Human penis size
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Human penises vary in size on a number of measures, including length and circumference when flaccid and erect. Besides the natural variability of human penises in general, there are factors that lead to minor variations in a particular male, such as the level of arousal, time of day, room temperature, and frequency of sexual activity. Compared to other primates, including large examples such as the gorilla, the human penis is thickest, both in absolute terms and relative to the rest of the body.
Measurements vary, with studies that rely on self-measurement reporting a significantly higher average than those with a health professional measuring. As of 2015[update], a systematic review of 15,521 men, and the best research to date on the topic, as the subjects were measured by health professionals, rather than self-measured, has concluded that the average length of an erect human penis is 13.12 cm (5.17 inches) long, while the average circumference of an erect human penis is 11.66 cm (4.59 inches).[1] Flaccid penis length can sometimes be a poor predictor of erect length.
Most human penis growth occurs between infancy and the age of five, and between about one year after the onset of puberty and, at latest, approximately 17 years of age.[2]
A statistically significant correlation between penis size and the size of other body parts has not been found in research. Some environmental factors in addition to genetics, such as the presence of endocrine disruptors, can affect penis growth. An adult penis with an erect length of less than 7 cm (2.8 in), but otherwise formed normally, is referred to in medicine as a micropenis.
Studies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Human_penis_sizes_length_only.svg/220px-Human_penis_sizes_length_only.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Human_penis_sizes_girth_only.svg/220px-Human_penis_sizes_girth_only.svg.png)
While results vary slightly across reputable studies, the consensus is that the mean human penis, when erect, is in the range 12.9–15 cm (5.1–5.9 in) in length.[3][4][5]
A 2015 systematic review published by Veale et al. of medical research on the topic over the previous 30 years published in BJU International showed similar results, giving mean flaccid, stretched non-erect, and erect lengths of 9.16 cm, 13.24 cm, and 13.12 cm respectively, and mean flaccid and erect circumferences of 9.31 cm and 11.66 cm respectively. Erect lengths in the included studies were measured by pushing the pre-pubic fat pad to the bone, and flaccid or erect girth (circumference) was measured at the base or mid-shaft of the penis.[1]
Length
Flaccid
One study found the mean flaccid penis length to be 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) (measured by staff).[3] A review of several studies found average flaccid length to be 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in).[6] Length of the flaccid penis does not necessarily correspond to length of the erect penis; some smaller flaccid penises grow much longer, while some larger flaccid penises grow comparatively less.[7]
The penis and scrotum can contract involuntarily in reaction to cold temperatures or nervousness, referred to by the slang term "shrinkage", due to action by the cremaster muscle. The same phenomenon affects cyclists and exercise bike users, with prolonged pressure on the perineum from the bicycle saddle and the straining of the exercise causing the penis and scrotum to contract involuntarily. An incorrect saddle may ultimately cause erectile dysfunction (see crotch pressure for more information).
Stretched
Neither age nor size of the flaccid penis accurately predicted erectile length. Stretched length has correlated with erect length in some cases.[3] However, studies have also shown drastic differences between stretched and erect length.[8]
- The 2015 study of 15,521 men, found that the average length of a stretched flaccid penis was 13.24 cm (5.21 inches) long, which is near identical to the average length of an erect human penis which is 13.12 cm (5.17 inches) long.[9]
- An 2001 study of about 3,300 men published in European Urology concluded that flaccid stretched length was measured on average to about 12.5 cm (4.9 in). In addition, they checked for correlations in a random subset of the sample consisting of 325 men. They found a few statistically significant Spearman's correlations: between flaccid length and height of 0.208, −0.140 with weight, and −0.238 with BMI, flaccid circumference and height 0.156, stretched length and height 0.221, weight −0.136, BMI −0.169. They also reported a few non-significant correlations.[10]
Erect
Scientific studies have been performed on the erect length of the adult penis. Studies that have relied on self-measurement, including those from Internet surveys, consistently reported a higher average length than those that used medical or scientific methods to obtain measurements.[5][11]
The following staff-measured studies are composed of different subgroups of the human population (in other words, specific age range or race; selection of those with sexual medical concerns or self-selection) that could cause a sample bias.[11][12]
- In a study of 80 healthy males published in the September 1996 Journal of Urology an average erect penis length of 12.9 cm (5.1 in) was measured.[3] The purpose of the study was to "provide guidelines of penile length and circumference to assist in counseling patients considering penile augmentation." Erection was pharmacologically induced in 80 physically normal American men (varying ethnicity, average age 54). It was concluded: "Neither patient age nor size of the flaccid penis accurately predicted erectile length."
- A study published in the December 2000 International Journal of Impotence Research found that average erect penis length in 50 Jewish Caucasian males was 13.6 cm (5.4 in) (measured by staff).[4] The study intended "to identify clinical and engineering parameters of the flaccid penis for prediction of penile size during erection."[4] Erection was pharmacologically induced in 50 Jewish Caucasian patients who had been evaluated for erectile dysfunction (ED) (average age 47±14y). Patients with penis abnormalities or whose ED could be attributed to more than one psychological origin were omitted from the study.
- A review published in the 2007 issue of BJU International showed the average erect penis length to be 14–16 cm (5.5–6.3 in) and girth to be 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in). The paper compared results of twelve studies conducted on different populations in several countries. Various methods of measurements were included in the review.[6]
- An Indian study of 500 men ages 18 to 60 published in the International Journal of Impotence Research found flaccid, stretched and erect length to be 8.21 cm (3.23 in), 10.88 cm (4.28 in) and 13.01 cm (5.12 in), respectively.[8]
- A Korean study (published in 1971) of 702 men ages 21 to 31 identified the average erect penile length to be 12.70 cm (5.00 in).[13] Another study (from 1998) of 150 Koreans found the average erect penile length to be 13.42 cm (5.28 in).[14] A third study (published in 1999) of 279 Korean males found the average erect penile length to be 12.66 cm (4.98 in).[15] The most recent study (published in 2016) of 248 Korean men identified the average erect penile length to be 13.53 cm (5.33 in).[16]
Erect circumference
Similar results exist regarding studies of the circumference of the adult fully erect penis, with the measurement usually taken mid-shaft.[6] As with length, studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a significantly higher average than those with staff measuring. In a study of penis size where measurements were taken in a laboratory setting, the average penis circumference when erect was 11.66 cm (4.59 inches).[1]
Size at birth
The average stretched penile length at birth is about 4 cm (1.6 in), and 90% of newborn boys will be between 2.4 and 5.5 cm (0.94 and 2.17 in). Limited growth of the penis occurs between birth and 5 years of age, but very little occurs between 5 years and the onset of puberty. The average size at the beginning of puberty is 6 cm (2.4 in) with adult size reached about 5 years later. W.A. Schonfeld published a penis growth curve in 1943.[17]
Size with ageing
Authors of a paper reviewing research on area of penis sizes conclude that "flaccid penile length is just under 4 cm (1.6 in) at birth and changes very little until puberty, when there is marked growth."[2][6]
Age is not believed to negatively correlate with penis size. "Individual research studies have... suggested that penis size is smaller in studies focusing on older men, but Wylie and Eardley found no overall differences when they collated the results of various studies [over a 60 year period]."[6]
Size and height
A 2015 review of the literature found two studies finding height and stretched or flaccid length to be moderately correlated, seven studies finding weak correlation for flaccid, stretched, or erect length, and two studies that found no correlation between flaccid length and height.[1]
Size and hands
One study investigated the relationship with digit ratio and found that men with longer ring fingers than index fingers had slightly longer penises.[18][19] However, the common misconception that hand size predicts penis size has been widely discredited.[20][21]
Size and other body parts
A statistically significant correlation between penis size and the size of other body parts has not been found in research. One study, Siminoski and Bain (1988), found a weak correlation between the size of the stretched penis and foot size and height; however, it was too weak to be used as a practical estimator.[22] Another investigation, Shah and Christopher (2002), which cited Siminoski and Bain (1988), failed to find any evidence for a link between shoe size and stretched penis size, stating "the supposed association of penile length and shoe size has no scientific basis".[23][24]
There may be a link between the malformation of the genitalia and the human limbs. The development of the penis in an embryo is controlled by some of the same Hox genes (in particular HOXA13 and HOXD13)[25] as those that control the development of the limbs. Mutations of some Hox genes that control the growth of limbs cause malformed genitalia (hand-foot-genital syndrome).[26]
Size and race
The belief that penis size varies according to race is not supported by scientific evidence.[6][27] A 2005 study reported that "there is no scientific background to support the alleged 'oversized' penis in black people".[28]
A study of 253 men from Tanzania found that the average stretched flaccid penis length of Tanzanian males is 11 cm (4.53 inches) long, smaller than the worldwide average, stretched flaccid penis length of 13.24 cm (5.21 inches), and average erect penis length of 13.12 cm (5.17 inches).[29]
A recent 2016 study of 248 Korean men identified the average erect penile length to be 13.53 cm (5.33 in).[16] A study of 115 men from Nigeria found that the average flaccid stretched penis length of Nigerian males is 13.37 cm (5.26 inches) long, which is near identical to the worldwide average, stretched flaccid penis length of 13.24 cm (5.21 inches) and average erect penis length of 13.12 cm (5.17 inches).[30] A 2015 systematic review of 15,521 men found "no indications of differences in racial variability", and stated that it was not possible to draw any conclusions about size and race from the available literature and that further research needed to be conducted.[1]
According to Aaron Spitz, a urologist, many websites and studies promoting variation of penis size between races use unscientific methods of collecting information and often ignore contradictory evidence. He concludes that "when you really take a good look at the naked data, there’s not a whole lot there [showing racial variation in penis size]."[31]
Size preferences among sexual partners
In a small study conducted by University of Texas–Pan American and published in BMC Women's Health, 50 undergraduate women were surveyed by two popular male athletes on campus about their perceptions of sexual satisfaction and it was concluded that the width of a penis feels better than the length of a penis, when subjects are asked to choose between the two (size was left unspecified). It was also concluded that this may show that penis size overall affects sexual satisfaction since women chose between the two options they were given.[32]
In a cover story by Psychology Today,[33][34] 1,500 readers (about two-thirds women) were surveyed about male body image. Many of the women were not particularly concerned with penis size, and over 71% thought men overemphasized the importance of penis size and shape. Generally, the women polled cared more about width than men thought, and less about length than men thought, although the strength of caring for either among women showed a similar pattern.
Another study, conducted at Groningen University Hospital, asked 375 sexually active women (who had recently given birth) the importance of penis size the results of which showed that 21% of women felt length was important and 32% felt that girth was important.[35]
A study conducted at the Australian National University, published in early 2013, showed that penis size influences a man's sex appeal, and the taller the man, the bigger the effect.[36] The study showed 3D computer generated images at life-size, altering the height and other physical attributes, with women typically registering preferences in under 3 seconds. A preference for taller men's larger penis size was notable.
A U.S. study published in 2015 of the stated preferences of a panel of 75 women using 3D-printed models as scale references showed a preferred penis length of 16 cm and a preferred circumference of 12.2 cm for long-term sexual partners, with slightly larger preferred sizes of a length of 16.3 cm and circumference of 12.7 cm for one-time sexual encounters.[37]
Condom use
One Australian study of 184 men looked at penis length and circumference in relationship to condom breakage or slippage. 3,658 condoms were used. The study found that when used correctly, condoms had a breakage rate of 1.34% and a slippage rate of 2.05%, for a total failure rate of 3.39%. Penile dimensions did not influence slippage, although penis circumference and broken condoms were strongly correlated, with larger sizes increasing the rate of breakage.[38]
Biochemistry
Androgens like testosterone are responsible for penis enlargement and elongation during puberty.[39] Penis size is positively correlated with increasing testosterone levels during puberty.[40] But after puberty, administration of testosterone does not affect penis size, and androgen deficiency in adult men only results in a small decrease in size.[40] Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are also involved in penis size, with deficiency (such as that observed in growth hormone deficiency or Laron syndrome) at critical developmental stages having the potential to result in micropenis.[41]
Variance
Genetics
There are certain genes, like homeobox (Hox a and d) genes, which may have a role in regulating penis size. In humans, the AR gene, located on the X chromosome at Xq11-12, may affect penis size. The SRY gene located on the Y chromosome may have a role to play. Variance in size can often be attributed to de novo mutations. Deficiency of pituitary growth hormone or gonadotropins or mild degrees of androgen insensitivity can cause small penis size in males and can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood.
Conditions
An adult penis with an erect length of less than 7 cm or 2.76 inches but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the micropenis condition.[42] The condition affects 0.6% of men.[7] Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary growth hormone or gonadotropins, mild degrees of androgen insensitivity, a variety of genetic syndromes and variations in certain homeobox genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood. Operations are also available to increase penis size in cases of micropenis in adults.[43]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Micropenis_erect_with_ruler.jpg/220px-Micropenis_erect_with_ruler.jpg)
Environmental influence
It has been suggested that differences in penis size between individuals are caused not only by genetics, but also by environmental factors such as culture, diet and chemical or pollution exposure.[44][45][46][47] Endocrine disruption resulting from chemical exposure has been linked to genital deformation in both sexes (among many other problems). Chemicals from both synthetic (e.g., pesticides, anti-bacterial triclosan, plasticizers for plastics) and natural (e.g., chemicals found in tea tree oil and lavender oil)[48][49] sources have been linked to various degrees of endocrine disruption.
Both PCBs and the plasticizer DEHP have been associated with smaller penis size.[50] DEHP metabolites measured from the urine of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance and the incomplete descent of testicles of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals.[51] Approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levels similar to those in the study.[51]
A 2007 study by the University of Ankara, Faculty of Medicine found that penile size may decrease as a result of some hormonal therapy combined with external beam radiation therapy.[52] In addition, some estrogen-based fertility drugs like diethylstilbestrol (DES) have been linked to genital abnormalities or a smaller than normal penis (microphallus).[53]
A 2016 Korean study found that newborn male circumcision is associated with shorter penile length.[16]
Historical perceptions
Prehistory and early civilizations
Perceptions of penis size are culture-specific.[54] Some prehistoric sculptures and petroglyphs depict male figures with exaggerated erect penises.[55] Ancient Egyptian cultural and artistic conventions generally prevented large penises from being shown in art, as they were considered obscene,[56] but the scruffy, balding male figures in the Turin Erotic Papyrus are shown with exaggeratedly large genitals.[56][57] The Egyptian god Geb is sometimes shown with a massive erect penis and the god Min is almost always shown with an erection.[55]
Antiquity
The ancient Greeks believed that small penises were ideal.[54] Scholars believe that most ancient Greeks probably had roughly the same size penises as most other Europeans,[54] but Greek artistic portrayals of handsome youths show them with inordinately small, uncircumcised penises with disproportionately large foreskins,[54] indicating that these were seen as ideal.[54] Large penises in Greek art are reserved exclusively for comically grotesque figures,[54][55] such as satyrs, a class of hideous, horse-like woodland spirits, who are shown in Greek art with absurdly massive penises.[54] Actors portraying male characters in ancient Greek comedy wore enormous, fake, red penises, which dangled underneath their costumes;[59] these were intended as ridiculous and were meant to be laughed at.[59]
In Aristophanes's comedy The Clouds, "Mr. Good Reason" gives the character Pheidippides a description of the ideal youth: "A glistening chest and glowing skin,/Broad shoulders, a small tongue,/A mighty bottom and a tiny prong."[60] In Greek mythology, Priapus, the god of fertility, had an impossibly large penis that was always permanently erect.[61][55] Priapus was widely seen as hideous and unattractive.[61] A scholion on Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica states that, when Priapus's mother Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, gave birth to him, she was so horrified by the size of his penis, his massive potbelly, and his huge tongue that she abandoned him to die in the wilderness.[61] A herdsman found him and raised him as his son,[61] later discovering that Priapus could use his massive penis to aid in the growth of plants.[61]
Nonetheless, there are indications that the Greeks had an open mind about large penises.[55] A statue of the god Hermes with an exaggerated penis stood outside the main gate of Athens[55] and in Alexandria in 275 BC, a procession in honor of Dionysus hauled a 180-foot phallus through the city and people venerated it by singing hymns and reciting poems.[55] The Romans, in contrast to the Greeks, seem to have admired large penises[55][58] and large numbers of large phalli have been recovered from the ruins of Pompeii.[55] Depictions of Priapus were very popular in Roman erotic art and literature.[55][58] Over eighty obscene poems dedicated to him have survived.[55]
Penis size is alluded to in the Bible:[55]
18When she carried on her whoring so openly and flaunted her nakedness, I turned in disgust from her, as I had turned in disgust from her sister.19Yet she increased her whoring, remembering the days of her youth, when she played the whore in the land of Egypt20and lusted after her lovers there, whose members were like those of donkeys, and whose issue was like that of horses. Ezekiel 23:18–20, English Standard Version.
Ancient Chinese legend holds that a man named Lao Ai had the largest penis in history and that he had an affair with Queen Dowager Zhao (c. 280–228 BC), the mother of Qin Shi Huang, by pretending to be a eunuch.[55] Ancient Koreans admired large penises and King Jijeung (437–514 AD) of the Silla Dynasty is said to have had a forty-five-centimeter penis that was so large his subordinates had to search for a woman that fit him.[55] Traditional Japanese erotic paintings usually show genitals as exaggeratedly large.[55] The oldest known painting of this type, found in the Hōryū-ji Temple in Ikaruga, dates to the eighth century AD and depicts a fairly large penis.[55]
The ancient Indian sexual treatise Kama Sutra, originally written in Sanskrit, probably between the second and fourth centuries AD, divides men into three classes based on penis size: "hare" size (5–7 cm when erect), "bull" size (10–15 cm), and "horse" size (18–20 cm).[55] The treatise also divides women's vaginas into three sizes ("deer", "mare", and "elephant")[55] and advises that a man match the size of the vagina of the woman he is having sex with to the size of his own penis.[55] It also gives medically dubious advice on how to enlarge one's penis using wasp stings.[55]
Middle Ages and Renaissance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Angelo_Bronzino_055.jpg/220px-Angelo_Bronzino_055.jpg)
In medieval Arabic literature, a longer penis was preferred, as described in an Arabian Nights tale called "Ali with the Large Member". As a witty satire of this fantasy, the 9th-century Afro-Arab author Al-Jahiz wrote: "If the length of the penis were a sign of honor, then the mule would belong to the Quraysh" (the tribe to which Muhammad belonged and from which he descended).[62][55]
The medieval Norsemen considered the size of a man's penis as the measure of his manliness,[63] and a thirteenth-century Norse magic talisman from Bergen, a wooden stave inscribed with writing in runic script, promises its wearer: "You will fuck Rannveig the Red. It will be bigger than a man's prick and smaller than a horse's prick."[63] A late fourteenth century account of the life of Saint Óláfr from the Flateyjarbók describes a pagan ritual, which centered around a preserved horse's penis used as a cult artifact,[63] which members of the cult would pass around in a circle,[63] making up verses in praise of it,[63] encouraging it and the other members of the group to behave in sexually suggestive ways.[63]
During the Renaissance, some men in Europe began to wear codpieces, which accentuated their genitals.[55] There is no direct evidence that it was necessarily worn to enhance the apparent size of the wearer's penis,[55] but larger codpieces were seen as more fashionable.[55]
Contemporary perceptions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Penis_Enlargement_Sign_in_Johannesburg.jpg/220px-Penis_Enlargement_Sign_in_Johannesburg.jpg)
Male self-perception
Males may quite easily underestimate the size of their own penis relative to those of others. A survey by sexologists showed that many men who believed that their penis was of inadequate size had average-sized penises.[64] Another study found sex education of standard penile measurements to be helpful and relieving for patients concerned about small penis size, most of whom had incorrect beliefs of what is considered medically normal.[65] The perception of having a large penis is often linked to higher self-esteem.[66] Fears of shrinking of the penis in folklore have led to a type of mass hysteria called penis panic, though the penis legitimately can shrink in size due to scar tissue formation in the penis from a medical condition called Peyronie's disease.[67][68] Marketers of penis enlargement products exploit fears of inadequacy, but there is no consensus in the scientific community of any non-surgical technique that permanently increases either the thickness or length of the erect penis that already falls into the normal range.
Shrinking and enlarging
Widespread private concerns related to penis size have led to a number of folklore sayings and popular culture reflections related to penis size. Penis panic is a form of mass hysteria involving the believed removal or shrinking of the penis, known as genital retraction syndrome. The penis can significantly shrink due to scar tissue formation from a condition called Peyronie's disease which affects up to 10% of men.[69] Products such as penis pumps, pills, and other dubious means of penis enlargement are some of the most marketed products in email spam. At present there is no consensus in the scientific community of any non-surgical technique that permanently increases either the thickness or length of the erect penis that already falls into the normal range (4.5" to 7").[70]
Among male homosexuals
A study undertaken at Utrecht University found that the majority of homosexual men in the study regarded a large penis as ideal, and having one was linked to self-esteem.[71] One study analysing the self-reported Kinsey data set found that the average penis of a homosexual man was larger than the average penis of their heterosexual counterparts (6.32 inches [16.05 cm] in length amongst gay men versus 5.99 in [15.21 cm] in heterosexuals, and 4.95 inches [12.57 cm] circumference amongst gay men versus 4.80 in [12.19 cm] in heterosexual men).[72][73]
Evolution
The human penis is thicker than that of any other primate, both in absolute terms and relative to the rest of the body.[74] Early research, based on inaccurate measurements, concluded that the human penis was also longer. In fact, the penis of the common chimpanzee is no shorter than in humans, averaging 14.4 cm (5.7 inches), and some other primates have comparable penis sizes relative to their body weight.[75]
The evolutionary reasons for the increased thickness have not been established.[76] One explanation is that thicker penises are an adaptation to a corresponding increase in vaginal size. The vaginal canal is believed to have expanded in humans to accommodate the larger size of a newborn's skull. Women may then have sexually selected men with penises large enough to fit their vagina, to provide sexual stimulation and ensure ejaculation.[76]
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Digit ratio
- Human vaginal size
- Jonah Falcon
- Penis enlargement
- Penis envy
- Phalloplasty
- Sexual selection in human evolution
- The Third Chimpanzee
- Why Is Sex Fun?
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Veale, David; Miles, Sarah; Bramley, Sally; Muir, Gordon; Hodsoll, John (2015). "Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men". BJU International. 115 (6): 978–986. doi:10.1111/bju.13010. PMID 25487360.
- ^ a b Stang, Jamie; Story, Mary (2005). "Ch. 1. Adolescent Growth and Development" (PDF). In Stang J, Story M (ed.). Guidelines for Adolescent Nutrition Services. University of Minnesota. p. 3. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d Wessells, Hunter; Lue, Tom F; McAninch, Jack W (1996). "Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation". The Journal of Urology. 156 (3): 995–7. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9. PMID 8709382.
- ^ a b c Chen, J; Gefen, A; Greenstein, A; Matzkin, H; Elad, D (2001). "Predicting penile size during erection". International Journal of Impotence Research. 12 (6): 328–33. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627. PMID 11416836.
- ^ a b "ANSELL RESEARCH – The Penis Size Survey". Ansell. March 2001. Retrieved 13 July 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f Wylie, Kevan R; Eardley, Ian (2007). "Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome'". BJU International. 99 (6): 1449–55. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06806.x. PMID 17355371.
- ^ a b "Penis Size FAQ & Bibliography". Kinsey Institute. 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
- ^ a b Promodu, K; Shanmughadas, K V; Bhat, S; Nair, K R (2007). "Penile length and circumference: An Indian study". International Journal of Impotence Research. 19 (6): 558–563. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901569. PMID 17568760.
- ^ "Is Your Penis Normal? There's a Chart for That - RealClearScience". realclearscience.com.
- ^ Ponchietti, Roberto; Mondaini, Nicola; BonafÈ, Massimiliano; Di Loro, Filippo; Biscioni, Stefano; Masieri, Lorenzo (2001). "Penile Length and Circumference: A Study on 3,300 Young Italian Males". European Urology. 39 (2): 183–6. doi:10.1159/000052434. PMID 11223678.
- ^ a b Aitken, Paul. "What's Average?". altpenis.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
- ^ Biased sample. Center for Program Evaluation and Performance Management, Bureau of Justice Assistance. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via BJA.gov.
A sample that is not representative of the population to which generalizations are to be made. For example, a group of band students would not be representative of all students at the middle school, and thus would constitute a biased sample if the intent was to generalize to all middle school students.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ "A Study on the Penile Size of Korea men". 12 (4). Chung, KM. December 1971: 401–404. Retrieved 9 April 2019 – via kmbase.medric.or.kr.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Yoon, JS; Lee, GH; Chang, DS (November 1998). "The Relationship between Height and Body Weight and Penile Size in University Students". Korean J Urol. pp. 1061–1064. Retrieved 9 April 2019 – via KoMCI.org.
- ^ Choi, SU; Park, SH; Lee, BS; Han, JH (1999). "Erect penile size of Korean men". Venereology. 12 (4): 135. Retrieved 26 July 2018 – via informit.com.au.
- ^ a b c Park, Jong Kwan; Doo, A. Ram; Kim, Joo Heung; Park, Hyung Sub; Do, Jung Mo; Choi, Hwang; Park, Seung Chol; Kim, Myung Ki; Jeong, Young Beom; Kim, Hyung Jim; Kim, Young Gon; Shin, Yu Seob (2016). "Prospective investigation of penile length with newborn male circumcision and second to fourth digit ratio". Can Urol Assoc J. 10 (9–10): E296–E299. doi:10.5489/cuaj.3590. PMC 5028213. PMID 27695583.
- ^ Schonfeld, William A (1943). "Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics". American Journal of Diseases of Children. 65 (4): 535. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010160019003.
- ^ "The secrets of the male hand". cnn.com.
- ^ Choi, In Ho; Kim, Khae Hawn; Jung, Han; Yoon, Sang Jin; Kim, Soo Woong; Kim, Tae Beom (September 2011). "Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult penile length". Asian J Androl. 3 (5): 710–714. doi:10.1038/aja.2011.75. PMC 3739592. PMID 21725330.
- ^ Christensen, Jen. "Trump: Do small hands equal small penis, or a myth?". CNN.
- ^ II, Thomas H. Maugh (4 July 2011). "Judging penis size by comparing index, ring fingers". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Siminoski, Kerry; Bain, Jerald (1988). "The relationships among height, penile length, and foot size". Annals of Sex Research. 6 (3): 231–235. doi:10.1007/BF00849563.
- ^ Shah, J; Christopher, N (2002). "Can shoe size predict penile length?". BJU International. 90 (6): 586–587. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02974.x. PMID 12230622.
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External links
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