IndyCar Series

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This article is about the racing series. For its sanctioning body, see IndyCar. For the video game based on the series, see IndyCar Series (video game).
IndyCar Series
CategoryOpen-wheel racing
CountryInternational
Inaugural season1996[1]
Drivers36 (Including Indianapolis 500)
Teams12 (Including Indianapolis 500)
ConstructorsDallara
Engine suppliersChevrolet
Honda
Tire suppliersFirestone
Drivers' championUnited States Josef Newgarden
Makes' championUnited States Chevrolet
Teams' championUnited States Team Penske
Official websitewww.indycar.com
Current season

The IndyCar Series, currently known as the Verizon IndyCar Series for title sponsorship reasons, is the premier level of open-wheel racing in North America.[2] Its parent company began in 1996 as a competitor to CART known as the Indy Racing League (IRL) which was created by then Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony George. In 2008, the IndyCar Series merged with the Champ Car World Series (formerly CART). The series is self-sanctioned by IndyCar.

The series' premier event is the Indianapolis 500.

Overview

Series name

File:Verizon IndyCar Series.jpg
The Verizon IndyCar Series logo (2014–2015)

Due to the legal settlement with CART, the Indy Racing League was unable to utilize the name IndyCar until the beginning of the 2003 season. For 1996–1997, the series was simply referred to as the Indy Racing League, with no genre designation. For 1998–1999, the series garnered its first title sponsor, and was advertised as the Pep Boys Indy Racing League. The contract was not renewed after the second year. In 2000, the series sold its naming rights to Internet search engine Northern Light for five seasons, and the series was named the Indy Racing Northern Light Series. After only two seasons, however, the sponsorship agreement ended when Northern Light reevaluated its business plan and ended all sponsorships.[3]

The league reverted to the Indy Racing League name for the 2002 season, with no title sponsor. The IndyCar Series name was officially adopted beginning in 2003, as the series was now legally entitled to use it. In 2006, IndyCar forged an alliance with Simmons-Abramson Marketing (headed by Gene Simmons of the hard rock band Kiss), promising to be "actively engaged in the league's marketing, event, public relations, sponsorship, merchandising and branding efforts—from its IndyCar Series to the venerable Indianapolis 500". Simmons also co-authored the new IndyCar theme song, "I Am Indy".[4] For the 2008 season, DirecTV served as a presenting sponsor, although this deal only lasted one year due to objections by the series' new cable broadcaster Versus, as it was owned by competitor Comcast.[5][6][7]

Izod was announced as the series title sponsor beginning on November 5, 2009. Exact financial terms were not disclosed but the deal was reported to be worth at least $10 million per year for 5 years, but ran only 3 of the originally announced 5 seasons, as[8] Izod ended its sponsorship after the 2013 season.[9]

In 2014, Verizon Communications became title sponsor of the series through 2018. Verizon declined to renew the deal. IndyCar stated that it was working with NBC Sports to pursue a new title sponsor for 2019.[10]

Television

Since the series inception, IndyCar Series events have been broadcast in the United States on several networks, including ABC, CBS, ESPN, Fox Sports Networks, and TNN.[11] Beginning in 2009, Versus (now NBCSN) began a 10-year deal to broadcast 13 IndyCar races per season, whereas the remaining races, including the Indianapolis 500, would remain on ABC through 2018.[12] As of the 2016 season, ABC airs 5 races per-season (plus two days of qualifying for the Indianapolis 500), with NBCSN or other NBCUniversal networks (in the event of scheduling conflicts) airing the remainder of the schedule.[13] On March 21, 2018, it was announced that NBC Sports would become the sole U.S. rightsholder of the IndyCar Series beginning in 2019, under a new three-year contract. NBCSN will continue as the primary broadcast outlet for most races, and overflow content will be available through its subscription service NBC Sports Gold. Eight races per-season will be televised by NBC—including the Indianapolis 500, marking the first time in 54 years that the race will not be televised by ABC.[14][15][16][17]

In the United Kingdom, since the launch of BT Sport in August 2013 races are shown on one of the BT branded channels or ESPN. Previous to August 2013, the IndyCar Series races were broadcasts on the Sky Sports family of networks, with the viewing figures of the IndyCar races in the UK outnumbering those of NASCAR races. The IndyCar Series also had highlights of all the races on the channel Five British terrestrial channel and Five USA, but has since been discontinued since the 2009 season.[18]

In Portugal, all of the IndyCar Series are broadcast on Sport TV.

In February 2013, Sportsnet announced that it would become the official Canadian broadcaster of the IndyCar Series beginning in the 2013 season in a five-year deal with the series. The new contract will include broadcasts on the Sportsnet regional networks, Sportsnet One, and City, along with mobile coverage and French rights sub-licensed to TVA Sports. Additionally, Sportsnet would also originate coverage from the Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, Indianapolis 500, and Honda Indy Toronto with Bill Adam, Todd Lewis, and Rob Faulds. Canadian driver Paul Tracy also joined Sportsnet as an analyst.[19]

Rede Bandeirantes serves as the Brazilian broadcast partner in that country since 1989. Grupo Bandeirantes sports channel BandSports also show live races and race highlights. ESPN has been the international broadcast partner of IndyCar Series in Latin America (except in Brazil).

Eurosport has been the international broadcast partner of IndyCar in most of Europe (except in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia and the United Kingdom).

In the late 2000s, the official website streamed online all races, qualifying and practice sessions unrestricted. That service is now limited in the United States to television subscribers of the respective television network broadcasters.

Car history and current specifications

The IndyCar Series is not an open formula motor sport archetype. A spec-series, the league mandates chassis and engine manufacturers which teams must use each season. The league mandates horsepower level, aerodynamic configuration, and maximum engine speed to which all entrants must adhere. The league also mandates direct control over all drivers, with an officially designated race boss in race control headquarters, maintaining constant two-way radio communication with each driver during every race. The league's choice of manufacturers are reviewed every three years. Currently, Dallara provides a specification chassis to all teams, with Honda and Chevrolet providing Indycar its engines. Teams are prohibited from performing engine or chassis modifications.

Chassis

1996 to 2011

In the series' first season (1996), 1992 to 1995 model year CART chassis built by Lola and Reynard were used. The first new Indycar came into being in 1997. Tony George specified new technical rules for less expensive cars and production-based engines. The move effectively outlawed the CART chassis and turbocharged engines that had been the mainstay of the Indianapolis 500 since the late 1970s.

A 1997-spec G-Force IRL car. This car was repainted for promotional purposes in 2008

Starting with the 2003 season, the series rules were changed to require chassis manufacturers to be approved by the league before they could build cars. Prior to that, any interested party could build a car, provided it met the rules and was made available to customers at the league-mandated price. In total, four manufacturers have built IndyCar chassis.

Dallara began producing Indycars for the 1997 season. The Dallara and G Force chassis were relatively evenly matched over their first few seasons, but eventually the Dallara began to win more races. This caused more teams to switch to the Dallara, further increasing their success. As of 2017, a Dallara chassis has been used by 17 Indy 500 winners, although there have not been any competing manufacturers since 2012. Dallara was also tabbed to build the Firestone Indy Lights machines. After the withdrawal of factory support from Panoz Auto Development, they are the only supplier of new chassis.

The G Force chassis was introduced in 1997, and won the 1997 and 2000 Indy 500 races. In 2002, Élan Motorsport Technologies bought G Force, and the chassis was renamed "Panoz G Force", and then shortened to "Panoz" in 2005. In 2003 a new model was introduced, and it won the Indy 500 in 2003–2004, and finished second in 2005. It fell out of favor starting in 2005, and by 2006 only one finished in the top ten at Indy. Little factory support was given to IndyCar teams after that point, as Panoz concentrated on their DP01 chassis for the rival Champ Car World Series. By 2008, only one Panoz saw track time, an aborted second weekend effort at Indy, that resulted in Phil Giebler being injured in a practice crash.

A Panoz GF09 Indycar Series chassis driven by Jaques Lazier during practice for the 2007 Indianapolis 500

Riley & Scott produced IndyCar chassis from 1997 to 2000. Their initial effort, the Mark V, was introduced late in the 1997 season, severely limiting its potential market. It also proved to be uncompetitive. After Riley & Scott was purchased by Reynard, an all-new model, the Mark VII, was introduced for the 2000 season. It won in Phoenix, the second race of the season (driven by Buddy Lazier), but was off the pace at Indy and was quickly dropped by its teams.

Falcon Cars was founded by Michael Kranefuss and Ken Anderson in 2002 as the third approved chassis supplier for the 2003 season. One rolling chassis was completed and shown, but it was never fitted with a working engine and never ran. No orders were ever filled. Superficially, IndyCar machines closely resemble those of other open-wheeled formula racing cars, with front and rear wings and prominent airboxes. Originally, the cars were unique, being designed specifically for oval racing; for example, the oil and cooling systems were asymmetrical to account for the pull of liquids to the right side of the cars. Later cars were designed to accommodate the added requirements of road racing.

Because of a preexisting schedule conflict, the Champ Car World Series spec Panoz DP01, with a Cosworth engine, was run in an IndyCar Series points event in the 2008 Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach.

2012

The 2012 DW12 chassis driven by Scott Dixon showing the rear wheel enclosure

In 2012 the series adopted the Dallara IR-12 chassis[20] as a cost control method, and IndyCar negotiated a price of $349,000 per chassis.[21] The new specification also improved safety, the most obvious feature being the partial enclosure around the rear wheels, which acts to prevent cars ramping up over another vehicle's back end.

This chassis was intended to support multiple aerodynamic kits, but introduction of these was delayed until 2015 with teams citing costs.[22] Currently, there are two aero kits (each tied to which engine a team uses), but beginning in 2018 the series will run with a single, redesigned "spec" aero kit, which will both reduce aerodynamic downforce and reduce team and manufacturer design development costs. The new universal Aero Kit is being designed without the wheel arches, which were deemed ineffective, and without an air inlet above the cockpit, a first for an IndyCar Series chassis (most Champ Car chassis had been designed that way). The new Aero Kit will also have fewer small aerodynamic pieces which can become broken or dislodged, with the intent to reduce the amount of debris that ends up on the track and expenses from repairing such devices.

After the events of the 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championships the chassis was nicknamed DW12 in honour of Dan Wheldon.[23]

Transmission, gearbox and clutches

For the transmission gearboxes, all IndyCar Series cars currently use a semi-automatic transmission with 6-speed gearbox operated by paddle shifters and supplied by Xtrac since the 2008 season but with assistance. From 1996 to 2007, all IndyCar Series cars used sequential manual transmission with a 6-speed gearbox operated by the gear lever. The clutch of all IndyCar Series cars are carbon with steel housing 3-plate clutch operated by foot-pedal in 1996–2011 later hand-paddle steering wheel in 2012–present and provided by AP Racing. Mechanical limited-slip differentials are also allowed and constant velocity joint tripod driveshafts are also used. All IndyCar Series cars drivetrain are currently rear mid-engine with rear-wheel-drive layout.

Brakes

Since the formation of IndyCar Series in 1996, the brake package of IndyCar Series were only slimmer carbon brake rotors with 4-pot brake calipers and carbon pads on all-oval races until 2011. The thicker steel brake rotors with 6-pot brake calipers and carbon pads were introduced in 2005 for road and street course races for stronger braking while approaching sharper turns even hairpins. From 2012 onwards, IndyCar Series ditched the steel brake discs in favour of carbon brake rotors in all types of tracks but the caliper configuration remained same as 1996–2011.

PFC currently supplying brake packages for all IndyCar Series cars since 2017 season and later increased their involvement from 2018 season (supplying the calipers). Previously Brembo supplied the brake packages in 2012–2016 and Alcon in 2003–2011.

Wheel rims

BBS and O.Z. Racing are currently supplying forged wheels since 1996.

Tires

Firestone is currently the sole tire supplier for the series since the 2000 season to date. Previously Goodyear supplied tires from 1996 to 1999 for several teams. The IndyCar Series runs the bespoke compounds since 1996 and re-profiled in 2003. The front tire sizes are 305/45-R15 (10.0/25.8-R15) and the rear tire sizes are 415/40-R15 (14.5/28.0-R15). The compounds of IndyCar Series tires are alternative and prime for dry condition races, while treaded tires only available for road/street wet condition races for safety reasons.

Suspension

The suspension of all IndyCar Series cars is double A-arm, pushrod, with third spring and anti-roll bar configuration multilink.

Cockpit and safety components

For the safety equipment, all IndyCar Series cars seating uses carbon-fibre shell driver's seat with 6-point seat belts. The steering wheel of all IndyCar Series cars are free design with multiple buttons (similar to Formula One). All IndyCar Series cars are also equipped with Pi Research Sigma Wheel Display data display units in 2001–2017 and later replaced by Cosworth CCW Mk2 steering wheel and also new Configurable Display Unit 4.3 display dashes for other competitors from 2018 onwards.

The cockpit of all IndyCar Series cars are still open cockpit but protected by zylon, foot protection bulkhead and also cockpit padding.

Fuel cell

The fuel tank of all IndyCar Series cars are made of rubber and is covered with a Kevlar-fitted blanket for extra protection in side impacts safety cell supplied by Fuel Safe. Currently the fuel tank capacity of all IndyCar Series cars are 18.5 US gal (70 L) since 2012–present. Previously, the fuel tank of all IndyCar Series cars were 22 US gal (83 L) in 2007–2011 and 30 US gal (114 L) in 1997–2006.

Other components

All IndyCar Series cars carry a McLaren-provided engine management (Electronic Control Unit) (TAG-400I model) since 2011. Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts, but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage tents and not on the track. Previously Motorola supplied IndyCar Series ECU in 2003–2010 for Honda-powered cars, also Denso supplied IndyCar Series ECU in 2003–2005 for Toyota-powered cars and also Zytek supplied IndyCar Series ECU in 2002–2005 for Chevrolet-powered cars.

Rear view mirrors for all IndyCar Series cars are fully mandated to easily viewing opponents behind.

Fuel

Methanol

At its inception, the IRL used methanol racing fuel, which had been the de facto standard in American open-wheel racing since the 1964 Indianapolis 500 Eddie Sachs – Dave MacDonald crash. Methanol had long provided a safer alternative to gasoline. It had a higher flash point, was easily extinguishable with water, but burned invisibly. With the IRL's introduction of night races in 1997, the burning of methanol fuel was visible for the first time, seen with a light blue haze. With this in mind, as a safety feature to make it more visible in case of fire during daylight hours, additional mixtures were placed in the fuel, so it would burn with a color.

Ethanol

In 2005, driver Paul Dana brought the sponsorship of the Ethanol Promotion and Information Council (EPIC) to his IndyCar team. EPIC is a consortium of ethanol producers that advocate the increased use of ethanol. EPIC was anxious to address public concerns that ethanol use led to engine damage and poor performance when used in street cars. As a marketing effort, it was believed that sponsoring an IndyCar could be used as a tool to promote education and awareness of ethanol use, and to curb the spread of erroneous information. Dana was killed in a crash in 2006, but the IRL already begun a transition to ethanol fuel.

For the 2006 season, the fuel was a 90%/10% mixture of ethanol and methanol. Starting in 2007, the league advertised "100% Fuel Grade Ethanol", the first competitive series to utilize renewable fuel. The mixture is actually 98% ethanol and 2% gasoline for races held in the United States. It was provided by Lifeline Foods of Saint Joseph, Missouri. The additives satisfied the U.S. government's requirements that the alcohol be unfit for human consumption, and added visible color in case of a fire. However, the 2010 São Paulo Indy 300, held in Brazil –outside of the U.S. regulations– utilized a full E100 mixture, the first instance in the sport.

To compensate for the gain of power due to the use of ethanol, the displacement was reverted to 3.5 L. Since ethanol gets better fuel mileage than methanol, the fuel tanks in the car were reduced in size (30 US gallons to 22 US gallons). Compared to methanol, human contact with the current IndyCar fuel is much less harsh, and the fumes much less irritating. Unlike methanol, ethanol is not caustic and does not cause chemical burns when it comes in contact with skin.

In May 2010, Sunoco became the official fuel of the series starting in 2011, running through 2014. Sunoco is still the official fuel of IndyCar. Sunoco will work with APEX-Brasil and UNICA to provide ethanol for the series.[24][citation needed]

Starting from 2012 season the Ethanol fuel blend rate has been reduced to 85% blend to match the mix of road car engines.

Engines

The initial 1996 IRL season, as well as the first two races of the 1996–97 season, featured engines with specifications left over from the rival CART series competition. Those chassis/engine combinations were essentially under the same rules utilized by teams which participated in the 1995 Indianapolis 500, which was sanctioned by USAC. V-8 powerplants were allowed the typical 45 inHg (22.1psi) of pressure boost. The Menard-Buick V6 engine used in 1996, however, was an updated powerplant from the 1995 version. In addition, the V-6 stock block engines (Buick-Menard) were allowed 55 inHg (27.0psi) of boost at all races, instead of just at Indianapolis. During the CART era, V-6 stock blocks were only allowed 45 inHg at all races outside of Indy, which was a decided disadvantage and left the engine out of favor.

Ford-Cosworth reluctantly provided support to teams wishing to run their older-spec engines in the IRL, a major point of contention for CART management, to whom Ford-Cosworth was an official engine supplier. The Ilmor Mercedes V-8 engine, also a mainstay CART powerplant, was permitted, but the only time it was used was a one-off at the 1996 Indy 500 by Galles Racing.

Honda Indy V8 engine on the car

Starting in 1997, IRL cars were powered by 4.0 L V8, methanol-burning, production-based, normally aspirated engines, produced by Oldsmobile (under the Aurora label) and Nissan (badged as Infiniti). Per IRL rules, the engines sold for no more than $80,000, and were rev-limited to over 10,000 rpm.[25] They produced around 700 hp (520 kW).[25]

The engine formula was changed with the 2000–2004 formula. The displacement was dropped down from 4.0 L to 3.5 L, and the requirement for the block to be production-based was dropped. This formula was used through 2003.[26] In 2004, in the wake of several crashes including the fatal crash of Tony Renna and the severe crash of Kenny Bräck, the displacement was reduced 3.0 L to curb top speeds.

Infiniti's engines, though reliable, were significantly down on power compared to the Auroras in 1997, leading many of the teams that had initially opted for the Infiniti to switch. By the end of the 1998 season, only a handful of low-budget teams were using the Infiniti. However, early in the 1999 season, Cheever Racing, a well-funded team, was brought on to develop the engine with team owner Eddie Cheever expanding the team to two cars and bringing on his brother Ross Cheever as a test driver. By 2000, the engine had improved markedly and Cheever captured the marque's first win at Pikes Peak International Raceway. However, despite the improved success, few teams made the switch to the Infiniti and the company left the series after the 2002 season to focus on powering the league's new Infiniti Pro Series (now Firestone Indy Lights).

As part of General Motors' discontinuance of the Oldsmobile name, the Olds engine was rebadged as the Chevrolet starting with the 2002 season.[27] However, the effort could not compete with the Toyota and Honda programs starting in 2003. In August 2003, Chevrolet announced to the public its "Gen IV" motor, a rebadged Cosworth motor for competition. At the time, Cosworth was owned by Ford. On November 4, 2004, Chevrolet stated that it would be ending its IRL engine program effective with the end of the 2005 season, citing costs that exceeded value, according to then GM Racing Director Doug Duchardt, "The investment did not meet our objectives."

In 2003, Toyota came to the IRL from the rival CART series. Toyota won their first race in Miami, as well as the Indianapolis 500 and the series title. However, Toyota had just one podium in the last seven races of 2004, and only Penske Racing fielded competitive Toyota-powered cars in 2005. In November 2005, Toyota company officials announced the company's withdrawal from American open-wheel racing and the immediate discontinuation of its IRL program, coinciding with its entrance into NASCAR's Craftsman Truck Series in 2004, and its discontinuation of its IMSA program.

Honda also came to the IRL in 2003, and by 2005 was clearly the dominant engine manufacturer. Starting in 2006, they became the only engine manufacturer in the IndyCar Series, and continued in that capacity through 2011. The Honda V8 engine was co-developed by Ilmor, which is part owned by Roger Penske for tune up, engine maintenance, arrangement and trackside support.

During that time, since the IndyCar Series had only one engine manufacturer, Honda focused on minimizing engine failure and minimizing costs instead of defeating rivals. As such, the engines were moderately de-tuned. The engines proved themselves to be quite durable—there had been no engine failures at Indy from 2006 to 2010, which also lowered the number of crashes. Most of the engines, including those used for the Indy 500, are used for multiple races and were intended to last 1,200 miles (1,931 kilometers) between rebuilds.[28] The Honda engines were only available via lease arrangement from Honda, which, for the 2010 full season, cost $935,000 U.S. per season, per car.[29]

The current, fourth-generation IndyCar formula was presented in 2012. The engines are now 2.2-liter twin turbo V-6's putting out estimated 550–750 hp depending on the level of boost used. They are limited to 12,000 rpm. Engines are currently supplied by Chevrolet and Honda.[30] Starting in the 2011 season, McLaren has supplied its TAG-400i engine control unit.

Spark plugs

Currently Bosch (Chevrolet) and NGK (Honda) providing spark plugs for all IndyCar Series cars since 2012. Previously NGK was exclusive spark plugs supplier in 2006–2011 when Honda was the standard IndyCar Series engine supplier. Previously Denso also was spark plugs supplier in 2003–2005 for Toyota-powered cars.

Performance

The current IndyCar Series top speed is approximately 235–240 mph (378–386 km/h) on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway oval layout. On intermediate and long ovals the top speed is approximately 220 mph (354 km/h), and on road/ street courses and short ovals, it is approximately 205–210 mph (330–338 km/h).[31][32][33]

Specifications

Year 2011 final

Year 2012–2017

  • Engine displacement: 2.2 L (134 cu in) DOHC V6
  • Gearbox: 6-speed paddle shift gearbox (must have reverse)
  • Weight: 1,580 lb (717 kg) on 1.5-mile speedways, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500; 1,610 lb (730 kg) on short ovals, road and street courses
  • Power output: Venue dependent 550–750 + 60 hp (410–559 + 45 kW) (push-to-pass)
  • Fuel: Sunoco E85 Ethanol + 15% gasoline
  • Fuel capacity: 18.5 US gal (70 L)
  • Fuel delivery: Combination of direct and indirect injection that produced 1,300 mbar (19 psi; 130 kPa) maximum fuel system pressure
  • Aspiration: Single-turbo until 2013 and twin-turbo (mandated since 2014)
  • Length: 203.94 in (5,180 mm) on road/street course and short ovals; 197.33 in (5,012 mm) on 1.5-mile intermediate ovals, superspeedway and Indianapolis 500
  • Width: 78.5 in (1,994 mm) maximum; 77.5 in (1,968 mm) minimum (measured outside rim to rim); 79 in (2,007 mm) overall
  • Wheelbase: 117.5–121.5 in (2,984–3,086 mm) adjustable
  • Steering: Variable rack and pinion, no power assistance[35]

Year 2018–2020

  • Engine displacement: 2.2 L (134 cu in) DOHC V6
  • Gearbox: 6-speed paddle shift gearbox (must have reverse)
  • Weight: 1,590 lb (721 kg) on 1.5-mile speedways, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500; 1,620 lb (735 kg) on short ovals, road and street courses
  • Power output: Venue dependent 550–750 + 60 hp (410–559 + 45 kW) (push-to-pass)
  • Fuel: Sunoco E85 Ethanol + 15% gasoline
  • Fuel capacity: 18.5 US gal (70 L)
  • Fuel delivery: Combination of direct and indirect injection that produced 1,300 mbar (19 psi; 130 kPa) maximum fuel system pressure
  • Aspiration: Twin-turbocharged
  • Length: 201.7 in (5,123 mm)
  • Width: 75.5 in (1,918 mm) inches minimum (road/street), 75.75 in (1,924 mm) minimum (ovals), 76.5 in (1,943 mm) maximum (measured outside rim to rim)
  • Wheelbase: 117.5–121.5 in (2,984–3,086 mm) adjustable
  • Steering: Variable rack and pinion, no power assistance[35]

The future of IndyCar

As part of the 2012 chassis, aero kits were also set to be introduced. The introduction of such kits was postponed until 2015, leaving all cars running the same aero package provided by chassis supplier Dallara.

In 2015, teams began running aero kits developed by their engine manufacturers. The kits, while increasing speeds and offering clear distinction between the two manufacturers, did lead to significant cost increases. Further, Chevrolet's aero kit was the more dominant with Honda only able to mount a competitive charge on ovals due to having slightly better engine power. While Honda was able to make gains in 2016, after two years of development the kits are frozen for 2017 and starting in 2018 all cars will run the same aero package again. To further help reduce costs, IndyCar will allow teams to shop for competitively priced non-safety related parts such as brakes instead of mandating parts from specific suppliers.[36]

IndyCar had hoped to set a new speed record at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway by 2016 with the introduction of aero kits and the development work associated with them. However, after a series of safety concerns during practice for the 2015 Indianapolis 500 with the Chevrolet aero kit package, this is now seen as unlikely to happen in the near future.[37]

IndyCar has indicated the series will run the current DW12 chassis through at least the 2020 season, although it has received safety upgrades since its introduction in 2012 and will receive at least one additional major safety upgrade in 2018. The series has left open the possibility of going to a completely different chassis platform starting in 2021.[38]

Racetracks

Main article: List of IndyCar Series racetracks
class=notpageimage|
Races in the IndyCar Series as of the 2018 season. Red dots represent ovals, blue dots represent road courses, orange dots represent street circuits. Indianapolis hosts one oval race and one road course race.

After split from IndyCar World Series, the Indy Racing League began as a pure oval race series. Alongside the prestigious Indy 500, the 1-mile oval tracks of Phoenix and Loudon were added to the schedule. In addition, the Hulman family oversaw the planning for the construction of a new track at Walt Disney World in Florida. On the new Walt Disney World Speedway the first IRL race took place in January 1996.

After the series was established, ovals used mainly by NASCAR were raced on. These included the newly built racetracks in Las Vegas and Fort Worth as well as the existing speedways of Charlotte and Atlanta. After a series of major accidents at Charlotte and Atlanta and a lack of spectator turnout, however, the ovals of Atlanta, Charlotte and Las Vegas were removed from the calendar. For the 2001 season, the IRL also began to race on ovals that were being used by CART. The circuits of Homestead and Gateway changed from CART to the calendar of the IRL, with the race at Walt Disney World being dropped in favor of Homestead. In addition, the new 1.5-mile ovals of Kansas, Kentucky and Chicagoland were added. These tracks were the backbone of the IRL until 2011. After Roger Penske sold his racetracks (Fontana, Michigan and Nazareth) to the International Speedway Corporation. The IRL began racing at these tracks in the 2002 season; unfortunately, Nazareth Speedway only held three races before ISC closed the track in 2004. Michigan Speedway was raced until the 2007 season and the Auto Club Speedway, formerly California Speedway, until the 2015 season.

The first major change took place in the 2005 season. For the first time in the history of the IRL, races were held at road and street courses. A street course race in St. Petersburg has been added to the calendar. In addition, races at Sonoma and Watkins Glen, the two NASCAR road course circuits were added. In 2007, the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course was added. After the Champ Car World Series was dissolved in 2008, some of their races were taken over by the IndyCar Series. These are the street races of Long Beach, Detroit and Toronto, and starting in 2016, Road America. In addition, a road course race at Barber Motorsports Park in Birmingham and an oval race at Iowa Speedway were scheduled and held.

The second big change took place in the 2012 season. In 2011, the series returned for the first time since 2000 at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway. In the meantime, however, this circuit was rebuilt for the NASCAR SERIES, increasing the banking of 12 degrees to progressive banking up to 20 degrees. This new configuration led to tight pack racing. To make matters worse, a $5 million bonus was offered if a driver from another series or racing discipline win the race, as it would be the last race for the current chassis, a record 34 cars entered this race (the Indy 500 field, by comparison, is capped at 33 cars). As a result of pack racing in combination with many cars and inexperienced drivers, a major crash occurred 13 laps in, injuring several drivers and killing the defending Indy 500 winner Dan Wheldon. This event led to massive media criticism of oval races for open-wheel vehicles. As a result, and also because of the gradual loss of spectators in the previous seasons, all oval races on 1.5-mile speedways, save for Texas Motor Speedway, were removed from the calendar. Only the oval races in Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Iowa, Texas and Fontana remained for the next three seasons. Instead, more races were held in cities, including Houston, Baltimore, and São Paulo. In the following years the calendar stabilized, with the return of races in Phoenix, Pocono and Gateway, despite the races at Fontana and Milwaukee being removed from the schedule.

Since the 2015 season, the calendar consists of 1/3 of oval races, 1/3 of races on permanent natural road courses, and 1/3 of races on temporary street courses in larger cities.

Championship point system

Further information: List of American Championship car racing point scoring systems
Position Points
1st 100
2nd 80
3rd 70
4th 64
5th 60
6th 56
7th 52
8th 48
9th 44
10th 40
11th 38
12th 36
13th 34
14th 32
15th 30
16th 28
17th 26
18th 24
19th 22
20th 20
21st 18
22nd 16
23rd 14
24th 12
25th 10
26th 10
27th 10
28th 10
29th 10
30th 10
31st 10
32nd 10
33rd 10

Like other governing bodies, IndyCar awards points based upon where a driver finishes in a race. The top three drivers are separated by ten and five points respectively (see this section table). The fourth through tenth-place finishers are separated by two points each. Eleventh through twenty-fifth are separated by one point each. All other drivers who start the race score five points. Bonus points are awarded as follows: one point to the driver that earns the pole each race (except at Indianapolis), one point to any driver that leads at least one lap in a race, and two additional bonus points to the driver that leads the most laps each race.

For the Indianapolis 500, qualifying points are awarded for all 33 cars at the Indianapolis 500. The point scale slides based on the teams that qualify for the top-nine shootout, then descending by speed and position.

As of 2014, the Indianapolis 500 now awards double points for finishing place.

In the case of a tie, IndyCar Series will determine the champion based on the most first-place finishes. If there is still a tie, IndyCar Series will determine the champion by the most second-place finishes, then the most third-place finishes, etc., until a champion is determined. IndyCar Series will apply the same system to other ties in the rankings at the close of the season and at any other time during the season.

Seasons

Further information: American Championship Car Racing § National champions
Further information: List of American Championship Car Rookie of the Year Winners

Following the merger of CART/Champ Car into the Indy Racing League in 2008, the IRL acquired all intellectual property and historic records.

Season Champion Rookie of the Year Most Popular Driver
Driver Age Car No. Team Chassis Engine
19961 United States Scott Sharp 28 11 A. J. Foyt Enterprises Lola Ford-Cosworth not awarded not awarded
United States Buzz Calkins 25 12 Bradley Motorsports Reynard Ford-Cosworth (2)
1996–97 United States Tony Stewart 26 2 Team Menard G-Force Oldsmobile United States Jim Guthrie Netherlands Arie Luyendyk
1998 Sweden Kenny Bräck 32 14 A. J. Foyt Enterprises (2) Dallara Oldsmobile United States Robby Unser Netherlands Arie Luyendyk (2)
1999 United States Greg Ray 33 2 Team Menard (2) Dallara Oldsmobile United States Scott Harrington Canada Scott Goodyear
2000 United States Buddy Lazier 33 91 Hemelgarn Racing Dallara Oldsmobile Brazil Airton Daré United States Al Unser, Jr.
2001 United States Sam Hornish, Jr. 22 4 Panther Racing Dallara Oldsmobile (5) Brazil Felipe Giaffone United States Sarah Fisher
2002 United States Sam Hornish, Jr. 23 4 Panther Racing (2) Dallara Chevrolet France Laurent Rédon United States Sarah Fisher
2003 New Zealand Scott Dixon 23 9 Chip Ganassi Racing G-Force (2) Toyota United Kingdom Dan Wheldon2 United States Sarah Fisher (3)
2004 Brazil Tony Kanaan 30 11 Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda Japan Kosuke Matsuura United States Sam Hornish, Jr.
2005 United Kingdom Dan Wheldon 27 26 Andretti Green Racing Dallara Honda United States Danica Patrick United States Danica Patrick
20063 United States Sam Hornish, Jr. (3) 27 6 Penske Racing Dallara Honda United States Marco Andretti United States Danica Patrick
2007 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti 34 27 Andretti Green Racing (3) Dallara Honda United States Ryan Hunter-Reay United States Danica Patrick
2008 New Zealand Scott Dixon 28 9 Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda Japan Hideki Mutoh United States Danica Patrick4
2009 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti 36 10 Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda Brazil Raphael Matos United States Danica Patrick
2010 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti 37 10 Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda United Kingdom Alex Lloyd United States Danica Patrick (6)
20115 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti (4) 38 10 Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda Canada James Hinchcliffe United Kingdom Dan Wheldon6
2012 United States Ryan Hunter-Reay 32 28 Andretti Autosport (4) Dallara Chevrolet France Simon Pagenaud Canada James Hinchcliffe
2013 New Zealand Scott Dixon 33 9 Chip Ganassi Racing Dallara Honda (9) France Tristan Vautier Brazil Tony Kanaan
2014 Australia Will Power 33 12 Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet Colombia Carlos Muñoz Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya
2015 New Zealand Scott Dixon7 (4) 35 9 Chip Ganassi Racing (7) Dallara Chevrolet Colombia Gabby Chaves United Kingdom Justin Wilson8
2016 France Simon Pagenaud 32 22 Team Penske Dallara Chevrolet United States Alexander Rossi United States Bryan Clauson9
2017 United States Josef Newgarden 27 2 Team Penske (4) Dallara Chevrolet (6) United Arab Emirates Ed Jones United States Conor Daly
2018 Dallara (20) Canada Robert Wickens
  1. ^ In 1996, Scott Sharp and Buzz Calkins were tied in the final standings and were declared co-champions. Calkins had one win, as opposed to Sharp being winless, but no tiebreakers were in place.
  2. ^ Although it was Dixon's first year in IndyCar and he won the championship, he was not considered a rookie because of earlier Champ Car experience.
  3. ^ In 2006, Sam Hornish, Jr. and Dan Wheldon tied in the final standings for first place. This time, IndyCar had tiebreakers, and Hornish clinched the championship by having more victories than Wheldon during the season.
  4. ^ Although no report was officially released about it in 2008, IndyCar.com confirmed in 2009 that Danica Patrick being named Most Popular Driver was her "fifth consecutive" win of the award.[39]
  5. ^ The 2011 season was originally supposed to end at Las Vegas, but the death of Dan Wheldon in an early crash caused IndyCar to abandon the race. The points reset to the standings as of the scheduled penultimate race at Kentucky, with Franchitti winning the championship.
  6. ^ Posthumously awarded to Dan Wheldon by a vote of members on the official IndyCar Nation website. This marked the first time a part-time driver won the award.
  7. ^ Dixon and Montoya finished tied in points, Dixon winning the title based on wins (3 to 2).
  8. ^ Posthumously awarded to Justin Wilson by a vote of members on the official IndyCar Nation website. This marked the second time a part-time driver won the award.
  9. ^ Posthumously awarded to Bryan Clauson by a vote of members on the official IndyCar Nation website. This marked the third time a part-time driver won the award.

Individual discipline trophies

Starting in 2010, the series began recognizing two sub-set championship trophies alongside the season championship. The two primary disciplines of IndyCar (ovals and road courses) were named after respective legends of the sport: A. J. Foyt and Mario Andretti, respectively. The discipline trophies were created as the series moved closer to a 50/50 split of ovals and road courses, and to encourage incentive for part-time entries – specifically those that might prefer to compete in one discipline over the other.

This arrangement also creates a reasonable opportunity for a team to employ the services of two drivers for one season entry. A team could hire a specialist for ovals and a specialist for road courses, whom combined would maintain the entry's total owner points but individually work towards their own separate disciplines.

Note that street courses are included as part of the road racing discipline. Since 2013, the individual discipline trophies have received markedly less fanfare.

Season A. J. Foyt
Oval Trophy 		Mario Andretti
Road Course Trophy
2010 United Kingdom Dario Franchitti Australia Will Power
2011 New Zealand Scott Dixon Australia Will Power
2012 United States Ryan Hunter-Reay Australia Will Power
Season A. J. Foyt
Former Oval Trophy 		Mario Andretti
Former Road Course Trophy
2013 Brazil Hélio Castroneves New Zealand Scott Dixon
2014 Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya Australia Will Power
2015 Colombia Juan Pablo Montoya Australia Will Power
2016 United States Josef Newgarden France Simon Pagenaud
2017 Brazil Hélio Castroneves United States Josef Newgarden
2018 Australia Will Power

Statistics

Championships by drivers

Main article: List of American Championship Car winners § National Championships chart
Driver Total Seasons
United Kingdom Dario Franchitti 4 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011
New Zealand Scott Dixon 2003, 2008, 2013, 2015
United States Sam Hornish Jr. 3 2001, 2002, 2006
United States Scott Sharp 1 1996
United States Buzz Calkins 1996
United States Tony Stewart 1997
Sweden Kenny Bräck 1998
United States Greg Ray 1999
United States Buddy Lazier 2000
Brazil Tony Kanaan 2004
United Kingdom Dan Wheldon 2005
United States Ryan Hunter-Reay 2012
Australia Will Power 2014
France Simon Pagenaud 2016
United States Josef Newgarden 2017

Championships by teams

Main article: List of American Championship Car winners § National Championships chart
Team Total Seasons
Chip Ganassi Racing 7 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015
Andretti Autosport (former Andretti Green Racing) 4 2004, 2005, 2007, 2012
Team Penske (former Penske Racing) 4 2006, 2014, 2016, 2017
A. J. Foyt Enterprises 2 1996, 1998
Team Menard 1997, 1999
Panther Racing 2001, 2002
Bradley Motorsports 1 1996
Hemelgarn Racing 2000

See also

Template:Wikipedia books Template:Wikipedia books

References

  1. ^ The first American championship car season took place in 1905.
  2. ^ "IndyCar lands title sponsor". IndyStar.com. 2009-11-03. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Indy Racing and Northern Light end partnership". Motorsport.com. 2002-01-07. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "IRL Forms Innovative Marketing Agreement With Gene Simmons & Richard Abramson". GeneSimmons.com. 2006-01-10. Archived from the original on 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "IRL caught in TV war". Indianapolis Business Journal. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  6. ^ "Indianapolis 500 stays in the family with sponsor deal". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  7. ^ "Indy 500 gets presenting sponsor in 3-year deal worth about $5 million". Indianapolis Star. Gannett Company. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  8. ^ "Izod is IndyCar Series title sponsor". autoweek.com. 2009-11-06. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Izod dropping IndyCar Series sponsorship". Indianapolis Business Journal. September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  10. ^ "NBC Sports is riding co-pilot in IndyCar's title sponsor search". Advertising Age. Retrieved 2018-08-31.
  11. ^ "IRL Adds TNN to its family as all '98 races on broadcast TV". Sports Business Daily. 1997-12-04. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  12. ^ "IndyCar Announces New TV Deal". insideindianabusiness.com. 2008-08-07. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2010-10-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "2016 Schedule" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  14. ^ "INDYCAR SIGNS MULTIYEAR MEDIA RIGHTS PACKAGE WITH NBC SPORTS GROUP". IndyCar Series. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  15. ^ "NBC SPORTS GROUP AND INDYCAR PARTNER ON COMPREHENSIVE, MULTI-YEAR MEDIA RIGHTS AGREEMENT" (Press release). NBC Sports Group. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  16. ^ Ayello, Jim (March 21, 2018). "The Indy 500 will soon have a new TV network". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  17. ^ Steinberg, Brian (March 21, 2018). "NBC Sports Grabs Indianapolis 500 Rights From ABC After 54 Years". Variety. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  18. ^ "TV Feed". About Five. Archived from the original on 2009-08-17. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Blanketing Canada with in-depth series coverage". IndyCar.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "IndyCar's 2012 Chassis: Lessons Learned from the Car of Tomorrow". Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Dallara named IndyCar chassis supplier for 2012". Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  22. ^ "Aero Kit Discussions, Decisions Continue To Evolve". Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Dallara DW12, named after the late Dan Wheldon, transformed IndyCar". Retrieved 20 January 2013.
  24. ^ "Sunoco to Become Official Fuel of Indy Racing League in 2011". IndyCar Series. Marketwatch.com. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  25. ^ a b "IRL Aurora V8". Autoworld.com. 2001-03-29. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "IRL Engine Specifications Announced for 2000–2004 Seasons". Motorsport.com. 1998-11-17. Archived from the original on 2011-06-06. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Chevy revs for 2002 IRL season". SAE Intl. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05. Retrieved 2010-08-23. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  33. ^ Indy 500: How fast do the cars go? How long does the race last? All you need to know, express.co.uk, May 28, 2017
  34. ^ IndyCar Series Technical Update Press Conference Archived 2007-11-14 at the Wayback Machine, IndyCar.com, February 22, 2007
  35. ^ a b http://www.roadandtrack.com/motorsports/news/a18270/you-think-driving-an-indy-car-is-easy/
  36. ^ http://www.indycar.com/News/2016/09/09-14-Aero-Kits-Future
  37. ^ http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/112819
  38. ^ http://www.racer.com/indycar/item/135797-indycar-dw12-extended-four-more-years
  39. ^ indycar.com Staff (2009-10-19). "Night for the fans". IndyCar.com. Retrieved 2010-08-23.[permanent dead link]

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