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ISO/IEC 8859-1

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ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
ISO 8859-1 code page layout
MIME / IANAISO-8859-1
Alias(es)iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819
Language(s)English, various others
StandardISO/IEC 8859
ClassificationExtended ASCII, ISO 8859
ExtendsUS-ASCII
Based onDEC MCS
Succeeded byWindows-1252 (web standards)
Other related encoding(s)BraSCII

ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1," consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is also commonly used in most standard romanizations of East-Asian languages. It is the basis for most popular 8-bit character sets and the first block of characters in Unicode.

The Windows-1252 code page coincides with ISO-8859-1 for all codes except the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F), where the little-used C1 controls are replaced with additional characters including all the missing characters provided by ISO-8859-15. It is very common to mislabel Windows-1252 text as being in ISO-8859-1. A common result was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Most modern web browsers and e-mail clients treat the media type charset ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252 to accommodate such mislabeling. This is now standard behavior in the HTML5 specification, which requires that documents advertised as ISO-8859-1 actually be parsed with the Windows-1252 encoding.[1]

As of September 2018, 3.8% of all web sites claim to use ISO 8859-1.[2] However, this includes an unknown number of pages actually using Windows-1252 and/or UTF-8, both of which are commonly recognized by browsers despite the character set tag.

ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The following other aliases are registered: iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819. Code page 28591 a.k.a. Windows-28591 is used for it in Windows.[3] IBM calls it code page 819 or CP819. Oracle calls it WE8ISO8859P1.[4]

Coverage

Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages:

Modern languages with complete coverage

Notes
  1. ^ Kurdish Unified Alphabet, based on the Latin character set.
  2. ^ Basic classical orthography.
  3. ^ Rumi script.
  4. ^ Bokmål and Nynorsk.
  5. ^ European and Brazilian.

Languages with incomplete coverage

ISO-8859-1 is commonly used[citation needed] for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.

Language Missing characters Typical workaround Supported by
Catalan Ŀ, ŀ (deprecated) L·, l·
Danish Ǿ, ǿ Ø, ø or øe
Dutch IJ, ij (but with debatable status); j́ in emphasized words like "blíj́f" digraphs IJ, ij; blíjf
Estonian Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) Sh, sh, Zh, zh ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
Finnish Š, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords) Sh, sh, Zh, zh ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
French Œ, œ, and the very rare Ÿ digraphs OE, oe; Y or Ý ISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
German (capital ß, used only in all capitals; included in the official orthography in 2017, still optional) digraph SS
Irish (traditional orthography) Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫ Bh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Sh, sh, Th, th ISO-8859-14
Welsh , ẁ, , ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ŷ, ŷ W, w, Ý, ý ISO-8859-14

The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as L'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at the beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form. The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which did not have an uppercase form at the time when the standard was created.

Quotation marks

For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, as only « », " ", and ' ' are included. Also, this scheme does not provide for oriented (6- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts will display the spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks, but this is not considered part of the modern standard.

History

ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed within ECMA, the European Computer Manufacturers Association, and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94,[5] by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)[6] also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.

The original draft placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7). However, the French delegate, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere ligatures (like or ). These code points were soon filled with × and ÷ under the suggestion of the German delegation. Then things went even worse for the French language, when it was again falsely stated that the letter ÿ is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital Ÿ. In fact the letter ÿ is found in a number of French proper names, and the capital letter has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias.[7] These drawbacks were later ameliorated in ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999 and before that in Windows-1252 (1992, Windows 3.1x).

In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.[8] The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding. [citation needed]

In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control characters to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.

ISO-8859-1 is (according to the standards at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with "text/" (however the HTML5 specification requires that documents advertised as ISO-8859-1 actually be parsed with the Windows-1252 encoding).[9][10] It is the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defines the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents (HTML 4.0, however, is based on Unicode). This and Windows-1252 are often assumed to be the encoding of text on Unix and Microsoft Windows in the absence of locale or other information, this is only gradually being replaced with Unicode encoding such as UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Code page layout

0_
0
Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef|
1_
16
Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef|
2_
32
Template:Chset-color-misc|SP
0020
Template:Chset-color-punct|!
0021
Template:Chset-color-punct|"
0022
Template:Chset-color-punct|#
0023
Template:Chset-color-graph|$
0024
Template:Chset-color-punct|%
0025
Template:Chset-color-punct|&
0026
Template:Chset-color-punct|'
0027
Template:Chset-color-punct|(
0028
Template:Chset-color-punct|)
0029
Template:Chset-color-punct|*
002A
Template:Chset-color-graph|+
002B
Template:Chset-color-punct|,
002C
Template:Chset-color-punct|-
002D
Template:Chset-color-punct|.
002E
Template:Chset-color-punct|/
002F
3_
48
Template:Chset-color-digit|0
0030
Template:Chset-color-digit|1
0031
Template:Chset-color-digit|2
0032
Template:Chset-color-digit|3
0033
Template:Chset-color-digit|4
0034
Template:Chset-color-digit|5
0035
Template:Chset-color-digit|6
0036
Template:Chset-color-digit|7
0037
Template:Chset-color-digit|8
0038
Template:Chset-color-digit|9
0039
Template:Chset-color-punct|:
003A
Template:Chset-color-punct|;
003B
Template:Chset-color-graph|<
003C
Template:Chset-color-graph|=
003D
Template:Chset-color-graph|>
003E
Template:Chset-color-punct|?
003F
4_
64
Template:Chset-color-punct|@
0040
Template:Chset-color-alpha|A
0041
Template:Chset-color-alpha|B
0042
Template:Chset-color-alpha|C
0043
Template:Chset-color-alpha|D
0044
Template:Chset-color-alpha|E
0045
Template:Chset-color-alpha|F
0046
Template:Chset-color-alpha|G
0047
Template:Chset-color-alpha|H
0048
Template:Chset-color-alpha|I
0049
Template:Chset-color-alpha|J
004A
Template:Chset-color-alpha|K
004B
Template:Chset-color-alpha|L
004C
Template:Chset-color-alpha|M
004D
Template:Chset-color-alpha|N
004E
Template:Chset-color-alpha|O
004F
5_
80
Template:Chset-color-alpha|P
0050
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Q
0051
Template:Chset-color-alpha|R
0052
Template:Chset-color-alpha|S
0053
Template:Chset-color-alpha|T
0054
Template:Chset-color-alpha|U
0055
Template:Chset-color-alpha|V
0056
Template:Chset-color-alpha|W
0057
Template:Chset-color-alpha|X
0058
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Y
0059
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Z
005A
Template:Chset-color-punct|[
005B
Template:Chset-color-punct|\
005C
Template:Chset-color-punct|]
005D
Template:Chset-color-graph|^
005E
Template:Chset-color-punct|_
005F
6_
96
Template:Chset-color-graph|`
0060
Template:Chset-color-alpha|a
0061
Template:Chset-color-alpha|b
0062
Template:Chset-color-alpha|c
0063
Template:Chset-color-alpha|d
0064
Template:Chset-color-alpha|e
0065
Template:Chset-color-alpha|f
0066
Template:Chset-color-alpha|g
0067
Template:Chset-color-alpha|h
0068
Template:Chset-color-alpha|i
0069
Template:Chset-color-alpha|j
006A
Template:Chset-color-alpha|k
006B
Template:Chset-color-alpha|l
006C
Template:Chset-color-alpha|m
006D
Template:Chset-color-alpha|n
006E
Template:Chset-color-alpha|o
006F
7_
112
Template:Chset-color-alpha|p
0070
Template:Chset-color-alpha|q
0071
Template:Chset-color-alpha|r
0072
Template:Chset-color-alpha|s
0073
Template:Chset-color-alpha|t
0074
Template:Chset-color-alpha|u
0075
Template:Chset-color-alpha|v
0076
Template:Chset-color-alpha|w
0077
Template:Chset-color-alpha|x
0078
Template:Chset-color-alpha|y
0079
Template:Chset-color-alpha|z
007A
Template:Chset-color-punct|{
007B
Template:Chset-color-graph||
007C
Template:Chset-color-punct|}
007D
Template:Chset-color-graph|~
007E
Template:Chset-color-undef|
8_
128
Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef|
9_
144
Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef| Template:Chset-color-undef|
A_
160
Template:Chset-color-misc|NBSP
00A0
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|¡
00A1
Template:Chset-color-graph|¢
00A2
Template:Chset-color-graph|£
00A3
Template:Chset-color-graph|¤
00A4
Template:Chset-color-graph|¥
00A5
Template:Chset-color-graph|¦
00A6
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|§
00A7
Template:Chset-color-graph|¨
00A8
Template:Chset-color-graph|©
00A9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ª
00AA
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|«
00AB
Template:Chset-color-graph|¬
00AC
Template:Chset-color-ctrl|SHY
00AD
Template:Chset-color-graph|®
00AE
Template:Chset-color-graph|¯
00AF
B_
176
Template:Chset-color-graph|°
00B0
Template:Chset-color-graph|±
00B1
Template:Chset-color-digit|²
00B2
Template:Chset-color-digit|³
00B3
Template:Chset-color-graph|´
00B4
Template:Chset-color-alpha|µ
00B5
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|
00B6
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|·
00B7
Template:Chset-color-graph|¸
00B8
Template:Chset-color-digit|¹
00B9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|º
00BA
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|»
00BB
Template:Chset-color-digit|¼
00BC
Template:Chset-color-digit|½
00BD
Template:Chset-color-digit|¾
00BE
Template:Chset-color-ext-punct|¿
00BF
C_
192
Template:Chset-color-alpha|À
00C0
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Á
00C1
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Â
00C2
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ã
00C3
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ä
00C4
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Å
00C5
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Æ
00C6
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ç
00C7
Template:Chset-color-alpha|È
00C8
Template:Chset-color-alpha|É
00C9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ê
00CA
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ë
00CB
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ì
00CC
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Í
00CD
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Î
00CE
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ï
00CF
D_
208
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ð
00D0
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ñ
00D1
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ò
00D2
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ó
00D3
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ô
00D4
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Õ
00D5
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ö
00D6
Template:Chset-color-graph-box|×
00D7
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ø
00D8
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ù
00D9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ú
00DA
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Û
00DB
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ü
00DC
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Ý
00DD
Template:Chset-color-alpha|Þ
00DE
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ß
00DF
E_
224
Template:Chset-color-alpha|à
00E0
Template:Chset-color-alpha|á
00E1
Template:Chset-color-alpha|â
00E2
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ã
00E3
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ä
00E4
Template:Chset-color-alpha|å
00E5
Template:Chset-color-alpha|æ
00E6
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ç
00E7
Template:Chset-color-alpha|è
00E8
Template:Chset-color-alpha|é
00E9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ê
00EA
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ë
00EB
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ì
00EC
Template:Chset-color-alpha|í
00ED
Template:Chset-color-alpha|î
00EE
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ï
00EF
F_
240
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ð
00F0
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ñ
00F1
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ò
00F2
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ó
00F3
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ô
00F4
Template:Chset-color-alpha|õ
00F5
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ö
00F6
Template:Chset-color-graph-box|÷
00F7
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ø
00F8
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ù
00F9
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ú
00FA
Template:Chset-color-alpha|û
00FB
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ü
00FC
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ý
00FD
Template:Chset-color-alpha|þ
00FE
Template:Chset-color-alpha|ÿ
00FF

  Letter  Number  Punctuation  Symbol  Other  Undefined   undefined in the first release of ECMA-94 (1985).[5]

Similar character sets

Other ISO standards

  • ISO/IEC 646 (1967) ISO/IEC 646 is a set of 7-bit encoding standards. The US variant (commonly known as ASCII) maps exacly to the lower range of ISO/IEC 8859-1: the G0 subset from 32 to 126 (hex 20 to 7E).
  • ISO 2022 (1971) ISO 2022 is a standard for 7- and 8-bit encodings that can be selected with switch sequences. For example, the Japanese ISO-2022-JP-2 standard specifies the switch sequence ESC . A to select the higher range of 8859-1: the G1 subset from 160 to 255 (hex A0 to FF).
  • ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode (1991) The first 256 code points of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode incorporate ISO-8859-1.
  • ISO/IEC 8859-2 (1987) to ISO/IEC 8859-16 (2001) Other standards in the ISO/IEC 8859 series support languages that require characters missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. For example, ISO/IEC 8859-9 replaces ISO/IEC 8859-1's rarely used Icelandic letters with Turkish ones.
  • ISO/IEC 8859-15 (1999) ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed in 1999 as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. It provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign, which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤, ¦, ¨, ´, ¸, ¼, ½, and ¾. Ironically, three of the newly added characters (Œ, œ, and Ÿ) had already been present in DEC's 1983 Multinational Character Set (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-1 (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical code points.

Windows-1252

The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel text data with the charset label ISO-8859-1, even though the data is really Windows-1252 encoded. Many web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5,[11] in order to accommodate such mislabeling and care should be taken to avoid generating these characters in ISO-8859-1 labeled content.

Mac-Roman

The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman, or Mac-Roman, in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, like ISO-8859-1, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 but in a totally different arrangement. A later version, registered with IANA as "Macintosh", replaced the generic currency sign ¤ with the euro sign . The few printable characters that are in ISO 8859-1 but not in this set are often a source of trouble when editing text on websites using older Macintosh browsers (including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac). However the extra characters that Windows-1252 has in the C1 code point range are all supported in MacRoman.

Other

DOS had code page 850, which had all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 had (albeit in a totally different arrangement) plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.

Between 1989[12] and 2015 Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-1 on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" as well.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Encoding". WHATWG. 27 January 2015. sec. 5.2 Names and labels. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, September 2018". Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  4. ^ Baird, Cathy; Chiba, Dan; Chu, Winson; Fan, Jessica; Ho, Claire; Law, Simon; Lee, Geoff; Linsley, Peter; Matsuda, Keni; Oscroft, Tamzin; Takeda, Shige; Tanaka, Linus; Tozawa, Makoto; Trute, Barry; Tsujimoto, Mayumi; Wu, Ying; Yau, Michael; Yu, Tim; Wang, Chao; Wong, Simon; Zhang, Weiran; Zheng, Lei; Zhu, Yan; Moore, Valarie (2002) [1996]. "Appendix A: Locale Data". Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide (PDF) (Release 2 (9.2) ed.). Oracle Corporation. Oracle A96529-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-02-14. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Standard ECMA-94: 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Set (PDF) (1 ed.). European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). March 1985 [1984-12-14]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01. […] Since 1982 the urgency of the need for an 8-bit single-byte coded character set was recognized in ECMA as well as in ANSI/X3L2 and numerous working papers were exchanged between the two groups. In February 1984 ECMA TC1 submitted to ISO/TC97/SC2 a proposal for such a coded character set. At its meeting of April 1984 SC decided to submit to TC97 a proposal for a new item of work for this topic. Technical discussions during and after this meeting led TC1 to adopt the coding scheme proposed by X3L2. Part 1 of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted as an ECMA Standard by the General Assembly of Dec. 13–14, 1984. […] {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)
  7. ^ Jacques, André (1996). "ISO Latin-1, norme de codage des caractères européens? Trois caractères français en sont absents!" (PDF). Cahiers GUTenberg (25): 65–77.
  8. ^ Malyshev, Michael (2003-01-10). "Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]". ATO-RU (Amiga Translation Organization – Russian Department). Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ W3C/WHATWG Encoding specification: Names and Labels
  10. ^ HTML5 specification: 2.1.6 Character encodings
  11. ^ WHATWG, "Names and Labels", Encoding Standard, retrieved 2016-11-15
  12. ^ a b HP 82240B Infrared Printer (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: Hewlett Packard. August 1989. HP reorder number 82240-90014. Retrieved 2016-08-01.