Ido

This article is about the Ido language. For other uses, see IDO (disambiguation).

Ido
Created by	A group of reformist Esperanto speakers
Date created	1907
Setting and usage	International auxiliary language
Users	100–200  (2000) (but see community section)
Category (purpose)	constructed language International auxiliary language Ido
Category (sources)	based on Esperanto
Official status
Regulated by	Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido
Language codes
ISO 639-1	io
ISO 639-2	ido
ISO 639-3	ido
Linguasphere	51-AAB-db

Ido ( /ˈiːdoʊ/) is a language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of diverse linguistic backgrounds. Ido was specifically designed to be grammatically, orthographically, and lexicographically regular, and above all easy to learn and use. In this sense, Ido is classified as a constructed international auxiliary language.

Ido was created in 1907 out of a desire to reform perceived flaws in Esperanto, a language that had been created for the same purpose 20 years earlier. The name of the language traces its origin to the Esperanto word ido, meaning "offspring", since the language is a "descendant" of Esperanto. After its inception, Ido gained support from some in the Esperanto community, but following the sudden death in 1914 of one of its most influential proponents, Louis Couturat, it declined in popularity. There were two reasons for this: first, the emergence of further schisms arising from competing reform projects; and second, a general lack of awareness of Ido as a candidate for an international language. These obstacles weakened the movement and it was not until the rise of the Internet that it began to regain momentum.

Ido uses same the 26 letters as the English alphabet with no diacritics. It draws its vocabulary from French, Italian, Spanish, English, German, and Russian, and is largely intelligible to those who have studied Esperanto.

Several works of literature have been translated into Ido, including The Little Prince and the Gospel of Luke. As of the year 2000, there are approximately 100–200 Ido speakers in the world.

History

The idea of a universal second language is not new, and constructed languages are not a recent phenomenon. The first known constructed language was created in the 12th century by St Hildegard of Bingen under the name Lingua Ignota. But the idea did not catch on in large numbers until the 19th century with the language Volapük, created in 1879 by German Catholic priest Johann Martin Schleyer. Volapük was popular for some time and apparently had a few thousand users, but was later eclipsed by the popularity of Esperanto, which arose from L. L. Zamenhof's book Unua Libro in 1887. The simpler grammar and less changed vocabulary of Esperanto appealed to many, and its popularity quickly rose. The first World Congress of Esperanto was held in 1905. However, some within the Esperanto community itself felt that the language should undergo further reform before being officially selected as a universal second language. It was at this time that Louis Couturat formed the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language.

This delegation made a formal request to the International Association of Academies in Vienna to select an international language; the request was rejected in May 1907. The Delegation then decided to meet as a Committee in Paris in October 1907 to discuss the adoption of a standard international language among the various competitors that had been devised till then. According to the minutes of the Committee, it was decided that no language was completely acceptable, but that Esperanto could be accepted "on condition of several modifications to be realized by the permanent Commission in the direction defined by the conclusions of the Report of the Secretaries (Couturat and Leopold Leau) and by the Ido project." This (anonymous) "Ido project" was later suggested to have been primarily devised by Couturat with some help from Esperanto's representative before the Committee, Louis de Beaufront.^{[citation needed]}

Early supporters of Esperanto tended to resist reforms, and its inventor, Zamenhof, deferred to their judgment. Several of the reforms adopted by Ido were themselves proposed at various times by Zamenhof, especially in 1894 when he proposed eliminating the accented letters and the accusative case (referring to it as "superfluous ballast"), changing the plural to an Italianesque -i, and replacing the table of correlatives with more Latinate words (see History of Esperanto and Reformed Esperanto). The custom of keeping the basic rules of Esperanto fixed remains today.

The International Ido Congress in Dessau, Germany, in 1922

Couturat, who was the leading proponent of Ido, was killed in an automobile accident in 1914, which, along with World War I, dealt a serious blow to the Ido movement. Although that movement recovered to some degree in the immediate postwar period, the whole movement of international languages became fractured. With the publication of an even more Europeanized planned language, Occidental, in 1922, Ido went into decline. The defection of its major intellectual supporter, the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, in 1928 on the occasion of the publication of his own planned language Novial, seemed at the time to provide a quietus.

Ido's decline had slowed by the 1930s, and the movement was still a significant force in interlinguistics during the long gestation of the International Auxiliary Language Association's project. Like the Occidentalists, many Idists hoped that the IALA would produce a language relatively close to their own preferences. In the end, the radically naturalistic Interlingua was even farther from Ido than Occidental.

Ido's survival during this period was assisted by financial resources accumulated during its heyday (e.g., the chemist Wilhelm Ostwald had donated the proceeds of his 1909 Nobel Prize to an Ido foundation).

The language still has active speakers today, and the Internet has sparked a renewal of interest in the language in recent years.

A number of Esperanto supporters have attacked Ido over the years. The Esperantist Don Harlow has characterized Ido's founders as underhanded and conspiratorial; see also Emile Boirac's report in the list of external links; also Gaston Waringhien's “Kulisaj manovroj” (Maneuvers in the Wings) in his 1887 kaj la sekvo, Antwerp: Stafeto, 1980. However, most Ido partisans argue that Harlow's history is polemical and is not consistent with all the eyewitness accounts, such as those reported by Jespersen. Harlow bases his account on material from some other eyewitnesses such as Emile Boirac and Gaston Moch and with other source documentation (such as Zamenhof's correspondence with Couturat and others during the period, as published in the two-volume Leteroj de Zamenhof, Paris: SAT, 1948), to which Jespersen, according to Harlow, would not have had access.

Nevertheless, modern Esperanto has received some influence from Ido in areas such as a clarification of the rules for word derivation and suffixes like -oz- ("abundant in") and -end- ("required to").

Phonology

Ido has seven vowels composing five vowel phonemes. The vowels /e/ and /ɛ/ are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are /o/ and /ɔ/. The combinations /au/ and /eu/ become dipthongs in word roots but not when adding affixes.

Ido vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e, ɛ	o, ɔ
Open	a

Ido omits two consonants used in Esperanto, /x/ and /d͡ʒ/, opting to use the similar sounds /h/ and /ʒ/ exclusively.

Ido consonants

	Bilabial		Labio- dental		Alveolar		Post- alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m				n
Plosive	p	b			t	d					k	ɡ
Affricate					t͡s		t͡ʃ
Fricative			f	v	s	z	ʃ	ʒ					h
Tap						ɾ
Approximant						l				j		w

Ido's rule for determining stress is regular, but slightly more complex than Esperanto's. All polysyllables are stressed on the second-to-last syllable except for verb infinitives, which are stressed on the last syllable—skolo, kafeo and lernas for "school", "coffee" and the present tense of "to learn", but irar, savar and drinkar for "to go", "to know" and "to drink". If an i or u precedes another vowel, the pair is considered part of the same syllable when applying the accent rule—thus radio, familio and manuo for "radio", "family" and "hand", unless the two vowels are the only ones in the word, in which case the "i" or "u" is stressed: dio, frua for "day" and "early".

Orthography

Ido uses the same 26 letters as the English alphabet, though the pronunciation of some letters is different. Ido has no ligatures, and uses digraphs instead of Esperanto's diacritics. While words in both Ido and Esperanto are spelled exactly as they are pronounced, the presence of digraphs means that Ido does not have the one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes that Esperanto has.

Where the table below lists two pronunciations, either is perfectly acceptable.

Letter	IPA	English
a	/a/	most similar to a as in "father"
b	/b/	b
c	/t͡s/	ts in "cats"
d	/d/	d
e	/e/, /ɛ/	most similar to e as in "egg" or e as in "bet"
f	/f/	f
g	/ɡ/	hard g as in "go"
h	/h/	h
i	/i/	i as in "machine", ee in "bee"
j	/ʒ/	s as in "pleasure, measure" or g in "mirage, beige"
k	/k/	k as in "skin, skip"
l	/l/	most similar to l as in "lamb"
m	/m/	m
n	/n/	n
o	/o/, /ɔ/	most similar to o as in "or"
p	/p/	p as in "spin, spark"
r	/ɾ/	rolled r
s	/s/	s
t	/t/	t
u	/u/	most similar to u as in "dude" or oo in "moon"
v	/v/	v
w	/w/	w
x	/ks/, /gz/	x as in "except" or "exit"
y	/j/	y
z	/z/	z

The digraphs are:

Digraph	IPA	English
ch	/t͡ʃ/	ch
qu	/kw/	qu as in "quick"
sh	/ʃ/	sh

In general, the letter ĥ in Esperanto becomes h or k in Ido. The letters ĝ and ĵ are merged into j while ĉ, ŝ, ŭ kz, and kv respectively become ch, sh, w, x, and qu.

Grammar

Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a new one, or by inserting certain affixes between the root and the grammatical ending. As with Esperanto, Ido is grammatically invariable; there are no exceptions in Ido, unlike in natural languages.

Some of the grammatical endings are defined as follows:

Grammatical form	Ido	English		Esperanto
Singular noun	-o (libro)	book		-o (libro)
Plural noun	-i (libri)	books		-oj (libroj)
Adjective	-a (varma)	warm		-a (varma)
Adverb	-e (varme)	warmly		-e (varme)
Present tense infinitive	-ar (irar)	to be going	to go	-anti (iranti)	-i (iri)
Past tense infinitive	-ir (irir)	to have gone		-inti (irinti)
Future tense infinitive	-or (iror)	to be going to go		-onti (ironti)
Present	-as (iras)	go, goes		-as (iras)
Past	-is (iris)	went		-is (iris)
Future	-os (iros)	will go		-os (iros)
Imperative	-ez (irez)	go!		-u (iru)
Conditional	-us (irus)	would go		-us (irus)

These are the same as in Esperanto except for -i, -ir, -ar, -or and -ez. Esperanto marks noun plurals by an agglutinative ending -j (so plural nouns end in -oj), uses -i for verb infinitives (Esperanto infinitives are tenseless), and uses -u for the imperative. Verbs in Ido do not conjugate depending on person, number or gender; the -as, -is, and -os endings suffice whether the subject is I, you, he, she, they, or anything else.

Syntax

Ido word order is generally the same as English (subject–verb–object), so the sentence Me havas la blua libro is the same as the English "I have the blue book", both in meaning and word order. There are a few differences, however:

• Adjectives can precede the noun as in English, or follow the noun as in Spanish. Thus, Me havas la libro blua means the same thing.
• Ido has the accusative suffix -n. Unlike Esperanto, this suffix is only required when that is used when the object of the sentence is not clear, for example, when the subject-verb-object word order is not followed. Thus, La blua libron me havas also means the same thing.

Ido generally does not impose rules of grammatical agreement between grammatical categories within a sentence. For example, the verb in a sentence is invariable regardless of the number and person of the subject. Nor must the adjectives be pluralized as well the nouns—in Ido the large books would be la granda libri as opposed to the French grands livres or the Esperanto grandaj libroj.

Negation occurs in Ido by simply affixing ne to the front of a verb: Me ne havas libro means, "I do not have a book". This as well does not vary, and thus the "I do not", "He does not", "They do not" before a verb are simply Me ne, Il ne, and Li ne. In the same way, past tense and future tense negatives are formed by ne in front of the conjugated verb. "I will not go" and "I did not go" become Me ne iros and Me ne iris respectively.

Yes/no questions are formed by the particle ka in front of the question. "I have a book" (me havas libro) becomes Ka me havas libro? (do I have a book?). Ka can also be placed in front of a noun without a verb to make a simple question, corresponding to the English "is it?" Ka Mark? can mean, "Are you Mark?", "Is it Mark?", "Do you mean Mark?" depending on the context.

Pronouns

The pronouns of Ido were revised to make them more acoustically distinct than those of Esperanto, which all end in i. Especially the singular and plural first-person pronouns mi and ni may be difficult to distinguish in a noisy environment, so Ido has me and ni instead. Ido also distinguishes between intimate (tu) and formal (vu) second-person singular pronouns as well as plural second-person pronouns (vi) not marked for intimacy. Furthermore, Ido has a pan-gender third-person pronoun lu (it can mean "he", "she", or "it", depending on the context) in addition to its masculine (il), feminine (el), and neuter (ol) third-person pronouns.

Pronouns

	singular							plural						indefinite
	first	second		third				first	second	third
		familiar	formal	masculine	feminine	neuter	pan-gender			masculine	feminine	neuter	pan-gender
Ido	me	tu	vu	il(u)	el(u)	ol(u)	lu	ni	vi	ili	eli	oli	li	on(u)
English	I	thou/you	you	he	she	it	he/she/it	we	you				they	one
Esperanto	mi	ci¹	vi¹	li	ŝi	ĝi	ĝi²	ni	vi				ili	oni

1. ci, while technically the familiar form of the word "you" in Esperanto, is almost never used. Results on Google have shown that while tu is only slightly less common than vu in Ido, ci is used less than half of one percent of the amount vi is in Esperanto. Esperanto's inventor himself did not include the pronoun in the first book on Esperanto and only later reluctantly; later he recommended against using ci on the grounds that different cultures have conflicting traditions regarding the use of the familiar and formal forms of "you", and that a universal language should avoid the problem by simply using the formal form in all situations. Unlike some other languages that use a formal second person pronoun, vi is not capitalized.
2. tiu, though not a personal pronoun, is usually used in this circumstance, because many people have a hard time applying "it" to humans.

It should be noted that ol, like English it and Esperanto ĝi, is not limited to inanimate objects, but can be used "for entities whose sex is indeterminate: babies, children, humans, youths, elders, people, individuals, horses, cows, cats, etc."

Lu is often mistakenly labeled an epicene pronoun, that is, one that refers to both masculine and feminine beings, but in fact, lu is more properly a "pan-gender" pronoun, as it is also used for referring to inanimate objects. From Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido by Beaufront:

“

Lu (like li) is used for all three genders. That lu does duty for the three genders at will in the singular is not in itself any more astonishing than seeing li serve the three genders at will in the plural ... By a decision (1558) the Idist Academy rejected every restriction concerning the use of lu. One may thus use that pronoun in exactly the same way for a thing and a person of obvious sex as for animals of unknown sex and a person that has a genderless name, like baby, child, human, etc., these being as truly masculine as feminine. The motives for this decision were given in "Mondo", XI, 68: Lu for the singular is exactly the same as li for the plural. Logic, symmetry and ease demand this. Consequently, just as li may be used for people, animals, and things whenever nothing obliges one to express the gender, so lu may be used for people, animals, and things under the same condition. The proposed distinction would be a bothersome subtlety...

”

Vocabulary

Vocabulary in Ido is derived from French, Italian, Spanish, English, German, and Russian. Basing the vocabulary on various widespread languages was intended to make Ido as easy as possible for the greatest number of people possible. Early on, the first 5,371 Ido word roots were analyzed compared to the vocabulary of the six source languages, and the following result was found:

• 2024 roots (38%) belong to 6 languages
• 942 roots (17%) belong to 5 languages
• 1111 roots (21%) belong to 4 languages
• 585 roots (11%) belong to 3 languages
• 454 roots (8%) belong to 2 languages
• 255 roots (5%) belong to 1 language

Another analysis showed that:

• 4880 roots (91%) are found in French
• 4454 roots (83%) are found in Italian
• 4237 roots (79%) are found in Spanish
• 4219 roots (79%) are found in English
• 3302 roots (61%) are found in German
• 2821 roots (52%) are found in Russian

Comparison of Ido vocabulary with its six source languages

Ido	English	Italian	French	German	Russian	Spanish
bona	good ("bonus")	buono	bon	gut ("Bonus")	khoroshiy (хороший)	bueno
donar	give ("donate")	dare ("donare")	donner	geben	darit (дарить)	dar, donar
filtrar	filter	filtrare	filtrer	filtern	filtrovat (фильтровать)	filtrar
gardeno	garden	giardino	jardin	Garten	sad (caд)	jardín
kavalo	horse ("cavalry")	cavallo	cheval	Pferd ("Kavallerie")	loshad, kobyla (лошадь, кобыла)	caballo
maro	sea ("marine")	mare	mer	Meer	more (море)	mar
naciono	nation	nazione	nation	Nation	natsija (нация)	nación
studiar	study	studiare	étudier	studieren	izuchat, (изучать)	estudiar
yuna	young ("juvenile")	giovane	jeune	jung	yunyi, molodoy (юный, молодой)	joven

Vocabulary in Ido is often created through a number of official prefixes and suffixes that alter the meaning of the word. This allows a user to take existing words and modify them to create neologisms when necessary, and allows for a wide range of expression without the need to learn new vocabulary each time. Though their number is too large to be included in one article, some examples include:

• The diminutive suffix -et-. Domo (house) becomes dometo (cottage), and libro (book) becomes libreto (novelette or short story).
• The pejorative suffix -ach-. Domo becomes domacho (hovel), and libro becomes libracho (a shoddy piece of work, pulp fiction, etc.)
• The prefix retro-, which implies a reversal. Irar (to go) becomes retroirar (to go back, backward) and venar (to come) becomes retrovenar (to return).

New vocabulary is generally created through an analysis of the word, its etymology, and reference to the six source languages. If a word can be created through vocabulary already existing in the language then it will usually be adopted without need for a new radical (such as wikipedio for Wikipedia, which consists of wiki + enciklopedio for encyclopedia), and if not an entirely new word will be created. The word alternatoro for example was adopted in 1926, likely because five of the six source languages used largely the same orthography for the word, and because it was long enough to avoid being mistaken for other words in the existing vocabulary. Adoption of a word is done through consensus, after which the word will be made official by the union. Care must also be taken to avoid homonyms if possible, and usually a new word undergoes some discussion before being adopted. Foreign words that have a restricted sense and are not likely to be used in everyday life (such as the word intifada to refer to the conflict between Israel and Palestine) are left untouched, and often written in italics.

Ido, unlike Esperanto, does not assume the male sex by default. For example, Ido does not derive the word for waitress by adding a feminine suffix to waiter, as Esperanto does. Instead, most Ido words are defined as sex-neutral, and two different suffixes derive masculine and feminine words from the root—servisto for a waiter of either sex, servistulo for a male waiter, and servistino for a waitress. In other cases, Ido has two root words where Esperanto has one—patro for father and matro for mother.

Ido-speaking community

As with all constructed languages, gauging the number of speakers of Ido is an extremely difficult task. Usenet postings by the prominent Esperantist Don Harlow have estimated the population at being somewhere in the thousands, but no accurate numbers exist. Moreover, given the often political IAL environment in which those that speak a language are not merely language users but adherents to its system and linguistic philosophy as well, there are two categories of those that know the language, Ido speakers and Ido supporters. Ido resembles Esperanto to a large extent, and many Esperantists have learned Ido out of curiosity while still not using it, preferring to support the more well-known Esperanto movement instead. One Esperanto bulletin board included the following:

Mi provis Idon antaŭ Esperanto, kaj alvenis konklude: la diferoj estas efike trivialaj, komparite al pli gravaj koncernaĵoj (kiujn mi ne detalos ĉi tie). Pro tio mi elektis subteni Esperanton, kaj ne subteni Idon, kvankam eble mi lernos Idon por hobio. Tamen via id-vortoj estas bone komprenebla al mi, kaj mi uzus Idon, se ne ekzistis tre pli subtenita lingvo.

I tried Ido before Esperanto, and came to conclude that the differences are in fact trivial, compared to larger concerns (that I will not go into detail about here). Because of that [the larger speaker community and volume of material] I chose to support Esperanto and not to support Ido, though maybe I will learn Ido as a hobby. However, your writing (lit., Ido-words) in Ido [responding to an Ido speaker] is comprehensible to me, and I would use Ido if there did not exist a much more supported language.

—

It is possible to find discussions of this nature on the Internet in English, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua and other IALs, each understanding the other with little problem.

A number of Esperantists viewed the schism of Ido as a mixed blessing, and a number of writings show that some were inversely glad to see those who were interested only in creating a perfect language by constantly reforming it leave the fold so that those remaining could work on using and promoting the language itself. However, these "constant reformers" eventually moved on to other reform projects, few of which survived much beyond the deaths of the authors themselves, and Ido has remained constant since then—it is safe to say that were Ido a community of language reformers during its early days, that this is not the case anymore.

A small sample of 24 Idists on the Yahoo! group Idolisto during November 2005 showed that 57% had begun their studies of the language during the past three years, 32% from the mid-1990s to 2002, and 8% had known the language from before.

Language examples

La Princeto (The Little Prince)

Chapter 17 of The Little Prince; the conversation between the Little Prince and the snake upon his arrival on Earth. The title of the Ido-language version is La Princeto.

CHAPITRO XVII

(...)

–Bona nokto ! –dicis la surprizata princeto.

–Bona nokto ! –dicis la serpento.

–Adsur qua planeto me falis ? –questionis la princeto.

–Adsur Tero, sur Afrika. –respondis la serpento.

–Ha !... Kad esas nulu sur Tero ?

–To esas la dezerto, e nulu esas sur la dezerti. Tero esas tre granda –dicis la serpento.

La princeto sideskis sur stono e levis lua okuli a la cielo.

–Me questionas a me –lu dicis- ka la steli intence brilas por ke uladie singlu povez trovar sua stelo. Videz mea planeto, olu esas exakte super ni... ma tre fore !

–Olu esas bela planeto –dicis la serpento-. Por quo vu venis adhike ?

–Esas chagreneto inter floro e me –dicis la princeto.

–Ha ! –dicis la serpento.

E la du permanis silence.

–Ube esas la personi ? –klamis fine la princeto-. Onu esas kelke sola sur la dezerto...

–Inter la personi onu anke esas sola –dicis la serpento.

La princeto regardis la serpento longatempe.

–Vu esas stranja animalo ! –dicis la princeto-. Vu esas tam tenua kam fingro...

–Yes, ma me esas plu potenta kam fingro di rejo –dicis la serpento.

La princeto ridetis.

–Me ne kredas ke vu esas tre potenta, mem vu ne havas pedi... nek vu povas voyajar...

–Me povas transportar vu plu fore kam navo -dicis la serpento.

Ed olu spulis la maleolo di la princeto, same kam ora braceleto.

–Ta quan me tushas retroiras a la tero deube lu venis. Ma vu esas pura e vu venas de stelo...

La princeto nulon respondis.

–Me kompatas vu, qua esas tante sola sur ta harda granita Tero. Me povas helpar vu se vu sentas nostalgio a vua planeto. Me povas...

–Ho ! –dicis la princeto-. Me bone komprenis, ma pro quo vu sempre parolas enigmatoze ?

–Me solvas omna enigmati –dicis la serpento.

E la du permanis silence.

Averto lektenda

La verko La princeto licencesas sub Creative Commons License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/legalcode

Autoro.- Fernando Tejón, krayono@yahoo.es

Ret-pagino.- http://web.archive.org/web/20080529180727/http://es.geocities.com/idohispania/laprinceto/laprinceto.html

Mea vido-cirklo (horizonto)

Translation of tune by Russian bard Alexander Sukhanov from verses by Russian poet Yunna Morits.
(listen)

Me nule savas la Angla, la Franca, la Greka,

Mea vid-cirklo do restas sat mikra e streta -

En mea vid-cirklo trovesas nur flori, arbori,

Nur tero e maro, aero, fairo, amoro.

Me nule savas la Dana e la Portugala,

Mea vid-cirklo restas sat infantala -

Nur joyi rapide pasant', bruligiva aflikto,

Nur esperi, e timi noktal' es en mea vid-cirklo.

Me savas nek la Sanskrito e nek la Latina,

Mea vid-cirklo es ancien-mod' quale tino

Nur morto e nasko homala, nur grani ed astri

Aden mea vid-cirklo penetras e standas sat mastre.

Mea savo artala esas fakultativa.

Mea vid-cirklo restas presk' primitiva -

En olu es nia afero intima, interna

Por ke kun homaro la Tero flugadez eterne.

Mea vid-cirklon restriktas nur timi, esperi,

En olu trovesas nur amo, nur maro e tero.

Aden mea vid-cirklo penetras e standas sat mastre

Nur morto e nasko homala, nur grani ed astri.

Literature and publications

Ido has a number of publications that can be subscribed to or downloaded for free in most cases. Kuriero Internaciona is a magazine produced in France every few months with a range of topics. Adavane! is a magazine produced by the Spanish Ido Society every two months that has a range of topics, as well as a few dozen pages of work translated from other languages. Progreso is the official organ of the Ido movement and has been around since the inception of the movement in 1908. Other sites can be found with various stories, fables or proverbs along with a few books of the Bible translated into Ido on a smaller scale. The site publikaji has a few podcasts in Ido along with various songs and other recorded material.

The online encyclopedia Wikipedia includes an Ido-language edition (known in Ido as Wikipedio); in January 2012 it was the 81st most visited Wikipedia.

International Ido conventions

• 2011: Echternach, Luxembourg (Information)
• 2010: Tübingen, Germany (Information)
• 2009: Tallinn, Estonia (Information)
• 2008: Wuppertal-Neviges, Germany, participants from 5 countries (Information)
• 2007: Paris, France, 14 participants from 9 countries (Information, Photos)
• 2006: Berlin, Germany, approx. 25 participants from 10 countries (Information)
• 2005: Toulouse, France, 13 participants from 4 countries (Information)
• 2004: Kiev, Ukraine, 17 participants from 9 countries (Information)
• 2003: Großbothen, Germany, participants from 6 countries (Information)
• 2002: Kraków, Poland, 14 participants from 6 countries (Information)
• 2001: Nuremberg, Germany, 14 participants from 5 countries (Raporto)
• 1998: Białobrzegi, Poland, 15 participants from 6 countries
• 1997: Bakkum (mun. Castricum), Netherlands, 19 participants from 7 countries
• 1995: Elsnigk, Germany
• 1991: Ostend, Belgium, 21 participants
• 1980: Namur, Belgium, 35 participants
• 1960: Zürich, Switzerland, ca. 50 participants

See also

• Comparison between Esperanto and Ido
• Comparison between Ido and Novial
• Comparison between Ido and Interlingua

References

Additional notes

1. L. Couturat, L. Leau. Delegation pour l'adoption d'une Langue auxiliare internationale (15–24 October 1907). Coulommiers: Imprimerie Paul Brodard, 1907

External links

General information

• The international language Ido
• Union for the International Language Ido (in Ido)
• The IDO foundation for language research in memory of Hellmut Röhnish

History and opinions

• Langmaker.com about Ido
• Otto Jespersen's history of Ido
• Another history of Ido
• Emile Boirac's "Report to the World Esperanto Congress, 1908" about his experiences as part of the Delegation's Committee
• Léopold Leau's "The Truth About the Delegation in 1907", a rebuttal of criticisms made about the events of the Delegation, based on his own experiences as a member of the Delegation
• Richard Dalton's "Ido - Improved Esperanto or Confidence Trick", a 2008 criticism of Ido based on contemporary knowledge of its history
• "How to Build a Language", the section about Ido, and "Ido: The Beginning" by Don Harlow
• Ido-Pagino da Ailanto - Discussion about Ido, links to websites, organizations, mailing lists, courses, dictionaries, grammars, etc.
• Blueprints for Babel: Ido - Commentary and grammatical summary of Ido, with glossary and links

Places to learn Ido and pages in the language

• Ido for all - English course for learning Ido
• Ido Dictionaries by Dyer
• Interactive English-Ido dictionary (in Ido)
• Complete Detailed Grammar of the International Language Ido (in Ido)
• Online Ido library (in Ido)
• Parolez Ido: A social network in Ido