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Racewalking

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Racewalking
Racewalkers at the U.S. World Cup Trials in 1987
Characteristics
Mixed-sexNo
Presence
Country or regionWorld
OlympicYes

Racewalking, or race walking, is a long-distance discipline within the sport of athletics. Although it is a foot race, it is different from running in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. This is assessed by race judges, making it the most subjective of the disciplines in athletics. Typically held on either roads or on running tracks, common distances vary from 3000 metres (1.8 mi) up to 100 kilometres (62.1 mi).

There are two racewalking distances contested at the Summer Olympics: the 20 kilometres race walk (men and women) and 50 kilometres race walk (men only). Both are held as road events. The biennial IAAF World Championships in Athletics also features the same three events. The IAAF World Race Walking Cup, first held in 1961, is a stand-alone global competition for the discipline and it has 10 kilometres race walks for junior athletes, in addition to the Olympic-standard events. The IAAF World Indoor Championships featured 5000 m and 3000 m race walk variations, but these were discontinued after 1993. Top level athletics championships and games typically feature 20 km racewalking events.

The sport emerged from a British culture of long-distance competitive walking known as pedestrianism, which began to develop the ruleset that is the basis of the modern discipline around the mid-19th century. Watching people walk was America's favorite spectator sport in the late 19th century.[1] Since the mid-20th century onwards, Russian and Chinese athletes have been among the most successful on the global stage, with Europe and parts of Latin America producing most of the remaining top level walkers.

Compared to other forms of foot racing, stride length is reduced; to achieve competitive speeds racewalkers must attain cadence rates comparable to those achieved by world-class 800 metres runners.[2]

Rules

Men's 20-km walk during the 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland. The walker at the right appears to be illegal in that both feet are off the ground, but according to the current rules, an infraction is only committed when the loss of contact is visible to the human eye.[3]

There are two rules that govern racewalking.[4][5] The first dictates that the athlete's back toe cannot leave the ground until the heel of the front foot has touched. Violation of this rule is known as loss of contact. The second rule requires that the supporting leg must straighten from the point of contact with the ground and remain straightened until the body passes directly over it. These rules are judged by the unaided human eye. Athletes regularly lose contact for a few milliseconds per stride, which can be caught on film, but such a short flight phase is said to be undetectable to the human eye.

Athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips. If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward, and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion. Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground. World-class racewalkers (male and female) can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20-km racewalk.[6]

Distances

Shaul Ladany (center), in 1969

Races have been walked at distances as short as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi)—at the 1920 Summer Olympics—and as long as 100 km (62.1 mi). The men's world record for the 50-mile race walk is held by Israeli Shaul Ladany, whose time of 7:23:50 in 1972 beat the world record that had stood since 1935.[7] The modern Olympic events are the 20 km (12.4 mi) race walk (men and women) and 50 km (31 mi) race walk (men only).

Judges

Liu Hong flying in sight of the judges during Women's 20 kilometres walk at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics where she won bronze

There are judges on the course to monitor form. Three judges submitting "red cards" for violations results in disqualification. There is a scoreboard placed on the course so competitors can see their violation status. If the third violation is received, the chief judge removes the competitor from the course by showing a red paddle. For monitoring reasons, races are held on a looped course or on a track so judges get to see competitors several times during a race. A judge could also "caution" a competitor that he or she is in danger of losing form by showing a paddle that indicates either losing contact or bent knees. No judge may submit more than one card for each walker and the chief judge may not submit any cards; it is his or her job only to disqualify the offending walker. Disqualifications are routine at the elite level, such as the famous case of Jane Saville disqualified within sight of a gold medal in front of her home crowd in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Beginnings

The start of the 3500 m walk final, 1908 Olympics

Racewalking developed as one of the original track and field events of the first meeting of the English Amateur Athletics Association in 1880. The first racewalking codes came from an attempt to regulate rules for popular 19th century long distance competitive walking events, called Pedestrianism. Pedestrianism had developed, like footraces and horse racing, as a popular working class British and American pastime, and a venue for wagering. Walkers organised the first English amateur walking championship in 1866, which was won by John Chambers, and judged by the "fair heel and toe" rule. This rather vague code was the basis for the rules codified at the first Championships Meeting in 1880 of the Amateur Athletics Association in England, the birth of modern Athletics. With football (soccer), cricket, and other sports codified in the 19th century, the transition from professional Pedestrianism to amateur racewalking was, while relatively late, part of a process of regularisation occurring in most modern sports at this time.

Olympics

Racewalking is an Olympic athletics (track and field) event with distances of 20 kilometres for both men and women and 50 kilometres for men only. Racewalking first appeared in the modern Olympics in 1904 as a half-mile walk in the 'all-rounder,' the precursor to the 10-event decathlon. In 1908, stand-alone 1,500m and 3,000m racewalks were added, and—excluding 1924—there has been at least one racewalk (for men) in every Olympics since. The women's racewalk became an Olympic event only in 1992, following years of active lobbying by female internationals. A World Cup in racewalking is held biennially, and racewalk events appear in the IAAF Athletics World Championships, the Commonwealth Games and the Pan American Games, among others.

World Race Walking Challenge

Since 2003, the IAAF has organised an annual worldwide competition series in which elite athletes accumulate points for the right to compete in the IAAF Race Walking Challenge Final and to share over 200,000 USD of prize money. The series of televised events takes place in several countries each year including Mexico, Spain, Russia and China.[8]

High school

Racewalking is sometimes included in high school indoor and outdoor track meets, the rules often more relaxed. The distances walked tend to be relatively short, with the 1500 m being the most commonly held event. Racing also occurs at 3 km, 5 km and 10 km, with records kept and annual rankings published.[9]

Top performers

Men

20 km

See also: World record progression 20km walk men
Mark Athlete Nationality Venue Date
1:16:36 Yusuke Suzuki  Japan Nomi, Ishikawa March 15, 2015
1:16:43 # [10] Sergey Morozov  Russia Saransk June 8, 2008
1:17:02 Yohann Diniz  France Arles, France March 8, 2015
1:17:16 Vladimir Kanaykin  Russia Saransk September 28, 2007
1:17:21 Jefferson Pérez  Ecuador Paris August 23, 2003
1:17:22 Paquillo Fernández  Spain Turku April 28, 2002
1:17:23 Vladimir Stankin  Russia Adler February 8, 2004
1:17:25 Bernardo Segura  Mexico Bergen May 7, 1994
1:17:30 Alex Schwazer  Italy Lugano March 18, 2012
1:17:33 Nathan Deakes  Australia Cixi City April 23, 2005
1:17:36 Zhen Wang  China Taicang March 30, 2012
1:17:38 Valeriy Borchin  Russia Adler February 28, 2009

50 km

See also: World record progression 50km walk men
Mark Athlete Nationality Venue Date Ref
3:32:33 Yohann Diniz  France Zurich 15 August 2014 [11]
3:34:14 Denis Nizhegorodov  Russia Cheboksary 11 May 2008 [12]
3:34:38 Matej Tóth  Slovakia Dudince 21 March 2015 [13]
3:35:47 Nathan Deakes  Australia Geelong 2December 2006
3:35:59 Sergey Kirdyapkin  Russia London 11 August 2012
3:36:03 Robert Korzeniowski  Poland Paris 27 August 2003
3:36:04 Alex Schwazer  Italy Rosignano Solvay 11 February 2007
3:36:06 Yu Chaohong  China Nanjing 22 October 2005
3:36:13 Zhao Chengliang  China Nanjing 22 October 2005
3:36:20 Han Yucheng  China Nanjing 27 February 2005

Women

20 km

See also: World record progression 20km walk women
Mark Athlete Nationality Venue Date
1:24:501 Olimpiada Ivanova  Russia Adler March 4, 2001
1:24:56 Olga Kaniskina  Russia Adler February 28, 2009
1:25:02 Elena Lashmanova  Russia London August 11, 2012
1:25:08 Vera Sokolova  Russia Sochi February 26, 2011
1:25:09 Anisya Kirdyapkina  Russia Sochi February 26, 2011
1:25:12 Lü Xiuzhi  China Beijing March 20, 2015
1:25:16 Shenjie Qieyang  China London August 11, 2012
1:25:181 Tatyana Gudkova  Russia Moscow May 19, 2000
1:25:201 Olga Polyakova  Russia Moscow May 19, 2000
1:25:27 Elmira Alembekova  Russia Moscow February 18, 2012
1:25:291 Irina Stankina  Russia Moscow May 19, 2000
1:25:32 Olena Shumkina  Russia Adler February 28, 2009
1:25:41 Olimpiada Ivanova  Russia Helsinki August 7, 2005
1:25:46 Tatyana Shemyakina  Russia Adler February 23, 2008
Hong Liu  China Taicang March 30, 2012
1:25:52 Larisa Emelyanova  Russia Adler February 28, 2009
Tatiana Sibileva  Russia Sochi February 20, 2010
  • 1 : These times were achieved without the presence of international judges to officiate the competition and/or post-race doping tests, thus making them invalid for world record status. However, they are accepted as personal best marks for those athletes.

Racewalking is often derided and made fun of as a contrived or "artificial" sport. In 1992 long time Olympic commentator Bob Costas compared it to a competition for who can whisper the loudest.[14]

Film

Television

  • Almost Live! features a regular sketch of the Speed Walker, played by Bill Nye as a super hero who fights crime while adhering to the competitive rules.[15]
  • Malcolm in the Middle: Episode #70 (Malcolm Holds His Tongue). Hal takes up racewalking and discovers that one of the competitors had been cheating.

Video games

  • Homestarrunner.com: 50K Racewalker. A game where the player must racewalk 50 kilometers in order to win, requiring more than 20 hours to complete.[16]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ "In The 1870s And '80s, Being A Pedestrian Was Anything But". NPR. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ Belson, Ken. "One Step at a Time? It’s More Complicated Than That" New York Times (August 10, 2012)
  4. ^ "IAAF racewalking rules (see "Definition")". Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; May 9, 2008 suggested (help) Retrieved August 21, 2008.[dead link‍]
  5. ^ IAAF website, discussion of racewalking history and rules Retrieved August 21, 2008.
  6. ^ IAAF official website statistics.
  7. ^ "Shaul Ladany". Jewishsports.net. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  8. ^ IAAF WRWC.
  9. ^ High School Racewalking website.
  10. ^ not ratified by IAAF because it didn’t fulfil the criteria of having the required three international judges present
  11. ^ http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/08/15/yohann-diniz-race-walk-world-record-track-and-field-european-championships/
  12. ^ "Official IAAF Race Results Cheboksary 2008". iaaf.org. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  13. ^ Zuzana Trojakova (March 21, 2015). "Toth records third-fastest 50km race walk in history in Dudince". IAAF. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  14. ^ American Way. "Golden Boy: Costas Now". Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Walking on Screen
  16. ^ 50K Racewalker
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