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Rajiv Gandhi
राजीव गांधी
File:Rajiv Gandhi Lakhina.jpg
Prime Minister of India
In office
31 October 1984 – 2 December 1989
PresidentZail Singh
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
Preceded byIndira Gandhi
Succeeded byVishwanath Pratap Singh
Minister of External Affairs
In office
25 July 1987 – 25 June 1988
Preceded byNarayan Dutt Tiwari
Succeeded byNarasimha Rao
In office
31 October 1984 – 25 September 1985
Preceded byIndira Gandhi
Succeeded byBali Ram Bhagat
Minister of Finance
In office
24 January 1987 – 25 July 1987
Preceded byVishwanath Pratap Singh
Succeeded byNarayan Dutt Tiwari
Minister of Defence
In office
25 September 1985 – 24 January 1987
Preceded byNarasimha Rao
Succeeded byVishwanath Pratap Singh
Personal details
Born(1944-08-20)20 August 1944
Bombay, British Raj
Died21 May 1991(1991-05-21) (aged 46)
Sriperumbudur, India
Political partyIndian National Congress
SpouseSonia Maino
ChildrenRahul
Priyanka
Alma materTrinity College, Cambridge
Imperial College London
ProfessionAviator
SignatureFile:Rajiv Gandhi Signature.svg

Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (Template:Lang-hi): 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the sixth Prime Minister of India, serving from October 1984 to December 1989. He took office after his mother's assassination on October 31, 1984; he himself was assassinated on May 21, 1991. He became the youngest Prime Minister of India when he took office at the age of 40.

Rajiv Gandhi was the elder son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi. He was educated at Cambridge, where he met Italian-born Sonia Maino, whom he later married. After Cambridge, he became a professional pilot for Indian Airlines. He remained aloof from politics despite his family's political prominence. It was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. Following the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, Indian National Congress party leaders nominated him to be Prime Minister.

Rajiv Gandhi led the Congress to a major election victory in 1984 soon after, amassing the largest majority ever in Indian Parliament. The Congress party won 411 seats out of 542. He began dismantling the License Raj - government quotas, tariffs and permit regulations on economic activity - modernized the telecommunications industry, the education system, expanded science and technology initiatives and improved relations with the United States.[1]

In 1988, Rajiv reversed the coup in Maldives antagonising the militant Tamil outfits such as PLOTE.[2] He was also responsible for first intervening and then sending Indian troops (Indian Peace Keeping Force or IPKF) for peace efforts in Sri Lanka in 1987, which soon ended in open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) group.[3] In mid-1987, his alleged Bofors scandal broke his honest, corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 elections.

Rajiv Gandhi remained Congress President until the elections in 1991. While campaigning, he was assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE or Tamil Tigers) group. His widow Sonia Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party in 1998, and led the party to victory in the 2004 elections. His son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament and the General Secretary of All India Congress Committee.[4]

Rajiv Gandhi was posthumously awarded the Highest National Award of India, Bharat Ratna, joining a list of 40 luminaries, including Indira Gandhi.[5]

Rajiv Gandhi was an active amateur radio operator, and used the callsign VU2RG.[6]

Early life

Rajiv Gandhi was born into India's most famous political family. His grandfather was the Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, who was the India's first Prime Minister after independence.

Rajiv is not related to Mahatma Gandhi, although they share the same surname. Rajiv's father, Feroze, was one of the younger members of the Indian National Congress party, and had befriended the young Indira, and also her mother Kamala Nehru, while working on party affairs at Allahabad. Subsequently, Indira and Feroze grew closer to each other while in England, and they married, despite initial objections from Jawaharlal due to his religion (Zoroastrianism).[7]

Rajiv was born in 1944 in Mumbai, during a time when both his parents were in and out of British prisons. In August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru became the prime minister of independent India, and the family settled in Allahabad, and then at Lucknow, where Feroze became the editor of The National Herald newspaper (founded by Motilal Nehru). However, the marriage was faltering and, in 1949, Indira and the two sons moved to Delhi to live with Jawaharlal, ostensibly so that Indira could assist her father in his duties, acting as official hostess, and helping run the huge residence. Meanwhile, Feroze continued alone in Lucknow. Nonetheless, in 1952, Indira helped Feroze manage his campaign for elections to the first Parliament of India from Rae Bareli.

After becoming an MP, Feroze Gandhi also moved to Delhi, but "Indira continued to stay with her father, thus putting the final seal on the separation."[8] Relations were strained further when Feroze challenged corruption within the Congress leadership over the Haridas Mundhra scandal. Jawaharlal suggested that the matter be resolved in private, but Feroze insisted on taking the case directly to parliament:

"The Parliament must exercise vigilance and control over the biggest and most powerful financial institution it has created, the Life Insurance Corporation of India, whose misapplication of public funds we shall scrutinise today." Feroze Gandhi, Speech in Parliament, 16 December 1957.[9]

The scandal, and its investigation by justice M C Chagla, lead to the resignation of one of Nehru's key allies, finance minister T.T. Krishnamachari, further alienating Feroze from Jawaharlal.

After Feroze Gandhi had a heart attack in 1958, the family was reconciled briefly when they vacationed in Kashmir. However, Feroze died soon afterwards from a second heart attack in 1960.

Education

By the time of his father's death, Rajiv was away at a private boarding school for boys: initially at the Welham Boys' School and later The Doon School, both located at Dehradun, Uttarakhand. He was sent to London in 1961 to study his A-levels. In 1962, he was offered a place at Trinity College, Cambridge to study engineering. Rajiv stayed at Cambridge until 1965 and left the university without a degree mainly because he did not appear in the final Tripos examinations. In 1966, he was offered a place at the Imperial College London. He again left Imperial College after a year without a degree.

In the January of 1965, he met Italian Antonia (Sonia) Maino in Varsity restaurant in Cambridge. Antonia was studying English at Lennox School of Languages (which was not associated with the University of Cambridge). Rajiv and Sonia were married in 1968 in India.

Rajiv began working for Indian Airlines as a professional pilot while his mother became Prime Minister in 1966. He exhibited no interest in politics and did not live regularly with his mother in Delhi at the Prime Minister's residence. In 1970, his wife gave birth to their first child Rahul Gandhi, and in 1972, to Priyanka Gandhi, their second. Even as Rajiv remained aloof in politics, his younger brother Sanjay became a close advisor to their mother.

Entry into politics

Following his younger brother's death in 1980, Gandhi was pressured by Indian National Congress party politicians and his mother to enter politics. He and his wife were both opposed to the idea, and he even publicly stated that he would not contest for his brother's seat. Nevertheless, he eventually announced his candidacy for Parliament. His entry was criticized by many in the press, public and opposition political parties. He fought his first election from Amethi Loksabha seat. In this by-election, he defeated Lokdal leader Sharad Yadav by more than 200,000 votes.

Elected to Sanjay's Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency of Amethi in Uttar Pradesh state in February 1981, Gandhi became an important political advisor to his mother. It was widely perceived that Indira Gandhi was grooming Rajiv for the prime minister's job, and he soon became the president of the Youth Congress - the Congress party's youth wing.

Premiership

File:Rajiv Gandhi Lakhina.jpg
Rajiv Gandhi (right) in 1984.

Gandhi was in West Bengal when his mother was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her bodyguards. Top Congress leaders, as well as President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to become India's Prime Minister, within hours of his mother's assassination by two of her Sikh bodyguards. Commenting on the anti-Sikh riots in the national capital Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes";[10] a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence.[11] Soon after assuming office, Rajiv asked President Zail Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as the Lok Sabha completed its five year term. Rajiv Gandhi also officially became the President of the Congress party. The Congress party won a landslide victory — with the largest majority in history of Indian ParliamentCite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).— giving Gandhi absolute control of government. He also benefited from his youth and a general perception of being Mr. Clean, or free of a background in corrupt politics. Rajiv thus revived hopes and enthusiasm amongst the Indian public for the Congress.[12]

Economic policy

He increased government support for science and technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. He introduced measures significantly reducing the License Raj, allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without bureaucratic restrictions.[13] In 1986, he announced a National Policy on Education to modernize and expand higher education programs across India. He founded the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System in 1986 which is a Central government based institution that concentrates on the upliftment of the rural section of the society providing them free residential education from 6th till 12 grade.[14] His efforts created MTNL in 1986, and his public call offices, better known as PCOs, helped spread telephones in rural areas.[15]

Foreign policy

Gandhi began leading in a direction significantly different from his mother's socialism. He improved bilateral relations with the United States — long strained owing to Indira's socialism and close friendship with the USSR — and expanded economic and scientific cooperation.[16] During his state visit to the Soviet Union he met with Premier Nikolai Tikhonov, Andrey Gromyko of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Mikhail Gorbachev.

Security policy

Rajiv Gandhi (left) congratulates an Indian Army explorer for reaching the South Pole.

Rajiv authorized an extensive police and Army campaign to contain terrorism in Punjab. A state of martial law existed in the Punjab state, and civil liberties, commerce and tourism were greatly disrupted.[17] There are many accusations of human rights violations by police officials as well as by the militants during this period. It is alleged that even as the situation in Punjab came under control, the Indian government was offering arms and training to the LTTE rebels fighting the government of Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed by Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J.R.Jayewardene, in Colombo on 29 July 1987. The very next day, on 30 July 1987, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted on the head with a rifle butt by a young Sinhalese naval cadet named Vijayamunige Rohana de Silva, while receiving the honour guard. The intended assault on the back of Rajiv Gandhi's head however glanced off his shoulder. Though the embarrassed Sri Lankan President Junius Richard Jayewardene initially attempted to pass off the bizarre assault as "Rajiv tripped a little and slightly lost his balance", Rajiv Gandhi while en route to New Delhi asserted to J.N. Dixit "Of course, I was hit." Rajiv's government also suffered a major setback when its efforts to arbitrate between the government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE rebels backfired [citation needed].

With his speech while addressing the Joint Session of the US Congress and India, he famously said, "India is an old country, but a young nation; and like the young everywhere, we are impatient. I am young and I too have a dream. I dream of an India, strong, independent, self reliant and in the forefront of the front ranks of the nations of the world in the service of mankind."[18]

Currency crisis

During the late 1980s, Gandhi's administration failed to slow the 30 percent fall in the value of the Indian Rupee from 12 to 17 to the US Dollar.

Controversies

Anti Sikh riots

Main article: 1984_anti-Sikh_riots

This refers to the statement of Rajiv Gandhi as Prime Minister at a Boat Club rally 19-days after the assassination of Indira Gandhi, which read as “Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little.” [19]

This statement sent a wrong signal to the authorities, who adopted a callous approach of not allowing the truth to come out despite the government setting up probe panels one after the other, including two full fledged judicial commissions, the first headed by retired Chief Justice of India Ranganath Misra and the second by a former apex court judge G.T. Nanavati. According to the authors of the book titled - “When a Tree Shook Delhi” written by senior advocate H.S. Phoolka and co-author, journalist Manoj Mitta (who have based the details of the book mainly on evidence produced before the nine panels and trial courts and high courts in the form of sworn affidavits by hundreds of witnesses). Based on eyewitness accounts the book said that instead of targeting the aggressors the police cracked down on the Sikh victims, who had been defending their properties when they were attacked by hooligans led by local Congress leaders.[19]

Bofors scandal

Main article: Bofors scandal

Gandhi's finance minister, V. P. Singh, uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, involving tens of millions of dollars - concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish Bofors arms company through Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate Ottavio Quattrocchi, in return for Indian contracts. Upon the uncovering of the scandal, Singh was dismissed from office, and later from Congress membership. Rajiv Gandhi himself was later personally implicated in the scandal when the investigation was continued by Narasimhan Ram and Chitra Subramaniam of The Hindu newspaper. This shattered his image as an honest politician; he was posthumously cleared over this allegation in 2004, however.[20]

Singh's image as an exposer of government corruption made him very popular with the public [citation needed], and opposition parties united under his name to form the Janata Dal coalition. In the 1989 elections, the Congress suffered a major setback. With the support of Indian communists and the Bharatiya Janata Party, Singh and his Janata Dal formed a government. Gandhi became the Leader of the Opposition, while remaining Congress president. While some believe that Rajiv and Congress leaders influenced the collapse of V. P. Singh's government in October 1990 by promising support to Chandra Shekhar, a high-ranking leader in the Janata Dal, sufficient internal contradictions existed, within the ruling coalition, especially over the controversial reservation issue, to cause a fall of government. Rajiv's Congress offered outside support briefly to Chandra Sekhar, who became Prime Minister. They withdrew their support in 1991, however, and fresh elections were announced.

Sri Lanka policy

Then Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa opposed the Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord, but accepted it due to pressure from then President Junius Richard Jayewardene. In January 1989 Premadasa was elected President and on a platform that promised that the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) leave within three months.[21] In the 1989 elections, both the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and United National Party wanted the IPKF to withdraw, and they got 95 percent of the vote.

The police action was unpopular in India as well, especially in Tamil Nadu, as India was fighting the Tamil separatists.

Gandhi refused to withdraw the IPKF, believing that the only way to end the civil war was to politically force Premadasa and militarily force the LTTE to accept the accord. In December 1989, Singh was elected Prime Minister and completed the pullout. The IPKF operation killed over 1100 Indian soldiers, 25000 tamils and cost over 10000 crores.[22][23]

Shah Bano case

Main article: Shah Bano case

In 1985, the Supreme Court of India ruled in favour of Muslim divorcee Shah Bano, declaring that her husband should give her alimony. Muslim fundamentalists in India treated it as an encroachment in Muslim Personal Law and protested against it. Gandhi agreed to their demands.[24] In 1986, the Congress (I) party, which had an absolute majority in Parliament at the time, passed an act that nullified the Supreme Court's judgement in the Shah Bano case. This was viewed by many in India, including the Bharatiya Janata Party as appeasement of Muslims. Some Congress members believed the same and they influenced Rajiv, to either revoke the act or to pacify Hindu Sentiments too. The opening up of the gates of the Ram Janmabhoomi - Babri Masjid Gates for worship of the Ram Lala Idols at Ayodhya was an event which would go on to haunt India for several years.

Allegations of black money and account with Swiss bank

Opposition parties in India, including Janata Party(president S. Swamy[25]), claim that Rajiv Gandhi has black money in Swiss Bank accounts to the tune of billions of dollars. This was first raised by the Swiss magazine, Schweitzer Illustrated in 1992.[26][27]

Assassination

The stone mosaic that stands at the location where Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Sriperumbudur
Main article: Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was at Sriperumbudur on 21 May 1991, in a village approximately 30 miles from Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate.[28] The assassination was carried out by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

At 10:10 p.m.,a woman(later identified as being named Thenmuli Rajaratnam) approached Rajiv Gandhi in a public meeting and greeted him. She then bent down to touch his feet (an expression of respect among Indians) and detonated a belt laden with 700 grams of RDX explosives tucked under her dress.[29] The explosion killed Rajiv Gandhi and many others. The assassination was caught on film through the lens of a local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman himself died in the blast but the camera remained intact.

The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial was built at the site recently and is one of the major tourist attractions of the small industrial town.

The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Delhi.
The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Sriperumbudur.

The Supreme Court judgement, by Judge Thomas, confirmed that the killing was carried out due to personal animosity of the LTTE chief Prabhakaran towards Mr Rajiv Gandhi arising out of his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the alleged IPKF atrocities against Srilankan Tamils. However, it should be noted that the Rajiv Gandhi administration had already antagonised other Tamil militant organisations like PLOTE for reversing the military coup in Maldives back in 1988.

The judgment further cites the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.

In the Jain Commission report, various people and agencies are named as suspected of having been involved in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.[30][31][32] The interim report of the Jain Commission created a storm when it accused Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV that the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret."[33][34] A memorial christened Veer Bhumi was constructed at his cremation spot in Delhi. The International Airport constructed at Hyderabad has been named after Rajiv Gandhi and was inaugurated by UPA chairperson Sonia Gandhi.

Further reading

  • Sachi Sri Kantha; Pirabhakaran Phenomenon, Lively Comet Imprint,2005;641 pp (chapters 24 to 35, pp. 207–352, cover in detail the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi)
  • "Working with Rajiv Gandhi" by R.D. Pradhan
  • Mani Shankar Aiyar "Remembering Rajiv", Rupa, New Delhi, 1992

See also

References

  1. ^ "Unequal effects of Liberalisation - Dismantling the license raj in India" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ "Indian Troops end coup in Maldives". New York Times. 1988-11-05. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  3. ^ "IPKF should not have been sent to Sri Lanka". Pune Mirror. 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  4. ^ In UP village, Miliband, Rahul Gandhi spend a night in a Dalit woman’s hut, The Indian Express, 16 January 2009
  5. ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  6. ^ [www.qsl.net/vu2kyp/ham14.htm "HAMs to meet at SEANET"]. Retrieved 2011-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  7. ^ "We aren't family". The Indian Express. 2002-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  8. ^ Tariq Ali. The Nehrus and the Gandhis: An Indian dynasty. Pan Books, London 1985, Revised edn 1991.p. 134
  9. ^ Shashi Bhushan, M.P. (1977). Feroze Gandhi: A political Biography. Progressive People's Sector Publications, New Delhi,.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)p. 75
  10. ^ "Back to the dynasty". Frontline. Hinduonnet.com. 1998-03-06. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  11. ^ "World | South Asia | Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots". BBC News. 2005-08-08. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  12. ^ "End of the road". Frontline. 2005-01-02. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  13. ^ [www.princeton.edu/~reddings/pubpapers/ABRZ_AER_Sept2008.pdf "Unequal effects of Liberalisation - Dismantling the license raj in India"] (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi aimed at value based education in rural India through JNVs". Pressbrief. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  15. ^ "MTNL Letter" (PDF). 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  16. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi Biography - Rajiv Gandhi Life & Profile". Culturalindia.net. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  17. ^ [www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-6398483.html "Bad to Worse"]. The Economist. Retrieved 2011-02-19. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  18. ^ "Untitled-6" (PDF). June 2005. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  19. ^ a b S.S. Negi (31 October 2007). "84 Anti-Sikh Riot Probes: Book presents gloomy picture of justice denied". The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  20. ^ "Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery". BBC News. 2004-02-04. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  21. ^ Sri Lanka Truth[dead link]
  22. ^ K T Rajasingham. "Sri Lanka: The Untold story Chapter 43: Aftermath of the Indian withdrawal". Asia Times Online. Atimes.com. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  23. ^ BBC India's Sri Lankan predicament
  24. ^ "Shah Bano - Rajiv Gandhi". Homepages.uc.edu. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  25. ^ http://www.janataparty.org/president.html
  26. ^ http://www.janataparty.org/annexures/ann10p46.html
  27. ^ http://www.schweizer-illustrierte.ch/zeitschrift/500-millionen-der-schweiz-imeldas-faule-tricks
  28. ^ N Sathiya Moorthy (January 1998). "Sonia checks her emotions, but her interpreter goes full throttle". Rediff On The NeT. Rediff.com. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  29. ^ Ramesh Vinayak (1999-02-01). "The Nation: Terrorism: The RDX Files". India-today.com. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  30. ^ outlookindia.com
  31. ^ Rtiu Sarin (July 11, 1998). "Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case - Jain report". Expressindia.com. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  32. ^ [1][dead link]
  33. ^ "We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE". Expressindia.com. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
  34. ^ "Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi". BBC News. 2006-06-27. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
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Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of India
1984–1989 		Succeeded by
Chairperson of the Planning Commission
1984–1989
Minister of External Affairs
1984–1985 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
1985–1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Finance
1987 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of External Affairs
1987–1988 		Succeeded by

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