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The Basmala, written in naskh script

Naskh (literally "to copy") is a smaller, round script of Islamic Calligraphy. Naskh is one of the first scripts of Islamic calligraphy to develop, commonly used in writing administrative documents and for transcribing books, including the Qur’an, because of its easy legibility. Naskh was standardized by Ibn Muqla as one of the six primary scripts of Islamic calligraphy in the 10th century CE.^[1]

Origin

Round scripts became the most popular in the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries, due to their use by scribes. ^[1]

Ibn Muqla is credited with standardizing the “Six Pens” of Islamic calligraphy, also including thuluth, tawqi’, ruq'ah, muhaqqaq, and reyhan.^[1] These are known as “the proportioned scripts” (al-khatt al-mansub) or “the six scripts” (al-aqlam al-sitta).^[2]

Kufic is commonly believed to be predate Naskh, but historians have traced the two scripts as coexisting long before their codification by Ibn Muqla, as the two served different purposes.^[3] This was possible because the scripts serve different purposes: kufic was used primarily in decoration, while Naskh served for everyday scribal use.^[4]

Description

Naskh is a serifless script, meaning characters lack “hooks” on the ends of ascending and descending strokes. For example, the alif is written as a straight stroke, bending to the lower left.^[1] Naskh differentiates various sounds through the use of diacritical points, in the form of 1-3 dots above or below the letter, which makes the script more easily legible.^[3] Naskh uses a horizontal base line; in situations where one character starts within the tail of the preceding letter, the base line is broken and raised.^[5] In sixteenth century Constantinople, Şeyh Hamdullah (1429–1520) redesigned the structure of naskh, along with the other "Six Pens," in order to make the script appear more precise and less heavy.^[6]

Use

Naskh was historically used heavily in the transcription of books and in administrative courtly documents.^[4]

Naskh allowed for the development of decorative elements into more supple, rounded designs, away from the common use of squared kufic in decoration. Naskh's use in architecture first began in the tenth century, and had been adopted in many Muslim countries by the eleventh century.^[4]

More recently, fonts, such as Monotype Imaging's Bustani font, have created user-friendly digital manifestations of naskh for use in graphic design and digital typography.^[7]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Blair, Sheila (2006). Islamic calligraphy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612123. OCLC 56651142.
^ J., Roxburgh, David (2007). Writing the word of God : calligraphy and the Qur'an. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston., Asia Society. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. ISBN 9780300142006. OCLC 180190749.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Ali, A. K. M. Yaqub. “MUSLIM CALLIGRAPHY: ITS BEGINNING AND MAJOR STYLES.” Islamic Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, 1984, pp. 373–379. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20847281.
^ ^a ^b ^c 1938-, Khatibi, Abdelkebir, (1996). The splendor of Islamic calligraphy. Sijelmassi, Mohamed,. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500016755. OCLC 34275017. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Ory, Solange (2000-11-30). "Calligraphy". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. 1.
^ Zakariya, Muhammad (2003-11-30). "Calligraphy". Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 1.
^ By the pen and what they write : writing in Islamic art and culture. Blair, Sheila,, Bloom, Jonathan (Jonathan M.),. New Haven. ISBN 9780300228243. OCLC 971615736.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

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[:0-1] Blair, Sheila (2006). Islamic calligraphy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748612123. OCLC 56651142.

[2] J., Roxburgh, David (2007). Writing the word of God : calligraphy and the Qur'an. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston., Asia Society. Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. ISBN 9780300142006. OCLC 180190749.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:1-3] Ali, A. K. M. Yaqub. “MUSLIM CALLIGRAPHY: ITS BEGINNING AND MAJOR STYLES.” Islamic Studies, vol. 23, no. 4, 1984, pp. 373–379. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/20847281.

[:2-4] 1938-, Khatibi, Abdelkebir, (1996). The splendor of Islamic calligraphy. Sijelmassi, Mohamed,. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0500016755. OCLC 34275017. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Ory, Solange (2000-11-30). "Calligraphy". Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an. 1.

[6] Zakariya, Muhammad (2003-11-30). "Calligraphy". Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. 1.

[7] By the pen and what they write : writing in Islamic art and culture. Blair, Sheila,, Bloom, Jonathan (Jonathan M.),. New Haven. ISBN 9780300228243. OCLC 971615736.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

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