Yaminawa language
| Yaminawa | |
|---|---|
| Yaminahua | |
| Native to | Peru, Bolivia, Brazil |
| Ethnicity | Yaminawá and related peoples |
Native speakers | 2,729 (2006–2011)[1] Est. 400 uncontacted speakers of Yora (2007) |
Panoan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:yaa – Yaminawaywn – Yawanawamcd – Sharanawaswo – Shaninawamts – Yora |
| Glottolog | yami1255 |
| ELP | Yaminawa |
Yaminawa (Yaminahua) is a Panoan language of western Amazonia. It is spoken by the Yaminawá and some related peoples.
Yaminawa constitutes an extensive dialect cluster. Attested dialects are[2] two or more Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora or "Nawa"), Shanenawa (Xaninaua, = Katukina de Feijó), Sharanawa (= Marinawa), Shawannawa (= Arara), Yawanawa, Yaminawa-arara (obsolescent; very similar to Shawannawa/Arara), Nehanawa†)
Very few Yaminawá speak Spanish or Portuguese, though the Shanenawa have mostly shifted to Portuguese.[3]
Phonology
The vowels of Yamanawa are /a, i, ɨ, u/. Yaminawa replaces /u/ with /ɯ/. Sharanawa, Yaminawa, and Yora have nasalized counterparts of the vowels, and these dialects demonstrate contrastive nasalization.[4]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| Fricative | β | s | ʃ | ʂ | h | ||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
| Flap | ɾ |
Yaminawa has a similar phonology to Yamanawa, but Yaminawa adds a voiced retroflex fricative /ʐ/ and replaces the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ with a voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/, and lacks the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/. Yora also lacks /ɸ/ and /w/. Sharanawa has /ɸ/ instead of /β/, and Shanewana has a labiodental fricative /f/ instead of /ɸ/.[4]
Notes
- ^ Yaminawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Yawanawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Sharanawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Shaninawa at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
Yora at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ David Fleck, 2013, Panoan Languages and Linguistics, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History #99
- ^ "Yaminahua." Ethnologue. (retrieved 25 June 2011)
- ^ a b "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
External links
- Wayampi language dictionary online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)
- Sharanahua Language Collection of Pierre Déléage (includes myths, shamanistic songs, and ceremonial songs) at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA).
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