Pope Pius IV
 |
Pope Pius IV | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
 | |
| Papacy began | 25 December 1559 |
| Papacy ended | 9 December 1565 |
| Predecessor | Paul IV |
| Successor | Pius V |
| Previous post(s) |
|
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 20 April 1546 by Filippo Archinto |
| Created cardinal | 8 April 1549 by Pope Paul III |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 March 1499 |
| Died | 9 December 1565 (aged 66) Rome, Papal States |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Other popes named Pius | |
| Papal styles of Pope Pius IV | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reference style | His Holiness |
| Spoken style | Your Holiness |
| Religious style | Holy Father |
| Posthumous style | None |
Pope Pius IV (31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 25 December 1559 to his death in 1565.[1]
He is known for presiding over the final session of the Council of Trent.
Life
Early life
Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in Milan on 31 March 1499 as the second of eleven children to Bernardino de' Medici and Clelia Serbelloni. He was not closely related to the Medicis of Florence.[2]
Giovanni Medici was the younger brother of condottiero Gian Giacomo Medici, and the maternal uncle of Charles Borromeo.[3] Medici studied philosophy and medicine in Pavia.
After studying at Bologna and acquiring a reputation as a jurist he obtained his doctorate in both canon and civil law on 11 May 1525. Medici went in 1527 to Rome, and as a favourite of Pope Paul III was rapidly promoted to the governorship of several towns, the archbishopric of Ragusa (1545–1553),[4] and the vice-legateship of Bologna.
Cardinalate
In April 1549, Pope Paul III made Medici a cardinal.[2] Under Papal authority, he was sent on diplomatic missions to Germany and also to Hungary.
Pontificate
Election
On the death of Pope Paul IV, he was elected pope on 25 December 1559, taking the name Pius IV,[2] and installed on 6 January 1560. His first public acts of importance were to grant a general pardon to the participants in the riot after the death of his predecessor, and to bring to trial the nephews of his predecessor. One, Cardinal Carlo Carafa, was strangled, and Duke Giovanni Carafa of Paliano, with his nearest associates, was beheaded.
Council of Trent
On 18 January 1562 the Council of Trent, which had been suspended by Pope Julius III, was convened by Pius IV for the third and final time.[5] Great skill and caution were necessary to effect a settlement of the questions before it, inasmuch as the three principal nations taking part in it, though at issue with regard to their own special demands, were prepared to unite their forces against the demands of Rome. Pius IV, however, aided by Cardinal Morone and Charles Borromeo, proved himself equal to the emergency, and by judicious management – and concession – brought the council to a termination satisfactory to the disputants and favourable to the pontifical authority. Its definitions and decrees were confirmed by a papal bull ("Benedictus Deus") dated 26 January 1564; and, though they were received with certain limitations by France and Spain, the famous Creed of Pius IV, or Tridentine Creed, became an authoritative expression of the Catholic faith.[6] The more marked manifestations of stringency during his pontificate appear to have been prompted rather than spontaneous, his personal character inclining him to moderation and ease.
Thus, a warning, issued in 1564, summoning Jeanne d'Albret, the Queen of Navarre, before the Inquisition on a charge of Calvinism, was withdrawn by him in deference to the indignant protest of Charles IX of France. In the same year he published a bull granting the use of the cup to the laity of Austria and Bohemia. One of his strongest passions appears to have been that of building, which somewhat strained his resources in contributing to the adornment of Rome (including the new Porta Pia and Via Pia, named after him, and the northern extension (Addizione) of the rione of Borgo), and in carrying on the work of restoration, erection, and fortification in various parts of the ecclesiastical states.
On the other hand, others bemoaned the austere Roman culture during his papacy; Giorgio Vasari in 1567 spoke of a time when "the grandeurs of this place reduced by stinginess of living, dullness of dress, and simplicity in so many things; Rome is fallen into much misery, and if it is true that Christ loved poverty and the City wishes to follow in his steps she will quickly become beggarly...".[7]
Conspiracy
A conspiracy against Pius IV, headed by Benedetto Accolti the Younger (who died in 1549), the son of a cardinal, was discovered and crushed in 1565.[8]
Practical achievements
Under his reign Michelangelo rebuilt the basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli (in the Diocletian's Baths) and the eponymous Villa Pia, now known as Casina Pio IV. He had the headquarters of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican Gardens designed by Pirro Ligorio.
Pius IV also ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome.[9]
Death
Pius IV died on 9 December 1565. He was buried in Santa Maria degli Angeli. His successor was Pius V.
See also
References
- ^ "The List of Popes." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 Sept. 2014
- ^ a b c Loughlin, James. "Pope Pius IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 Sept. 2014
- ^ John, Eric. The Popes, Hawthorne Books, New York
- ^ Bartolomeo Scappi, The Opera of Bartolomeo Scappi (1570): L'Arte Et Prudenza D'Un Maestro Cuoco, Transl. Terence Scully, (University of Toronto Press, 2008), 688.
- ^ Bard Thompson, Humanists and Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation, (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1996), 520.
- ^ Imma Penn, Dogma Evolution and Papal Fallacies, (AuthorHouse, 2007), 195.
- ^ Freedberg SJ, p. 429.
- ^ Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism, (Oxford University Press, 1969), 368.
- ^ Katherine Rinne, Waters of Rome [full citation needed]
Further reading
- Artaud de Montor, Alexis Francois (1911). The Lives and Times of the Popes. Vol. Vol. V. New York: Catholic Publication Society of America.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - Bonora, Elena (2014). Roma 1564: La congiura contro il papa (in Italian). Rome: Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa. ISBN 978-88-581-1379-0.
- Freedberg, Sydney J. (1993). Pelican History of Art (ed.). Painting in Italy, 1500–1600. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 429.
- Hinojosa, R. de (1889), Felipe II y el conclave de 1559, según los documentos originales, muchos inéditos. Madrid 1889.
- Pastor, Ludwig, Freiherr von (1928). The History of the Popes from the close of the Middle Ages. Volume XV, Volume XVI (1928). London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.
- Pattenden, Miles (2013). Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2013.
- Rendina, Claudio (1984). I papi. Storia e segreti. Rome: Newton Compton.
External links
- Loughlin, James Francis (1911). . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12.
- . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 684–685.
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici
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