and Oceania is more likely to reflect a very ancient shared ancestry of these populations rather than the result of any historical events. It remains to be seen whether Haplogroup O-M122* Y-chromosomes can be parsed into distinct subclades that display significant geographical or ethnic correlations.
Subclade Distribution
Paragroup O-M122*
Paragroup O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA is quite rare, having been detected only in 2/165 = 1.2% of a sample of Han Chinese in a pool of samples from mainland China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia (n=581), 8/641 = 1.2% of a sample of Balinese in a pool of samples from western Indonesia (n=960), and 7/350 = 2.0% of a sample of males from Sumba in a pool of samples from eastern Indonesia (n=957). In the same study, O2*-M122(xO2a-P197) Y-DNA was not observed in a pool of samples from Oceania (n=182) (Karafet 2010) .
A paper published by a group of mainly Chinese geneticists in the American Journal of Human Genetics in 2005 reported the detection of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 1.6% (8/488) of a pool of seven samples of Han Chinese (3/64 = 4.7% Sichuan, 2/98 = 2.0% Zibo, Shandong, 1/60 = 1.7% Inner Mongolia, 1/81 = 1.2% Yunnan, 1/86 = 1.2% Laizhou, Shandong, 0/39 Guangxi, 0/60 Gansu). O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA also was detected in the following samples of ethnic minorities in China: 5.9% (1/17) Jingpo from Yunnan, 4.3% (2/47) Zhuang from Yunnan, 4.1% (2/49) Lisu from Yunnan, 3.2% (1/31) Wa from Yunnan, 2.6% (1/39) Zhuang from Guangxi, 2.5% (2/80) Bai from Yunnan, 2.4% (1/41) Hani from Yunnan, 2.3% (2/88) Lahu from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/47) Yi from Yunnan, 2.1% (1/48) Miao from Yunnan, 1.5% (2/132) Dai from Yunnan, 1.0% (1/105) Miao from Hunan, and 0.9% (2/225) Yao from Guangxi.[13]
O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA has been found as a singleton (1/156 = 0.6%) in a sample from Tibet.(Gayden 2007) It also has been found as a singleton in a sample of nineteen members of the Chin people in Chin State, Myanmar.[14]
In a paper published in 2011, Korean researchers have reported finding O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in the following samples: 5.9% (3/51) Beijing Han, 3.1% (2/64) Filipino, 2.1% (1/48) Vietnamese, 1.7% (1/60) Yunnan Han, 0.4% (2/506) Korean.[15]
In 2011, Chinese researchers published a paper reporting their finding of O2*-M122(xO2a-M324) Y-DNA in 3.0% (5/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China (defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Anhui) and in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in their sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China (n=129).
In a paper published in 2012, O2*-M122(xO2a-P200) Y-DNA was found in 12% (3/25) of a sample of Lao males from Luang Prabang, Laos. O2* Y-DNA was not detected in this study's samples of Cham from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (n=59), Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam (n=76), or Thai from northern Thailand (n=17).(He 2012)
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 6/40 (15.0%) Siraya in Kaohsiung, 1/17 (5.9%) Sulawesi, 1/25 (4.0%) Paiwan, 2/55 (3.6%) Fujian Han, 1/30 (3.3%) Ketagalan, 2/60 (3.3%) Taiwan Minnan, 1/34 (2.9%) Taiwan Hakka, 1/38 (2.6%) Siraya in Hwalien, 5/258 (1.9%) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, and 1/75 (1.3%) in a sample of the general population of Thailand.[16]
Brunelli et al. (2017) found O2-M122(xO2a-M324) in 5/66 (7.6%) Tai Yuan, 1/91 (1.1%) Tai Lue, and 1/205 (0.5%) Khon Mueang in samples of the people of Northern Thailand.[17]
O-M324
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O-M121
O2a1a1a1a1-M121 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1b-M164 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M121 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos and in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.[18]
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O-M121/DYS257 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians and in 1.0% (1/98) of a sample of Han Chinese from Zibo, Shandong.[13]
In a study published in 2011, O-M121 Y-DNA was found in 1.2% (2/167) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in East China, defined as consisting of Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, and Shanghai, and in 0.8% (1/129) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Northern China. O-M121 was not detected in this study's sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China (n=65).(Yan 2011)
O-L599 (considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M121[19]) also has been found in one individual in the 1000 Genomes Project sample of Han Chinese from Hunan, China (n=37).[3]
O-M164
O2a1b-M164 is a subclade of O2a1-L127.1, parallel to O2a1a1a1a1-M121 and O2a1c-JST002611.
In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M164 was detected only in 5.6% (1/18) of a sample from Cambodia and Laos.[18]
In a large study of 2,332 unrelated male samples collected from 40 populations in East Asia (and especially Southwest China), O2a1b-M164 Y-DNA was detected only in 7.1% (1/14) of a sample of Cambodians.[13]
O-JST002611
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 is derived from O2-M122 via O2a-M324/P93/P197/P199/P200 and O2a1-L127.1/L465/L467. O2a1c-JST002611 is the most commonly observed type of O2a1 Y-DNA, and, more generally, represents the majority of extant O2-M122 Y-DNA that does not belong to the expansive subclade O2a2-P201.
Haplogroup O2a1c-JST002611 was first identified in 3.8% (10/263) of a sample of Japanese (Nonaka et al. 2007). It also has been found in 3.5% (2/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project, including one member of the rare and deeply divergent paragroup O2a1c1-F18*(xO2a1c1a1-F117, O2a1c1a2-F449).[3][2] Subsequently, this haplogroup has been found with higher frequency in some samples taken in and around China, including 12/58 = 20.7% Miao (China), 10/70 = 14.3% Vietnam, 18/165 = 10.9% Han (China & Taiwan), 4/49 = 8.2% Tujia (China) (Karafet 2010) . O-002611 also has been found in a singleton from the Philippines (1/48 = 2.1%), but it has not been detected in samples from Malaysia (0/32), Taiwanese Aboriginals (0/48), She from China (0/51), Yao from China (0/60), Oceania (0/182), eastern Indonesia (0/957), or western Indonesia (0/960) (Karafet 2010) . Haplogroup O2a1c‐JST002611 is prevalent in different ethnic groups in China and Southeast Asia, including Vietnam (14.29%), Sichuan of southwestern China (Han, 14.60%; Tibetan in Xinlong County, 15.22%),[20] Jilin of northeastern China (Korean, 9.36%), Inner Mongolia (Mongolian, 6.58%), and Gansu of northwestern China (Baima, 7.35%; Han, 11.30%).[21] Y-DNA belonging to haplogroup O-JST002611 has been observed in 10.6% (61/573) of a sample collected in Seoul and 8.3% (11/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea.[22][23]
O-P201
O2a2-JST021354/P201 is a subclade of O2a that includes the most common types of O2-M122 Y-DNA. This clade includes the major subclades O2a2b1-M134 (subclade of O-P164) and O2a2a1a2-M7, which exhibit expansive distributions centered on China, as well as an assortment of Y-chromosomes that have not yet been assigned to any subclade.
O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in many samples of Austronesian-speaking populations, in particular some samples of Batak Toba from Sumatra (21/38 = 55.3%), Tongans (5/12 = 41.7%), and Filipinos (12/48 = 25.0%). (Karafet 2010) Outside of Austronesia, O2a2-P201(xO2a2a1a2-M7, O2a2b1-M134) Y-DNA has been observed in samples of Tujia (7/49 = 14.3%), Han Chinese (14/165 = 8.5%), Japanese (11/263 = 4.2%), Miao (1/58 = 1.7%), and Vietnam (1/70 = 1.4%) (Karafet 2010 and Nonaka 2007 ).
O-M159
O2a2a1a1a-M159 is a subclade of O2a2-P201. In an early survey of Y-DNA variation in present-day human populations of the world, O-M159 was detected only in 5.0% (1/20) of a sample from China.[18]
Unlike its phylogenetic siblings, O-M7 and O-M134, O-M159 is very rare, having been found only in 2.9% (1/35) of a sample of Han males from Meixian, Guangdong in a study of 988 males from East Asia.(Xue 2006)
In a study published in 2011, O-M159 was detected in 1.5% (1/65) of a sample of Han Chinese with origins in Southern China. O-M159 was not detected in the same study's samples of Han Chinese with origins in East China (n=167) or Northern China (n=129).(Yan 2011)
Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M159 in 5.0% (3/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 4.2% (1/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 3.88% (10/258) miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 3.6% (2/55) Han in Fujian, 3.24% (12/370) Plains Aborigines in Taiwan (mostly assimilated to Han Chinese), 1.04% (2/192) Western Indonesia (1/25 Kalimantan, 1/26 Sumatra), and 0.68% (1/146) Philippines (1/55 South Luzon).[16]
Kutanan et al. (2019) found O-M159 in 1.6% (2/129) of their samples of Thai people from Central Thailand.[5]
O-M7
Haplogroup O2a2a1a2-M7 Y-DNA has been detected with high frequency in some samples of populations who speak Hmong-Mien languages, Katuic languages, or Bahnaric languages, scattered through some mostly mountainous areas of southern China, Laos, and Vietnam (Cai 2010) .
O-M7 has been noted for having a widespread but uneven distribution among populations that speak Hmong-Mien languages, such as She (29/51 = 56.9% She, 10/34 = 29.4% She, 14/56 = 25.0% Northern She from Zhejiang), Miao (21/58 = 36.2% Miao from China, 17/51 = 33.3% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 6/49 = 12.2% Yunnan Miao, 2/49 = 4.1% Guizhou Miao, 4/100 = 4.0% Hunan Miao), and Yao (18/35 = 51.4% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 29/60 = 48.3% Yao from Guangxi, 12/35 = 34.3% Yao from Bama, Guangxi, 12/37 = 32.4% Zaomin from Guangdong, 5/36 = 13.9% Bunu from Guangxi, 1/11 = 9.1% Top-Board Mien, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien from Guangxi, 1/19 = 5.3% Flowery-Headed Mien from Guangxi, 1/20 = 5.0% Mountain Straggler Mien from Hunan, 1/28 = 3.6% Blue Kimmun from Guangxi, 1/31 = 3.2% Pahng from Guangxi, 1/47 = 2.1% Western Mien from Yunnan, 0/11 Thin Board Mien, 0/31 Lowland Yao from Guangxi, 0/32 Mountain Kimmun from Yunnan, 0/33 Northern Mien, and 0/41 Lowland Kimmun from Guangxi). (Cai 2010) (Karafet 2010) (Xue 2006)
Cai et al. 2010 have reported finding high frequencies of O-M7 in their samples of Katuic (17/35 = 48.6% Ngeq, 10/45 = 22.2% Katu, 6/37 = 16.2% Kataang, 3/34 = 8.8% Inh (Ir), 4/50 = 8.0% So, 1/39 = 2.6% Suy) and Bahnaric (15/32 = 46.9% Jeh, 17/50 = 34.0% Oy, 8/32 = 25.0% Brau, 8/35 = 22.9% Talieng, 4/30 = 13.3% Alak, 6/50 = 12.0% Laven) peoples from southern Laos. Among the sampled Katuic peoples, the speakers of West Katuic (Kuy-Bru), such as the So and the Suy, have lower frequencies of O-M7 than the Katu proper and the speakers of the Ta'Oi dialect chain (Ngeq, Kataang, Ir). However, O-M7 has been found only with low frequency in samples of linguistically related Khmuic populations from northern Laos (1/50 = 2.0% Mal, 1/51 = 2.0% Khmu, 0/28 Bit, 0/29 Xinhmul), Vietic peoples from Vietnam and central Laos (8/76 = 10.5% Kinh from Hanoi, Vietnam, 2/28 = 7.1% Bo, 4/70 = 5.7% Vietnamese, 0/12 Muong, 0/15 Kinh, 0/38 Aheu), Palaungic peoples from northwestern Laos and southwestern Yunnan (2/35 = 5.7% Lamet, 0/29 Ava, 0/52 Blang), and Pakanic peoples from southeastern Yunnan and northwestern Guangxi (0/30 Palyu, 0/32 Bugan).(Cai 2010) (Karafet 2010) (He 2012)
Haplogroup O-M7 has been found with notable frequency in some samples of Austronesian populations from the central part of the Malay Archipelago (17/86 = 19.8% Indonesians from Borneo, 4/32 = 12.5% Malaysia, 7/61 = 11.5% Java (mostly sampled in Dieng)), but the frequency of this haplogroup appears to drop off very quickly toward the east (1/48 = 2.1% Philippines, 5/641 = 0.8% Balinese, 0/48 Taiwanese Aboriginals) and west (0/38 Batak Toba from Sumatra, 0/60 Nias, 0/74 Mentawai). (Karafet 2010) O-M7 has been found in 5.1% (3/59) of a sample of the Austronesian-speaking Cham people from Binh Thuan, Vietnam. (He 2012)
In the northern fringes of its distribution, O-M7 has been found in samples of Oroqen (2/31 = 6.5%), Tujia from Hunan (3/49 = 6.1%), Qiang (2/33 = 6.1%), and Han Chinese (3/165 = 1.8% Han Chinese, or 2/32 = 6.3% Han from Yili, Xinjiang, 4/66 = 6.1% Han from Huize, Yunnan, 2/35 = 5.7% Han from Meixian, Guangdong, 1/18 = 5.6% Han from Wuhan, Hubei, 6/148 = 4.1% Han from Changting, Fujian, 2/63 = 3.2% Han from Weicheng, Sichuan, 2/100 = 2.0% Han from Nanjing, Jiangsu, 1/55 = 1.8% Han from Shanghai).(Wen 2004) (Xue 2006) (Karafet 2010)
O-M134
O-M134*
Paragroup O-M134(xM117) has been found with very high frequency in some samples of Kim Mun people, a subgroup of the Yao people of southern China (16/32 = 50.0% Mountain Kimmun from southern Yunnan, 11/28 = 39.3% Blue Kimmun from western Guangxi). However, this paragroup has been detected in only 3/41 = 7.3% of a sample of Lowland Kimmun from eastern Guangxi (Cai et al. 2011) . This paragroup also has been found with high frequency in some Kazakh samples, especially the Naiman tribe (102/155 = 65.81%)(Dulik et al. 2011 and Lu et al. 2011 ) Dulik hypothesizes that O-M134 in Kazakhs was due to a later expansion due to its much more recent TMRCA time.
The general outline of the distribution of O-M134(xM117) among modern populations is different as that of the related clade O-M117. In particular, O-M134(xM117) occurs with only low frequency or is nonexistent among most Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, Northeast India, and Nepal, who exhibit extremely high frequencies of O-M117.[citation needed] This paragroup also occurs with very low frequency or is non-existent among most Mon-Khmer population of Laos, who exhibit much higher frequencies of O-M117 (Cai et al. 2011) . In Han Chinese, the paragroup is found in approximately the same percentage as O-M117, but has a higher distribution in northern Han Chinese than Southern Han Chinese (Yan et al. 2012) .
O-M117
Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries, especially among Tibeto-Burman-speaking peoples.
O-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%),Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Ewenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans from the PRC, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans from South Korea), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian, 3/39 = 7.7% Daur, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Urumqi) (Xue et al. 2006 , Gayden et al. 2007 , and Fornarino et al. 2009 ).
Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) (Cai et al. 2011 and Xue et al. 2006 ).
In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 was found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese of undescribed geographical origin (Xue et al. 2006) . However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup was found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan (Nonaka et al. 2007) .
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes (Reddy et al. 2007) .
O-M300
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O-M333
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Phylogenetics
Phylogenetic History
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |
Original Research Publications
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Phylogenetic Trees
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.
- O-M122 (M122, P198)
- O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
- O-M121 (M121, P27.2)
- O-M164 (M164)
- O-P201 (P201/021354)
- O-002611 (002611)
- O-M300 (M300)
- O-M333 (M333)
- O-P93 (M324, P93, P197, P198, P199, P200)
See also
Genetics
Y-DNA O Subclades
Y-DNA Backbone Tree
References
Citations
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*H6 (=O-M122(xO-M7, O-M134)) in 18/73=24.7% *H8 (=O-M134) in 2/73=2.7% for a total of 20/73=27.4% O-M122 in a pool of seven samples from Micronesia. *13/40=32.5% O-M122(xM7, M134) in a pool of three samples from Polynesia. *9/27=33.3% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) *6/27=22.2% H8 (=O-M134) for a total of 15/27=55.6% O-M122 in "Malay" sample *2/19=10.5% H6 (=O-M122(xM7, M134)) in "Kota Kinabalu" sample.
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- Websites
- Genographic Project, R. Spencer; Wells. "The Genographic Project - Atlas of the Human Journey". Archived from the original on 2011-02-05.
- Krahn; FTDNA (2003). "Genomic Research Center Draft Tree (AKA Y-TRee)". Archived from the original on 2015-08-15.
Further reading
- Park, Myung Jin; Lee, Hwan Young; Yang, Woo Ick; Shin, Kyoung-Jin (2012). "Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea—relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 126 (4): 589–99. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9. PMID 22569803.
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup O-M122, from The Genographic Project, National Geographic
- China DNA interest group at Facebook
- China DNA Project Website at Family Tree DNA