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Croatia–Russia relations

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Croatia–Russia relations
Map indicating locations of Croatia and Russia

Croatia
Russia
Diplomatic mission
Croatian embassy in MoscowRussian embassy in Zagreb
Envoy
Tomislav Car[1][2] (since January 2019)Anvar Azimov (since June 2015)

Croatia–Russia relations (Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-hr) refer to bilateral foreign relations between Croatia and Russia. The countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1992. Croatia has an embassy in Moscow and honorary consulates in Kaliningrad, Novosibirsk, and Sochi.[3] Russia has an embassy in Zagreb and honorary consulates in Pula and Split. While geographically not close, Croatia and Russia are both Slavic countries and thus share cultural heritage. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Croatia is a popular tourist destination with Russian travelers in spite of a drastic drop in the numbers after 2014 following the Ukrainian crisis that caused political tension between Russia and the EU, to which Croatia had acceded in 2013.[4] At the end of 2016, Russian experts were cited as judging Russian–Croatian relations to be "cold".[5]

Background

See also: Russians of Croatia and Russia–Serbia relations § Inter-war period, Russian emigration

Cultural and personal ties between Russia and persons from the territory of modern Croatia date far back prior to Croatian independence in 1991, such as a trip to Moscow by Croatian Catholic missionary Juraj Križanić in 1659 who later was exiled to Tobolsk in Siberia where he spent 16 years writing manuscripts that promoted Pan-Slavism.

Against the backdrop of the Illyrian movement, a pan-South-Slavist movement, regarded in Croatian historiography as part of the Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod), some prominent Croats in the 19th century (the lands of modern Croatia then being largely part of the Austrian Empire, later Austria-Hungary) sought to develop a stronger relationship with Russia because "they saw in Imperial Russia a world power and brotherly Slavic nation from which they had hoped to gain help during the Croatian National Revival."[6]

Croatian nationalist Eugen Kvaternik, who was one of the two founders of the Croatian nationalist Party of Rights, traveled to Russia at the end of 1850s in a bid to enlist help for the cause of the Croatian independence from the Austrian empire, but didn't achieve much.[7] One of the notable figures of the Illyrian movement, Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski, maintained contacts with a number of Russian academics, slavists, university professors, his contact person with them being the Russian priest at the Russian Embassy in Vienna, Mihail Fjodorović Rajevski. He wrote to Russian scientist Alexander Stepanovich Popov in 1877: "You in Moscow know very well for how long South Slavs had been waiting for salvation. You also know that the eyes of the Slavs are fixed on you and that our hearts are full with you".[8]

While Russia's relations with Serbia, a country popularly viewed as a traditional ally of Russia,[9][10] deteriorated significantly following the Congress of Berlin (1878), her influence in the Croatian lands increased: the Party of Rights under Ante Starčević adopted a Russophile orientation, a tactic in their bid to achieve Croatian independence of the Habsburgs.[11] Such aspirations notwithstanding, the visit to Saint Petersburg of Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph and his conference with Nicholas II of Russia in 1897 heralded a secret agreement between the two empires to honour and seek to maintain the status quo in the Balkans.[11][12]

In 1915–1917, several formations of the Royal Croatian Home Guard within the Austro-Hungarian Army, as well as the Common Army′s (K.u.K.) regiments recruited from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (such as the 79th Infantry Regiment from Otočac), participated in the WWI campaigns fighting against the Imperial Russian Army in Galicia and Bukovina; they incurred heavy losses, especially during the first phase of the Russian offensive in June 1916.[13][14][15]

During the period between the world wars, in the 1920s–1930s, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which had incorporated the Croatian lands, hosted a sizable part of the White exiles who fled Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War. Along with Serbia, Croatia accepted thousands of mainly indigent[16] Russian refugees led by General Pyotr Wrangel and Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky. Until his death in 1936, Metropolitan Anthony was regarded as a leader of all the Russian refugees in Yugoslavia,[17] a country whose staunchly anti-Soviet, anti-Communist monarchist regime refused to establish diplomatic relations with the USSR until June 1940. Zagreb and some other Croatian cities had numerous military, religious, educational and professional Russian establishments, all of which were closed down in May 1945, after the imposition of the Communist regime in Croatia. Most of those few Russians who had failed to leave for the West, were subjected to reprisals and prosecution, or forced to leave for the USSR.[18][19]

During the German-Soviet War (June 1941–May 1945), the 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (a unit of Germany′s 100th Jäger Division of the German Army, under Croatian officers Viktor Pavičić and later Marko Mesić) distinguished itself in the Battle of Stalingrad, but surrendered along with the German 6th Army in early February 1943. At the end of the war in Europe, units of the Red Army′s 3rd Ukrainian Front fought in some Croat-populated territories, then mostly outside the borders of the pro-Germany Independent State of Croatia (the NDH). The USSR had otherwise actively supported Tito's Yugoslav Partisans — against Germany, the NDH, and allies thereof, as well as Chetniks — since 22 June 1941 when Germany attacked the Soviet Union. In November 1944, during the Battle of Batina (now in Croatia), 1,237 men of the Red Army were killed fighting against the combined Axis forces. On the other hand, the 1st Cossack Cavalry Division and the 2nd Cossack Cavalry Division merged into the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps in February 1945 under German command and manned mainly by Cossacks from the USSR, from 1943 conducted successful tactical operations in Croatia against both Communist partisans and — from late 1944 — the Red Army.[20][21][22] The fighting between the Cossack forces under Helmuth von Pannwitz and the Red Army in northern Slavonia in December 1944 is viewed by Russian historians as last battles of the Russian Civil War.[22] Also fighting on the territory of the NDH from October 1944 — against the Communist partisans and the Soviet troops — were the retreating units of the Russian Protective Corps, whose commander, Russian general Boris Shteifon, died in Zagreb on 30 April 1945.

In November 1945, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed, Croatia being one of its constituent republics. The USSR maintained a consulate general in Zagreb.

Social scientists concur that for most people in Croatia, a constituent republic of Yugoslavia until 1991 where the equality of ethnic Serbs and Croats, as constituent nations, was formally recognized in every aspect,[23] the dominant political narrative that tends to determine voting at elections, perpetuates their respective families′ political affiliation during WWII: either with Tito's Communist partisans, or supporters of the Nazi-backed Ustasha regime of the NDH, a schism in Croatia's society that has grown even wider since the consensus-based political goal of acceding to the EU was accomplished in 2013.[24] A number of prominent Croats in Socialist Yugoslavia had close ties with the USSR and these people's influence in the government of independent Croatia that emerged in 1991 continued thereafter.[25][26]

History

1990s

See also: Croatian War of Independence
Croatian President Stjepan Mesić and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Moscow in 2002
Croatian President Ivo Josipović and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev in Moscow in 2010

According to the allegations in the Croatian press, in violation of the UN arms embargo imposed on the former Yugoslavia, during the Croatian War of Independence, significant amounts of arms were delivered from Russia to Croatia. Russian president Boris Yeltsin allegedly approved shipments of weapons by 150 airplanes, which took off from a military base 200 kilometers east of Moscow in the period from 1992 to 1997. There were 150 to 160 flights that transported hundreds of tons of weaponry per year.[27][28] In 2016, Croatian daily Večernji List published an article in which Marin Tomulić, representative of the Croatian Government's Office for the Protection of the Constitutional Order in negotiations on weaponry, stated that he received a catalog of all types of ″Russian″ weapons from the French Government.[29] In 2017, Večernji List published an article in which businessmen Zvonko Zubak, owner of a company that was Croatia's main weapons supplier during the war, claimed that Russian Ambassador to Croatia Anvar Azimov had summoned him to the Russian Embassy asking for an "inventory of all arms that arrived to Croatia via Russia between 1992 and 1997"; the article cited Azimov as allegedly stating that Croatia "should be reminded of who was arming and rescuing it during the embargo". The inventory, that Večernji List has seen, cites 16.000 tonnes of various Russian weapons, including two MiG 21 jets, few squadrons of transport and assault helicopters, including Mil Mi-24, and anti-aircraft systems, including the S-300 missile system.[30][31] In April 2017, former Croatian president Ivo Josipović said that "during the war, Russia helped Croatia, not only with weaponry, but also politically".[32] In April 2017, Russian Foreign Ministry officials rejected such allegations as false.[33][34][35]

On 4 November 1996, Russian President Yeltsin awarded Croatian President Franjo Tuđman with Medal of Zhukov.[36]

During the 1990s, major fortunes were made in Russia by some Croatian nationals such as Danko Končar, who attributed his business success in Russia, among other things, to his "normal human contact" with the FSB, Russia's successor agency to the USSR's KGB.[37][38]

2000s—2010s

In the 2000s and early 2010s, consecutive presidents of Croatia, Stjepan Mesić and Ivo Josipović, made multiple official and working visits to Russia.[39][40]

According to former Croatian ambassador to Russia Božo Kovačević, Russia's leadership stopped taking the Croatian government seriously by the end of the 2000s, as they had realised that successive governments of Croatia had been consciously deceiving their Russian counterparts when pledging cooperation on the Druzhba Adria pipeline project, whose eventual rejection by the Croatian side Kovačević puts down primarily to pressure on the part of the U.S.[41] Instead, in order to create a powerful instrument of influence and secure Russian capture of Croatia′s political establishment, Russia embarked on its tried-and-tested strategy of weakening the market position of a national oil and gas company, namely INA d.d., whose dominant role in the Croatian gas market had by 2017 been assumed by the Prvo Plinarsko Društvo (PPD) gas trading company, a proxy for importing Gazprom’s gas.[42][43][44] Among other things, through its loans PPD financed the 2014–15 presidential election campaign of Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, who went on to win the election.[44][45] In the opinion of Denis Kuljiš, Russia had always sought to exercise control over Croatia′s president as it was understood that Croatia′s government "must take orders from Brussels".[46]

Croatia football players pose with presidents, Vladimir Putin and Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, following the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final, which Croatia lost to France 4-2, the Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow.[47]

At the beginning of 2016, Russian ambassador to Croatia Anvar Azimov complained publicly that none of the ten Croatian ministers invited by him to attend various events in Russia had visited Russia.[48] At the end of 2016, Russian experts were cited as assessing Russian–Croatian relations as "cold".[5]

In September 2016, Jutarnji list reported that Croatia had expelled one Russian diplomat suspected of spying. An unnamed source, described as "a former Croatian diplomat who was well familiar with the situation in Russia", stated that he knew for a fact that "the Russians were very hurt" and that they responded by expelling one Croatian diplomat.[49] An article published in the Foreign Affairs magazine in July 2017 referred to Andrej Plenković′s government as "currently the West’s strongest ally against Russian expansion in the Balkans."[50][51]

The visit to Russia by Croatia's president Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović in October 2017 was seen by Russian commentators as a sign of tentative warming of relations that had been ″semi-frozen″ on the official level since 2009.[52] President Grabar-Kitarović stressed the prospects of economic cooperation between the countries.[53]

On 26 March 2018, Croatia expelled one Russian diplomat as a show of solidarity with the United Kingdom which accused Russia of poisoning Sergei and Yulia Skripal. In retaliation, Russia on 30 March banned the chief of staff of the Croatian foreign minister Marija Pejčinović Burić — Rina Eterović Goreta, who had from 2015 until 2017 been Croatia's chargé d'affaires in Moscow, — from entering its territory in an official capacity. Russia's choice of person was judged to be a surprise by experts.[54][55][56] According to mass media reports, some Croat businesspeople and politicians, namely Milijan Brkić, during the 2018 Bosnian general election campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina were closely coordinating their activities with Russia′s security and intelligence officials, specifically Nikolai Patrushev, Secretary of the Security Council of Russia and previously Director of the Russian Federal Security Service[57][58] (in the opinion of the former Minister of the Interior of Croatia, Vlaho Orepić, published in the autumn of 2019, Milijan Brkić, while not holding any position in the government, was the de facto coordinator of Croatia′s secret services;[59] Milijan Brkić was also widely viewed as the kingmaker in the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), one of the country′s two major political parties,[60] as well as head of the informal "para-intelligence" grouping within the HDZ that had sought to undermine the Plenković administration, the country′s judicial institutions, and individual state officials[61] and had infiltrated Croatia′s state institutions such as the Ministry of the Interior and the Military Security and Intelligence Agency[62]). Following the 2018 Bosnian election, at which the Bosnian Croat candidate and leader of the Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH) party, Dragan Čović, failed to get elected Croat Member of the BiH Presidency, Dragan Čović became a political ally of the Bosnian Serb leader and Member of the Presidency, Milorad Dodik, who is known to enjoy support of Russia′s leadership in his attempts to undermine the BiH statehood.[63]

According to Croatian political observer Boris Rašeta, Russia′s influence in Croatia had been steadily in the ascendant and, prior to Andrej Plenković′s chairmanship of the HDZ, the party′s leadership had enjoyed strong support in the Kremlin.[64] Special friendly relationship with Russia′s leadership fostered by Milan Bandić, the mayor of Zagreb (2005–2020), given multiple criminal investigations against him in Croatia, prompted Croatian press to speculate in the spring of 2020 that he was in a position to reckon on claiming political asylum in Russia to avoid subsequent extradition from his patrimonial BiH[65]

According to the statistics of the Croatian Ministry of the Interior published in early 2019, in the period from 2000 until 2017, sixty-six Russian nationals had been granted Croatian citizenship in the expedited procedure as provided for by Article 12 of the Law on Croatian Citizenship; some of these persons are believed to be members of Vladimir Putin′s inner circle of friends.[66][67][68]

On 1 April 2019, Russia's Sberbank announced it had formally acquired ownership of ″about 40 per cent of the net assets of Fortenova Group".[69][70] The latter was set up as part of the debt-for-equity swap deal agreed upon between the government-appointed extraordinary administration of the demised Agrokor, the biggest privately owned company in the Balkans founded by Ivica Todorić, and its creditors such as Sberbank and VTB Bank.[71][72] The deal was viewed by experts as having given Vladimir Putin ″indirect leverage on the Croatian economy and on the largest firm in the former Yugoslavia″,[73] Croatia’s Centre for Development Cooperation writing that "Russia ha[d] bought itself a NATO country".[74][75] Sberbank's pointman for Agrokor had been Maxim Poletaev, whose wife, Yelena, was granted Croatian citizenship in 2015.[76][77] Maxim Poletaev became chairman of Fortenova's board of directors.[72] By having PPD acquire 6,4 per cent of Fortenova Group in early 2020, Russian business achieved majority control of the company.[44]

Since 2020

Miroslav Škoro′s political movement (DPMŠ) that emerged at the end of 2010s and was hailed as Croatia′s Third Way party was reported to be financed by and have strong personal connections to, PPD and its owner, Pavao Vujnovac.[78][45][79] The DPMŠ-led coalition came in third in the Croatian parliamentary election held in July 2020.

Economic ties

According to Croatian National Bank's data, Russia has invested €390.5 million in Croatia between 1993 and 2016, while Croatia invested €101 million in Russia in the same period.[53]

Croatia exports mainly food, drugs, shaving products, flasks for metal foundry and telecommunications equipment, while Russia exports oil, oil and petroleum gases, accounting 90 percent of imports from Russia to Croatia, mineral and chemical fertilizers, aluminum wrought and boilers for steam production.[80] In 2008, according to Croatia's official statistics, trade between the countries totalled at 3.38bln US dollars.[40] Due to mutual sanctions between the European Union and Russia introduced in 2014, the trade between Russia and Croatia declined in 2015 for 40%. According to the Federal Customs Service of Russia, the trade turnover between Croatia and Russia amounted $1.23 billion with Russian exports decreasing by 35%, amounting $988.4 million, and Croatian exports amounting $238 million, decreasing by 43.7%.[81] In 2016, trade between two countries amounted c. $810 million.[82] In 2017, trade between two countries amounted $807 million, and in the first half of 2018 rose by 64%.[83]

In March 2017, more than a third of the debt incurred by Agrokor, Croatia's largest privately owned company that was put into state-run administration in April, was said to be held by Russia's two biggest banks, the state-owned Sberbank and VTB Bank. The Russian ambassador to Croatia Anvar Azimov's public threat to Agrokor in February 2017 was seen by Croatian and regional analysts as a sign that Agrokor's problems had a geopolitical dimension and were being instrumentalized by Russia to expand its influence and exert pressure.[84][85][86][87][88] At an extradition hearing in the London court on 7 November 2017, Agrokor's owner Ivica Todorić’s lawyer stated that the criminal case against his client was linked to “perceived Russian influence” and ″ar[ose] in part from the involvement of Russian banks and financing.”[89]

Tourism

In 2012, over 203.000 Russian citizens visited Croatia.[90] After Croatia joined the EU in 2013, it was forced to introduce visas for Russian, Ukrainian and Turkish nationals, which consequentially led to the decline in arrivals of Russian tourists. In 2016, according to the Russian statistics, the number totaled upward of 55.000 persons.[82]

Resident diplomatic missions

  • Croatia has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Zagreb.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ О встрече заместителя Министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации А.В.Грушко с Послом Республики Хорватии в России Т.Царом. mid.ru, 16 January 2019.
  2. ^ Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia / Russian Federation (The) official web site of the Foreign Ministry of Croatia.
  3. ^ Diplomatske misije i konzularni uredi RH u svijetu
  4. ^ "Dramatičan pad broja turista iz Rusije u Hrvatskoj".
  5. ^ a b Лавров отмахнулся от Балкан: Между Россией и Хорватией возник спор о российской угрозе на Балканах Gazeta.ru, 13 December 2016.
  6. ^ Otokar Keršovani, History of Croatia
  7. ^ Eugen Kvaternik: Gorke uspomene "Hervatska", 1870.
  8. ^ "Grada Za Povijest Hrvatsko-Ruskih Veza U Drugoj Polovini Xix Stoljeca" (PDF). Historiografija.hr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  9. ^ Vuk Vuksanovic. Serbs Are Not “Little Russians”. The American Interest, 26 July 2018.
  10. ^ «У России всего три союзника — армия, флот, сербы». EurAsia Daily, 27 August 2017.
  11. ^ a b Enciklopedija Jugoslavije 1968, p. 456.
  12. ^ "Русско-австрийское соглашение". www.hrono.info.
  13. ^ Nikola Tominac. «Brusilovljeva ofenziva i velika stradanja ličke 79. Pješačke pukovnije iz Otočca». // VP: Magazin za vojnu povijest, Vecernji list D.o.o, № 82, January 2018, pp. 15, 19.
  14. ^ Jevgenij Paščenko. «Hrvatski grobovi 1914-1918. Karpati, Galicija, Bukovina». Zagreb, 2016, pp. 44—46.
  15. ^ Nikola Tominac. «LIČANI U "VELIKOM RATU": Zimska bitka za Karpate, siječanj – travanj 1915».
  16. ^ ″Препродаја блага у београдској залагаоници: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // Politika, 6 December 2017, p. 13.
  17. ^ ″Политика митрополита Антонија: Из тајних архива УДБЕ: РУСКА ЕМИГРАЦИЈА У ЈУГОСЛАВИЈИ 1918–1941.″ // Politika, 16 January 2018, p. 21.
  18. ^ Škiljan, Filip (2014). Rusi u Hrvatskoj [Russians in Croatia] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Savez Rusa u Republici Hrvatskoj. ISBN 9789535832706. p. 25.
  19. ^ Puškadija-Ribkin, Tatjana (2006). Emigranti iz Rusije u znanstvenom i kulturnom životu Zagreba (in Croatian). Zagreb: Prosvjeta. ISBN 953-7130-36-3. p. 96.
  20. ^ Mladenko Colić. Pregled operacija na jugoslovenskom ratištu: 1941-1945. — Beograd: Vojnoistorijski Institut, 1988, pp. 298—305.
  21. ^ Александров К. М. Русское казачество во Второй мировой войне: трагедия на Драве, декабрь 1944 г. Новый часовой, 2001, pp. 118—139.[circular reference]
  22. ^ a b S. Drobyazko Последние сражения Гражданской войны Историко-культурное наследие Кубани, January 2001.[circular reference]
  23. ^ Yugoslavia Through Documents: From Its Creation to Its Dissolution edited by Snežana Trifunovska, page 477, it says: "at the Second and Third sessions of the National Anti-Fascist Council of the Peoples Liberation of Croatia (ZAVNOH),...,the equality of the Serbs and the Croats, as constituent peoples of the federal unit of Croatia, were recognized in every respect."
  24. ^ As its government falls, Croatia is fighting about Communists and fascists again: A Balkan problem child is unable to stop squabbling, even on the football pitch The Economist, 21 June 2016.
  25. ^ Boris Rašeta. Moskovska veza od Josipa Broza do danas. // 24sataExpress, 16 December 2016.
  26. ^ Romano Bolković: Ruska Hrvatska
  27. ^ "Hrvatsku naoružali Rusi: Jeljcin odobrio 150 letova transportera - Večernji.hr". Vecernji.hr. 2013-06-15. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  28. ^ "Rusi naoružali Hrvatsku". Glassrpske.com. 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  29. ^ "'Ja sam svjedok. Rusi su za vrijeme Domovinskog rata naoružavali Hrvate, a ne Srbe'".
  30. ^ "Postoji previše svjedoka da bi se ogromne pošiljke ruskog naoružanja Hrvatskoj sada tretirale kao 'fatamorgana'".
  31. ^ "Novi ruski pritisak na Hrvatsku: Isporučili smo vam S-300, gdje su nestale rakete?".
  32. ^ "'Srbija se uznemirila jer činjenica o ruskom naoružavanju Hrvatske ruši mit da je Rusija njihov ekskluzivni prijatelj'". 16 April 2017.
  33. ^ В МИД России прокомментировали сообщения о поставках С-300 в Хорватию RIA Novosti, 19 April 2017.
  34. ^ "Заявление А.В.Чепурина агентству "Танюг" - Посольство Российской Федерации в Республике Сербии". www.ambasadarusije.rs.
  35. ^ «С-300 из Украјине преко Загреба завршио у САД.» Politika, 19 April 2017, p. 1, 6.
  36. ^ "Tuđmana je Boris Jeljcin 1996. godine odlikovao "Medaljom Žukov"".
  37. ^ Danko Končar: 'Moj financijski uspon dogodio se preko noći'. Nacional, 15 May 2011.
  38. ^ Misteriozne milijarde Danka Končara: Kako je postao najbogatiji Hrvat. Dnevno, 28 August 2018.
  39. ^ Визиты президентов Хорватии в Россию. Досье TASS, 17 October 2017.
  40. ^ a b Межгосударственные отношения России и Хорватии. Справка RIA Novosti, 11 May 2010.
  41. ^ Večernji list, 29 october 2017, p. 14–15: Intervju: Božo Kovačević.
  42. ^ "The Croatian energy sector has been plundered and captured". faktograf.hr. 28 February 2020.
  43. ^ "The Croatian energy company you (probably) didn't hear about but you should: Prvo Plinarsko Društvo". 18 October 2018.
  44. ^ a b c Filip Raunić (23 January 2020). "RUSKI OBRUČ OKO HRVATSKE: Kontroliraju plin, žele naftu, a upravo su dobili brojna polja i izvore vode; 'Sada mogu raditi što žele'". net.hr.
  45. ^ a b Đurđica Klancir (22 May 2020). "PROJEKT ŠKORO NA RUSKI POGON: Ovo su financijeri za koje kažu da odlučuju umjesto Škore – milijarde, s korijenima u ruskom plinu…". net.hr.
  46. ^ Denis Kuljiš. Prorok prije proroka. // START style & news, # 13, Spring 2020, p.73.
  47. ^ Soaked but smiling, Croatian president wins admirers at World Cup final. Reuters, 16 August 2019.
  48. ^ Veleposlanik Ruske federacije u RH: Hrvatska neće dobro proći kad Rusiji završe sankcije Večernji list, 4 September 2016.
  49. ^ "OTKRIVAMO VELIKU ŠPIJUNSKU AFERU Kako je Hrvatska protjerala diplomata iz ruske ambasade u Zagrebu".
  50. ^ Dagmar Skrpec. Croatia, Russia, and the Balkan Great Game: Why the West Needs Zagreb Foreign Affairs, 25 July 2017.
  51. ^ "AMERIČKI ČASOPIS 'Hrvatska je najjači saveznik zapada protiv ekspanzije Rusije na Balkanu'". Novi List.
  52. ^ Хорватия поворачивается лицом к России: Но с оглядкой на США и Евросоюз Kommersant, 18 October 2017.
  53. ^ a b "Predsjednica poručila: Rusija je Hrvatskoj važan gospodarski partner".
  54. ^ "Iskusni diplomati objasnili rusku osvetu Hrvatskoj: "Ovo je iznenađenje"".
  55. ^ Moskva uzvratila Zagrebu, diplomata nepoželjan u Rusiji. N1, 30 March 2018.
  56. ^ Nepoželjna šefica ureda ministrice, kćer počasnog konzula Moskve: Ruski “odabir” Rine Eterović Gorete, bivše zaposlenice i sadašnje tajnice ministričina ureda, ali i kćeri ruskog počasnog konzula, iznenadio je mnoge. Večernji list, 30 August 2018.
  57. ^ Berislav Jelenić. Brkić se ipak uključio u kampaniju predsjednice. / Nacional, 3 September 2019, # 1115, p. 12.
  58. ^ "RUSKI OBAVJEŠTAJCI S ČELNICIMA HDZ-a BiH: Pripremljen plan za ostanak Dragana Čovića u Predsjedništvu BiH". Dnevno.ba. 6 July 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
  59. ^ INTERVJU Vlaho Orepić: ‘Hrvatski predsjednik mora koordinirati tajnim službama, a ne da to rade M.Brkić i slični’. / Nacional, 1 October 2019, # 1119, p. 21.
  60. ^ 24SataExpress, 25 October 2019, # 485, p. 25.
  61. ^ Nacional, 22 October 2019, # 1122, p. 10, 11–12.
  62. ^ 7Dnevno, 22 May 2020, p. 13. // Iva Međugorac. Čišćenje Vasinih kadrova iz službi: Plenković se rješava svih Brkićevih ljudi.
  63. ^ Jutarnji list, 7 March 2020, # 7743, p. 54–55. // Vlado Vurušić, Robert Bajruši. DODIK I ČOVIĆ: SAVEZ KOJI MOŽE SRUŠITI BiH Lider bosanskih Srba i uvrijeđeni vođa bosanskih Hrvata djeluju zajedno protiv Sarajeva, obojica na štetu svojih naroda
  64. ^ "Ruska cipela u balkanskim vratima". Al Jazeera Balkans. 10 February 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  65. ^ Skrivena čežnja Milana Bandića: Ruska putovnica za hitan uzmak. Zlu ne trebalo... // 24sataExpress, 30 April 2020, pp. 10–13.
  66. ^ GLOBUSOV ISTRAŽIVAČKI SPECIJAL: KAKO SE TRGUJE HRVATSKIM DRŽAVLJANSTVOM Od 2000. do 2017. na povlašten način domovnicu i putovnicu dobila 784 stranca. 12 March 2019.
  67. ^ ČIME JE ZASLUŽIO DOMOVNICU? Putinov maser dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo po Vidoševićevoj molbi. Večernji list, 1 April 2019.
  68. ^ MISTERIJ posjeta hrvatske predsjednice šipanskom imanju ‘Putinova masera’. Nacional, 19 December 2017.
  69. ^ ПАО Сбербанк: Сведения, оказывающие, по мнению эмитента, существенное влияние на стоимость его эмиссионных ценных бумаг. Interfax, 2 April 2019.
  70. ^ Sberbank preuzeo kontrolu nad 40 posto novog Agrokora
  71. ^ Fortanova CEO Poletaev meets PM Plenkovic to talk company plans. N1, 3 April 2019.
  72. ^ a b Sberbank says "committed" to Croatia's former Agrokor group. Reuters, 3 April 2019.
  73. ^ Dr Theodore Karasik. If Croatia joins the Eurozone, it would give Russia its greatest weapon in Europe. Euronews, 22 January 2019.
  74. ^ How Russia Bought Itself a NATO Country
  75. ^ Nafeez Ahmed. White House admits knowing that Trump lobbyists helped Gazprom conquer an entire Balkan state: US and Russian corporations connected to the American President’s inner circle are tying Putin’s gas noose round Europe’s neck
  76. ^ Zašto je Mrak-Taritaš ženi Maksima Poletajeva 2015. pomogla da dobije hrvatsko državljanstvo: Supruga Maksima Poletajeva državljanstvo je dobila 2015. jer je to “Hrvatskoj u interesu”. Večernji list, 14 March 2019.
  77. ^ Fortenova grupa u vlasništvu je šarolikog društva, evo tko sve ima udjele u bivšem Todorićevu carstvu. Dnevnik.hr, 1 April 2019.
  78. ^ Jutarnji list, 24 May 2020, # 7819, p. 13. // Čovjek iza Miroslava Škore.
  79. ^ Robert Mihaljević (editor) (28 February 2020). "Je li Miroslav Škoro eksponent ruskih i mađarskih interesa u Hrvatskoj". danica.hr. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  80. ^ "Iznimno veliko zanimanje hrvatskih tvrtki za suradnju s ruskim kompanijama « Hrvatska gospodarska komora". Hgk.hr. 2012-06-15. Archived from the original on 2013-01-09. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
  81. ^ "Посольство России в Хорватии". www.zagreb.mid.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
  82. ^ a b Межгосударственные отношения России и Хорватии RIA Novosti, 18 October 2017.
  83. ^ "Predsjednica pozvala Putina u Hrvatsku, predstavila mu Inicijativu tri mora".
  84. ^ Tycoon’s Balkan Empire Unravels in 60 Days of Market Panic Bloomberg, 23 March 2017.
  85. ^ Russia Looms Over Balkan Giant's Fight to Survive: QuickTake Q&A Bloomberg, 23 March 2017.
  86. ^ JESU LI RUSI ZNALI ZA CRNE PROGNOZE O AGROKORU? Već kod kupnje Mercatora tri su slovenska ekonomista upozorila: koncern će za 3 godine doživjeti slom Jutarnji list, 1 April 2017 (Borut Šuklje: „Jer, odgovor na to pitanje daje i najbitniji odgovor, zašto se to s Agrokorom dogodilo baš sada i što je stvarni razlog potpuno neobičnog nastupa najviše rangiranog i povezanog ruskog ambasadora Anvara Sarvanoviča Azimova. Govorim o njegovu komentiranju poslovnih ili bankarskih odnosa između banke i klijenta i decidiranom stavu da neće dati nove kredite. Ambasadorov nastup nije bio slučajan, to je bilo dobro pripremljeno i tempirano izlaganje. Poslije tog nastupa, sa svim oznakama države, i na ambasadorovoj uniformi i u prostoriji gdje je održao izlaganje, bankarsko pitanje kreditnih linija postalo je političko pitanje, koje s kreditima kao takvim više nema neke značajne veze. Sada je to postalo više nego privredno ili financijsko pitanje, a to je pitanje geostrateških odnosa u regiji.“)
  87. ^ "Bilo bi vrlo loše da Putin postane vlasnik Jamnice" interview of Ivo Banac, 20 April 2017.
  88. ^ Agrokor Crisis May Give Russia ‘Balkan Breakthrough’: Russia may try to its use the huge debts that the failing Croatian giant owes it to mightily strengthen its presence in the Balkans, a Slovenian expert, Borut Suklje, told BIRN. Balkan Insight, 2 October 2017.
  89. ^ Agrokor owner fights extradition from UK to Croatia over alleged fraud Reuters, 7 November 2017.
  90. ^ "Zbog viza broj ruskih turista pada za četvrtinu". tportal.hr. 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2016-05-01.

Sources

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