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Anglesey

Coordinates: 53°17′N 4°20′W / 53.283°N 4.333°W / 53.283; -4.333
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For other places with the same name, see Anglesey (disambiguation) and Ynys Môn (disambiguation).
"Môn" redirects here. For other uses, see Mon (disambiguation).
Isle of Anglesey
Ynys Môn
Island
Admin HQLlangefni
Largest townHolyhead
Government
 • TypeArms of Isle of Anglesey County Council
Isle of Anglesey County Council
http://www.anglesey.gov.uk
 • ControlPlaid Cymru
 • Member of Parliament
 • Assembly Members
 • MEPsWales
Area
 • Total714 km2 (276 sq mi)
 • RankRanked 9th
Population
 • RankRanked
  • RankRanked
 • Ethnicity
98.1% White
Welsh language
 • RankRanked 2nd
 • Any skills70.4%
Geocode00NA (ONS)
W06000001 (GSS)
ISO 3166 codeGB-AGY

Anglesey or Ynys Môn (Template:Lang-cy [ˈənɨs ˈmoːn]) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales. With an area of 276 square miles (715 km2),[1] Anglesey is by far the largest island of Wales and the fifth-largest island in the British Isles (and the largest outside Scotland). Anglesey is also the largest island in the Irish Sea by area, and the second most populous island in the Irish Sea (after the Isle of Man).[2] The population at the 2011 census was 69,751.[3] Two bridges span the Menai Strait, connecting the island to the mainland: the Menai Suspension Bridge, designed by Thomas Telford in 1826, and the Britannia Bridge.

A historic county of Wales and later administrated as part of Gwynedd, Anglesey today makes up the Isle of Anglesey County along with Holy Island and other smaller islands.[4] The majority of Anglesey's inhabitants are Welsh speakers[5] and Ynys Môn, the Welsh name for the island, is used for the UK Parliament and National Assembly constituencies.

Name

"Anglesey" is derived from Old Norse, originally either Ǫngullsey "Hook Island"[6] or Ǫnglisey "Ǫngli's Island".[6][7] No record of any such Ǫngli survives,[8] but the place name was used by Viking raiders as early as the 10th century and was later adopted by the Normans during their invasions of Gwynedd.[9] The traditional folk etymology reading the name as the "Island of the Angles (English)"[10][11] may account for its Norman use but is without merit,[7] although the Angles' name itself is probably a cognate reference to the shape of the Angeln peninsula. All of these ultimately derive from the proposed Proto-Indo-European root *ank- ("to flex, bend, angle").[12] It was also formerly spelled as Anglesea.[13][10]

Ynys Môn, the island's Welsh name, was first recorded as Latin Mona by various Roman sources.[14][15][16] It was likewise known to the Saxons as Monez.[17] The Brittonic original was in the past taken to have meant "Island of the Cow".[10][18] This view is linguistically untenable, however, according to modern scientific philology. The etymology thus currently remains a mystery.

Poetic names for Anglesey include the Old Welsh Ynys Dywyll ("Shady" or "Dark Isle") for its former groves and Ynys y Cedairn ("Isle of the Brave") for its royal courts;[11] Gerald of Wales' Môn Mam Cymru ("Môn, Mother of Wales") for its productivity;[11] and Y fêl Ynys ("Honey Isle").

History

John Speed's map of Anglesey, 1607

Numerous megalithic monuments and menhirs are present on Anglesey, testifying to the presence of humans in prehistory. Plas Newydd is near one of 28 cromlechs that remain on uplands overlooking the sea. The Welsh Triads claim that Anglesey was once part of the mainland.

Plas Newydd

Historically, Anglesey has long been associated with the druids. In AD 60 the Roman general Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, determined to break the power of the druids, attacked the island using his amphibious Batavian contingent as a surprise vanguard assault[19] and then destroying the shrine and the nemetons (sacred groves). News of Boudica's revolt reached him just after his victory, causing him to withdraw his army before consolidating his conquest. The island was finally brought into the Roman Empire by Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Roman governor of Britain, in AD 78. During the Roman occupation, the area was notable for the mining of copper. The foundations of Caer Gybi as well as a fort at Holyhead are Roman, and the present road from Holyhead to Llanfairpwllgwyngyll was originally a Roman road.[20] The island was grouped by Ptolemy with Ireland ("Hibernia") rather than with Britain ("Albion").[21]

British Iron Age and Roman sites have been excavated and coins and ornaments discovered, especially by the 19th century antiquarian, William Owen Stanley.[22] Following the Roman departure from Britain in the early 5th century, pirates from Ireland colonised Anglesey and the nearby Llŷn Peninsula. In response to this, Cunedda ap Edern, a Gododdin warlord from Scotland, came to the area and began to drive the Irish out. This was continued by his son Einion Yrth ap Cunedda and grandson Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion; the last Irish invaders were finally defeated in battle in 470. As an island, Anglesey was in a good defensive position, and so Aberffraw became the site of the court, or Llys, of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Apart from a devastating Danish raid in 853 it remained the capital until the 13th century, when improvements to the English navy made the location indefensible. Anglesey was also briefly the most southern possession of the Norwegian Empire.

After the Irish, the island was invaded by Vikings — some of these raids were noted in famous sagas (see Menai Strait History) — and by Saxons, and Normans, before falling to Edward I of England in the 13th century.

See also: List of Scheduled Monuments in Anglesey

Geography

Britannia Bridge from the east along the Menai Strait

Anglesey is a relatively low-lying island, with low hills spaced evenly over the north of the island. The highest six are: Holyhead Mountain (220 metres (720 ft)); Mynydd Bodafon (178 metres (584 ft)); Mynydd Llaneilian (177 metres (581 ft)); Mynydd y Garn (170 metres (560 ft)); Bwrdd Arthur (164 metres (538 ft)) and Mynydd Llwydiarth (158 metres (518 ft)). To the south/south-east the island is separated from the Welsh mainland by the Menai Strait, which at its narrowest point is about 250 metres (270 yd) wide. In all other directions the island is surrounded by the Irish Sea. It is the 51st largest island in Europe.

There are several small towns scattered around the island, making it quite evenly populated. The largest towns are Holyhead, Llangefni, Benllech, Menai Bridge, and Amlwch. Beaumaris (Welsh: Biwmares), in the east of the island, features Beaumaris Castle, built by Edward I as part of his Bastide Town campaign in North Wales. Beaumaris is a yachting centre, with many boats moored in the bay or off Gallows Point. The village of Newborough (Welsh: Niwbwrch), in the south, created when the townsfolk of Llanfaes were relocated to make way for the building of Beaumaris Castle, includes the site of Llys Rhosyr, another of the courts of the medieval Welsh princes, which features one of the oldest courtrooms in the United Kingdom. Llangefni is located in the centre of the island and is the island's administrative centre. The town of Menai Bridge (Welsh: Porthaethwy) (in the south-east) expanded when the first bridge to the mainland was being built, in order to accommodate workers and construction. Until then, Porthaethwy had been one of the principal ferry crossing points from the mainland. A short distance from this town lies Bryn Celli Ddu, a Stone Age burial mound. Also nearby is the village with the longest purported place name in the United Kingdom, Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. Nearby is Plas Newydd, ancestral home of the Marquesses of Anglesey. The town of Amlwch is situated in the northeast of the island and was once largely industrialised, having grown during the 18th century supporting the copper mining industry at Parys Mountain.

Ordnance Survey map of Anglesey
Trwyn Du Lighthouse
Anglesey coast
Menai Bridge

Other villages and settlements include Cemaes, Pentraeth, Gaerwen, Dwyran, Bodedern, Malltraeth, and Rhosneigr. The Anglesey Sea Zoo is a local tourist attraction, providing a look at and descriptions of local marine wildlife from common lobsters to congers. All the fish and crustaceans on display are caught around the island and are placed in reconstructions of their natural habitat. They[who?] also make salt (evaporated from the local sea water) and breed commercially lobsters, for food, and oysters, for pearls, both from local stocks.

The island's entire rural coastline has been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and features many sandy beaches, especially along its eastern coast between the towns of Beaumaris and Amlwch and along the western coast from Ynys Llanddwyn through Rhosneigr to the little bays around Carmel Head. The northern coastline has dramatic cliffs interspersed with small bays. The Anglesey Coastal Path is a 200-kilometre (124 mi) path[23] which follows nearly the entire coastline. Tourism is now the most significant economic activity on the island. Agriculture provides the secondary source of income for the island's economy, with the local dairies being amongst the most productive in the region.

Industry and energy

Major industries are restricted to Holyhead (Caergybi) which, until 30 September 2009, supported an aluminium smelter, and the Amlwch area, once a major copper mining town. Nearby is the Wylfa Nuclear Power Station and a former bromine extraction plant. In 1971 the Wylfa reactors began producing electricity. With one reactor decommissioned in 2012 and the other expected to end production in 2015, the site is a strong possibility for a replacement reactor, planned by Horizon, a subsidiary of Hitachi, to start production in the 2020s.[24] The replacement has been enthusiastically endorsed by Anglesey Council and Welsh Assembly members, but protestors have raised doubts about the economic and safety claims made for the plant.[25] Anglesey also has 3 windfarms on land,[26] and more than 20 offshore wind turbines established near the north coast. There are plans for the world's first Tidal Flow turbines, near The Skerries, off the north coast,[27] and for a major biomass plant on Holy Island (Ynys Gybi). Developing such low carbon energy assets to their full potential forms part of the Anglesey Energy Island project.[28]

When the aluminium smelting operation closed down in September 2009, it reduced its workforce from 450 to 80; this has been a major blow to the Island's economy, especially to the town of Holyhead. The Royal Air Force station RAF Valley (Y Fali) is home to the RAF Fast Jet Training School and also 22 Sqn Search and Rescue Helicopters, both units providing employment for approximately 500 civilians. RAF Valley is now home to the Headquarters of 22 Sqn Search and Rescue.

There is a wide range of smaller industries, mostly located in industrial and business parks especially at Llangefni and Gaerwen. These industries include an abattoir and fine chemical manufacture as well as factories for timber production, aluminium smelting, fish farming and food processing. [citation needed] The island is also on one of the major routes from Britain to Ireland, via ferries from Holyhead, off the west of Anglesey on Holy Island, to Dún Laoghaire and Dublin Port.

Rivers, lakes and climate

There are a few natural lakes, mostly in the west, such as Llyn Llywenan, the largest natural lake on the island, Llyn Coron, and Cors Cerrig y Daran, but rivers are few and small. There are two large water supply reservoirs operated by Welsh Water. These are Llyn Alaw to the north of the island and Llyn Cefni in the centre of the island, which is fed by the headwaters of the afon Cefni.

The climate is humid (though much less so than neighbouring mountainous Gwynedd) and generally equable, being influenced by the Gulf Stream. The land is of variable quality and it was probably much more fertile in the past. Anglesey is the home of the northernmost olive grove in Europe and presumably in the world.[29]

See the list of places in Anglesey for all villages, towns and cities.
See the List of Anglesey towns by population for populations.

Ecology and conservation

Much of Anglesey is used for relatively intensive cattle and sheep farming. However, there are a number of important wetland sites which have protected status. In addition the several lakes all have significant ecological interest, including their support for a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic bird species. In the west, the Malltraeth Marshes are believed to support an occasional visiting bittern, and the nearby estuary of the Afon Cefni supports a bird population made internationally famous by the paintings of Charles Tunnicliffe, who lived for many years – and died - at Malltraeth on the Cefni estuary. The RAF airstrip at Mona is a nesting site for skylarks. The sheer cliff faces at South Stack near Holyhead provide nesting sites for huge numbers of auks including puffins, razorbills and guillemots together with choughs and peregrine falcons. Three sites on Anglesey are important for breeding terns – see Anglesey tern colonies. There are significant occurrences of the Juncus subnodulosus-Cirsium palustre fen-meadow plant association, a habitat characterised by certain hydrophilic grasses, sedges and forbs.[30] Anglesey is home to several species of tern, including the roseate tern.

Anglesey is home to two of the UK's few remaining colonies of red squirrels, at Pentraeth and Newborough.[31]

Almost the entire coastline of Anglesey is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) to protect the aesthetic appeal and variety of the island's coastal landscape and habitats from inappropriate development. The coastal zone of Anglesey was designated as an AONB in 1966 and was confirmed as such in 1967. [citation needed]

The AONB is predominantly a coastal designation, covering most of Anglesey's 125 miles (201 km) coastline but also encompasses Holyhead Mountain and Mynydd Bodafon. Substantial areas of other land protected by the AONB form the backdrop to the coast. The AONB is about 221 km2 (85 sq mi) and it is the largest AONB in Wales, covering one third of the island.

A number of the habitats in Anglesey are afforded even greater protection through both UK and European designations because of their nature conservation value: these include:

6 candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) 4 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 1 National Nature Reserve 26 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) 52 Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs)

These protected habitats support a variety of wildlife such as harbour porpoises and marsh fritillary.

The AONB also takes in three sections of open, undeveloped coastline which have been designated as Heritage Coast. These non-statutory designations complement the AONB and cover about 31 miles (50 km) of the coastline. The sections of Heritage Coast are:

  1. North Anglesey 28.6 km (17.8 mi)
  2. Holyhead Mountain 12.9 km (8.0 mi)
  3. Aberffraw Bay 7.7 km (4.8 mi)

A living and working landscape

Employment on Anglesey is mainly based on agriculture and tourism. In a number of instances the local produce is also organic.

The most popular forms of recreation include sailing, angling, cycling, walking, wind surfing and jet skiing. These all place pressures and demands on the AONB; but these activities contribute to the local economy.[32]

Ynys Llanddwyn, old lighthouse with Snowdonia in background.

Culture

  • Anglesey hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1957, 1983, and 1999.
  • The island is a member of the International Island Games Association. Its most successful Games were the 1997 Island Games held on Jersey, (11th in the medals table, with two gold, three silver and nine bronze medals) and the 2005 Island Games on the Shetland Islands, (again 11th, with 4 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze).
  • The annual Anglesey Show is held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of August: farmers from around the country compete in livestock rearing contests including sheep and cattle.
  • Anglesey has featured in the Channel 4 archaeological television programme Time Team (series 14) - episode transmission date 4 February 2007.
  • Anglesey is home to Gottwood, an electronic music and arts festival held each summer at the Carreglwyd estate.

Welsh language

Anglesey has historically been a stronghold of the Welsh language, and according to the 2011 census it was the second most Welsh-speaking local authority area in Wales. The historical proportions of residents who could speak Welsh are as follows:

  • 1901: 90.7% [33]
  • 1911: 88.7% [33]
  • 1921: 87.8%
  • 1931: 87.4%
  • 1951: 80% [34]
  • 1961: 75%
  • 1971: 66%
  • 1981: 61%
  • 1991: 62%
  • 2001: 60%
  • 2011: 57%

Today, Welsh is less widely used on the island than earlier in the last century, but it is still the dominant language in certain areas of the island, particularly in the centre, including the town of Llangefni and some areas of the south coast: a notable example is the village of Llanfairpwll. The island's five secondary schools vary drastically with regard to the percentage of their pupils who come from predominantly Welsh-speaking homes, as does the percentage of pupils who can speak Welsh:

  • Ysgol David Hughes (located in Menai Bridge): 33% come from Welsh-speaking homes while 90% 'can speak Welsh'.[35]
  • Ysgol Gyfun Llangefni (located in Llangefni): 68% of pupils speak Welsh as their first language while 87% of pupils take their exams through the medium of Welsh.
  • Ysgol Syr Thomas Jones (located in Amlwch): 34% of all pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes while 82% sit the Welsh First Language General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)
  • Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern (located in Bodedern): 67% of all pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes while 'a majority' speak Welsh as fluently.[36]
  • Ysgol Uwchradd Caergybi (located in Holyhead): 14% of pupils speak Welsh at home while 11% of pupils are taught the 'Welsh First Language' curriculum.

Geology

The geology of Anglesey is notably complex and is frequently used for geology field trips by schools and colleges. Younger strata in Anglesey rest upon a foundation of very old Precambrian rocks [citation needed] that appear at the surface in four areas:

  1. a western region including Holyhead and Llanfaethlu
  2. a central area about Aberffraw and Trefdraeth
  3. an eastern region which includes Newborough, Gaerwen and Pentraeth
  4. a coastal region at Glyn Garth between Menai Bridge and Beaumaris

These Precambrian rocks are schists and phyllites, often much contorted and disturbed. The general line of strike of the formations in the island is from north-east to south-west.[citation needed] A belt of granitic rocks lies immediately north-west of the central Precambrian mass, reaching from Llanfaelog near the coast to the vicinity of Llanerchymedd. Between this granite and the Precambrian of Holyhead is a narrow tract of Ordovician slates and grits with Llandovery beds in places; this tract spreads out in the north of the island between Dulas Bay and Carmel Point.[citation needed] A small patch of Ordovician strata lies on the northern side of Beaumaris. In parts, these Ordovician rocks are much folded, crushed and metamorphosed, and they are associated with schists and altered volcanic rocks which are probably Precambrian. Between the eastern and central Precambrian masses Carboniferous rocks are found. The Carboniferous Limestone occupies a broad area south of Lligwy Bay and Pentraeth, and sends a narrow spur in a south-westerly direction by Llangefni to Malltraeth Sands. The limestone is underlain on the north-west by a red basement conglomerate and yellow sandstone (sometimes considered to be of Old Red Sandstone age). Limestone occurs again on the north coast around Llanfihangel and Llangoed; and in the south-west round Llanidan near the Menai Strait. Puffin Island is made of carboniferous limestone. Malltraeth marsh is occupied by Coal Measures, and a small patch of the same formation appears near Tal-y-foel Ferry on the Menai Strait. A patch of rhyolitic/felsitic rocks form Parys Mountain, where copper and iron ochre have been worked. Serpentine (Mona Marble) is found near Llanfair-yn-Neubwll and upon the opposite shore in Holyhead.[citation needed]

Under the name GeoMôn, and in recognition of its extraordinary geological heritage, the island gained membership of the European Geoparks Network in spring 2009.[37] and the Global Geoparks Network in September 2010.

Other places of interest

South Stack lighthouse

Notable people

Born on Anglesey

Lived on Anglesey

Government

See also: Isle of Anglesey County Council

Anglesey (together with Holy Island) is one of the thirteen historic counties of Wales. In medieval times, before the conquest of Wales in 1283, Môn often had periods of temporary independence as it was frequently bequeathed to the heirs of kings as a sub kingdom of Gwynedd. The last times this occurred were for a few years after 1171 following the death of Owain Gwynedd when the island was inherited by Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd and again between 1246 and c. 1255 when it was given to Owain Goch as his share of the kingdom. Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I it was created a county under the terms of the Statute of Rhuddlan of 1284. Prior to this it had been divided into the cantrefi of:

In 1974 it formed a district of the new large county of Gwynedd, until in the 1996 reform of local government it was restored as a local government county. The county council is a unitary authority and is named "Isle of Anglesey County Council" (Template:Lang-cy). In 2011, the Welsh Government appointed a panel of commissioners to administer the council, thus the elected members were not in control. The commissioners remained in control until an election was held in May 2013, restoring an elected Council. Prior to the direct administration, there were a majority of independent councillors, though members did not generally divide along party lines organised into five non-partisan groups on the council, containing a mix of party and independent candidates. The position remains substantially unchanged after the election although the Labour party has formed a governing coalition with the independents.

Schools

Main article: List of schools in Anglesey

Secondary schools:

There are also 50 primary schools in Anglesey, all of which are co-educational day schools.[39]

Transport

By road, Anglesey is linked from Holyhead to the mainland by the A55 which leads to Chester. Also the A5 runs from the east of the island (Llanfairpwllgwyngyll) to Bangor and as far as St Albans via the Menai Bridge. The A5025, which runs around the northern edge of Anglesey, and the A4080, running around the southern edge, form a ring around the island.

There are six railway stations in Anglesey: Holyhead, Valley, Rhosneigr, Ty Croes, Bodorgan and Llanfairpwll. All are on the North Wales Coast Line and services are operated by Virgin Trains to London Euston, and by Arriva Trains Wales to Chester, Manchester Piccadilly, Birmingham New Street and Cardiff Central. Historically the island was also served by the Anglesey Central Railway which ran from Gaerwen to Amlwch, and the Red Wharf Bay branch line between the Holland Arms railway station and Red Wharf Bay.

By air, Anglesey Airport has a twice-daily scheduled service to Cardiff International Airport where connections worldwide can be made.

Holyhead Port is a busy ferry port handling more than 2 million passengers each year. Stena Line and Irish Ferries sail to Dublin and Dún Laoghaire in Ireland, forming the principal link for surface transport from central and northern England and Wales to Ireland.

Sport and leisure

Anglesey is independently represented in the Island Games (under its Welsh name Ynys Môn). The team finished joint 17th in the 2009 Games hosted by Åland,[40] winning medals in gymnastics, sailing and shooting.[41]

Anglesey made an unsuccessful bid to host the 2009 games, led by Ynys Môn MP Albert Owen. The island expected to benefit from more than £3m of spending if it had hosted the event. However, Anglesey currently lacks two facilities necessary for a successful bid, a six-lane competition swimming pool and an athletics track.[42]

Several precursors to the modern football codes were highly popular in Anglesey. They had few rules, and were quite violent. Rhys Cox, at the turn of the 18th century, described a game in Llandrygan as ending with "[n]umbers of players […] left here and there on the road, some having limbs broken in the struggle, others severely injured, and some carried on biers to be buried in the churchyard nearest to where they had been mortally injured.". William Bulkeley, in his April 1734 diary, records that the violence of such games left no hard feelings, with both sides parting "as good friends as they came, after they had spent half an hour together cherishing their spirits with a cup of ale […] having finished Easter Holydays innocently and merrily".[43]

Association football

Football arrived on the island in the 1870s. It was initially met with resistance, given its perceived (by the islanders) associations with drunkenness and rowdiness, and the lower classes. One critic dismissed it as "unchristian practice". The Anglesey League, comprising teams from Amlwch, Beaumaris, Holyhead, Menai Bridge, Llandegfan, and Llangefni, was, however, formed in the 1895–1896 football season.[44]

The Ynys Môn football team represents the island of Anglesey at the biannual Island Games, winning gold in 1999.

Llangefni Town are reigning Cymru Alliance champions, only failing promotion due to the restructuring of the Welsh Premier League. Similarly, Holyhead Hotspur and Llanfairpwll were relegated despite finishing outside the usual relegation zone at the end of the 2009-10 season.

Rugby Union

Llangefni RFC is the island's highest competing team in the WRU Division One North.

Llangoed hosts an annual rugby sevens contest. Touring sides have included Manhattan RFC.

Anglesey Hunt

The Anglesey Hunt, formed in 1757, was the second oldest fox hunting association in Wales (the oldest being the Tivyside Hunt in Cardiganshire).[45]

Athletics

Every September the Anglesey Festival of Running takes place. There is a marathon, half-marathon, 10 km and 5 km race, as well as children's contests. Their slogan is Run the Island.

Motorsport

The Anglesey Circuit (Welsh: Trac Môn) is a fully licensed MSA and ACU championship racing circuit, it opened in 1997.

Cricket

The Beaumaris Cricket Club was formed in 1858. Clubs at Holyhead, Amlwch, and Llangefni were formed within the following decade, but it wasn't until the 1880s that the sport became popular outside of the upper classes. Bodedern Cricket Club was formed in 1947[44]

Sailing

The Royal Anglesey Yacht Club hosts the Menai Strait Regatta yearly.

Swimming

The Menai Strait hosts two annual open-water swimming contests: the Menai Strait Swim from Foel to Caernarfon (1 mile), and the Pier to Pier Open Water Swim, between Beaumaris and Garth Pier, Bangor.

Walking

The Anglesey Coastal Path, which follows the entire way around the island, is 200 km long, takes roughly 12 days to complete, and passes by/through 20 towns/villages. The official start point is St Cybi's Church, Holyhead.[46]

See also

References

Citations

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  3. ^ "Local Authority population 2011". Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  4. ^ The National Archives of the United Kingdom. Local Government (Wales) Act 1994, Schedule 1: The New Principal Areas. Accessed 6 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Background Paper 10B: Anglesey Language Profile" (PDF). Gwynedd Council website. February 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  6. ^ a b Peterson, Lena & al. "Nordiskt runnamnslexikon" ("Dictionary of Names from Runic Inscriptions"), p. 116. May 2001. Accessed 6 June 2012.
  7. ^ a b Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World, p. 30. McFarland, 2003. Accessed 6 February 2013.
  8. ^ Kovach, Warren. "Anglesey, Wales". 19 October 2012.
  9. ^ Davies, John. A History of Wales, pp. 98–99.
  10. ^ a b c EB (1911).
  11. ^ a b c The London Encyclopaedia. "Anglesey". Tegg (London), 1839. Accessed 6 February 2013.
  12. ^ University of Texas at Austin's Linguistics Research Center. "Proto-Indo-European Etyma 9.14 Archived March 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine: Physical Acts & Materials: to Bend". 17 May 2011. Accessed 6 February 2013.
  13. ^ EB (1878).
  14. ^ Tacitus. Annals, XIV.29. and Agricola, XIV.14 & 18. Accessed 6 April 2013.
  15. ^ Pliny. Natural History, IV.30. Accessed 6 April 2013.
  16. ^ Cassius Dio. Roman History, 62.
  17. ^ The Present State of the British Empire in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. "Wales. Anglesea". Griffith (London), 1768.
  18. ^ Davies, Edward. The Mythology and Rites of the British Druids, p. 177. Booth (London), 1809. Accessed 6 February 2013.
  19. ^ Tacitus Agricola 18.3-5
  20. ^ Chisholm, Hugh (1910). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 18. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  21. ^ Ptolemy, Geog., Bk. 2, Ch. 1 & 2.
  22. ^ Stanley, Anglesey, 1871, and many Celtic contributions, especially on Celtic subjects, to Archaeologia Cambrensis.
  23. ^ "40 years of outstanding natural beauty". Welsh Government. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  24. ^ Damian Carrington. "Renewables industry welcomes reduced subsidies for onshore windfarms". the Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  25. ^ Anglesey protest over plans for new nuclear power plant BBC News, 30 March 2014
  26. ^ Anglesey Today: Energy accessed 15 April 2014
  27. ^ SeaGen Wales accessed 15 April 2014
  28. ^ Energy Island Programme, accessed 15 April 2014
  29. ^ "First Welsh olive grove planted on Anglesey". WalesOnline. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-09.
  30. ^ * C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
  31. ^ "Home - Squirrels Map". Squirrels Map. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  32. ^ "Your Page Title". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  33. ^ a b Language in Wales, 1911 (official census report), Table I.
  34. ^ [1]
  35. ^ [2]
  36. ^ "Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern Estyn Report 2014" (PDF). Estyn. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  37. ^ "GeoMôn - Anglesey Geopark". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  38. ^ Pterosaur.co.uk Archived August 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ Isle of Anglesey County Council, Serving Anglesey Archived May 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ "NatWest Island Games XIII - Medal Table". Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  41. ^ "NatWest Island Games XIII - Ynys Môn Medal Winners". Retrieved 28 August 2010.
  42. ^ Clark, Rhodri. "Out of the running for island 'Olympics'". Western Mail. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  43. ^ ETBRS (2005b).
  44. ^ a b Pretty (2005).
  45. ^ ETBRS (2005a).
  46. ^ http://www.visitanglesey.co.uk/about-anglesey/isle-of-anglesey-coastal-path/

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anglesey.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Anglesey.

53°17′N 4°20′W / 53.283°N 4.333°W / 53.283; -4.333

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