Italy (Roman Empire)

Roman Italia (in green) as organized by Augustus.

Italia was the name of the Italian peninsula during the Roman Empire.

Under the Republic and Augustan organization

During the Republic and the first centuries of the empire, Italia (which extended at the beginning from Calabria to Rubicon, starting from Augustus from Calabria to the Alps) was not a province, but rather the territory of the city of Rome, thus having a special status:^{[citation needed]} for example, military commanders were not allowed to bring their armies within Italia, and Julius Caesar passing the Rubicon with his legions marked the start of the civil war.

The name Italia covered an area of land whose borders evolved over time. According to Strabo (Geographia, v 1), at the beginning the name indicated the land between the strait of Messina and the line connecting the gulf of Salerno and gulf of Taranto; later Italia was extended to include the whole Italian peninsula, as well as the Istrian town of Colonia Pietas Iulia (Pola); finally, Julius Caesar gave Roman citizenship to the people of the Gallia Transpadana— that part of Cisalpine Gaul that lay "beyond the Po"—, thus extending Italia up to the Alps.

With the end of the Social War (91–88 BC), Rome allowed the Italian allies to enter with full rights in the Roman society, giving the Roman citizenship to all the Italic peoples.^{[citation needed]}

At the beginning of the Empire, Italia was a collection of territories with different statuses. Some cities, called municipii, had some independence from Rome, others, the colonies, were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, Augustus Caesar divided Italia into eleven regiones, as reported by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia:

A portion of the Tabula Peutingeriana, a Roman map of the 4th century, depicting the southern part of Italia.

• Regio I Latium et Campania
• Regio II Apulia et Calabria
• Regio III Lucania et Brutium
• Regio IV Samnium
• Regio V Picenum
• Regio VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus
• Regio VII Etruria
• Regio VIII Aemilia
• Regio IX Liguria
• Regio X Venetia et Histria
• Regio XI Transpadana

Italia was privileged by Augustus and his heirs, with the construction, among other public structures, of a dense network of roads.

The Italian economy flourished: agriculture, handicraft and industry had a sensible growth, allowing the export of goods to the other provinces.^{[citation needed]}

The Italian population may have grown as well: Three census were ordered by Augustus, to record the number of Roman citizens throughout the empire. The surviving totals were 4,063,000 in 28 BC, 4,233,000 in 8 BC, and 4,937,000 in AD 14, but it is still debated whether these counted all citizens, all adult male citizens, or citizens sui iuris, and how many of the citizens lived in Italia. Estimates for the population of mainland Italia, including Gallia Cisalpina, at the beginning of the 1st Century C.E. range from 6,000,000 according to Beloch in 1886, 6,830,000 according to Russell in 1958, less than 10,000,000 according to Hin in 2007, and 14,000,000 according to Lo Cascio in 2009.

(For more on population estimates, see Classical demography.)

Italia in the 3rd century

In this sestertius of Antoninus Pius, the personification of Italia is depicted on reverse.

When Roman citizenship was given to all the Empire (in the year 212), Italia began to decline in favour of the provinces. Furthermore, Italian territory suffered from the attacks of barbarian tribes, which happened at the end of the 3rd century (see Crisis of the third century and Barracks emperors).

Diocletian divided the Empire into four parts and several dioceses, the so-called Tetrarchy. The diocesis Italiae, under the rule of the Augustus of the West, was divided into two zones, each divided into smaller territories held by correctores:

• Italia suburbicaria ("under the government of Rome")
  • Tuscia et Umbria
  • Valeria
  • Campania et Samnium
  • Apulia et Calabria
  • Sicilia
  • Sardinia et Corsica
• Italia annonaria, with capital Mediolanum (Milan)
  • Venetia et Histria
  • Aemilia et Liguria
  • Flaminia et Picenum
  • Raetia
  • Alpes Cottiae

The former Italian regions of Alpes Poenninae and Alpes Maritimae become part of the Diocesis Galliarum.

Italia from the 4th to the 6th century

When the barbarians became the most important problem, the Emperors were obliged to move out of Rome, and even in other provinces, thus increasing even more the decline of Italia. In 330, Constantine I moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople, with the imperial court, economical administration, as well as the military structures (as the fleets of Misenum and Ravenna).

After the death of emperor Theodosius (395), Italia became part of the Western Roman Empire. Then came the years of the barbarian invasions, and the capital was moved from Mediolanum to Ravenna (402). Alaric, king of Visigoths, sacked Rome itself in 410; something that hadn't happened for eight centuries. Northern Italia was attacked by Attila's Huns, and Rome was sacked again by the Vandals under the command of Genseric in 455.

According to Notitia Dignitatum, a compilation of public civil and military officers that is considered updated to 420s for the western part of the Roman Empire, Italia was governed by a prefectus, Prefectus praetorio Italiae (who governed Gaul, Italia, Illyricum and Africa), one vicarius, and one comes rei militaris. The regions were governed by eight consulares (Venetiae et Histriae, Aemiliae, Liguriae, Flaminiae et Piceni annonarii, Tusciae et Umbriae, Piceni suburbicarii, Campaniae, and Siciliae), two correctores (Apuliae et Calabriae and Lucaniae et Bruttiorum) and four praesides (Alpium Cottiarum, Samnii, Sardiniae, and Corsicae).

With the Emperors controlled by their barbarian generals, the imperial government weakly controlled Italia, whose coasts were continuously under attack. In 476, with the resignation of Romulus Augustulus and the return of the imperial ensigns to Constantinople, the Western Roman Empire had fallen. For 77 years, Italia stayed united first under Odoacer, then under the Ostrogothic Kingdom.

In 554, Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I reconquered Italia keeping in general the organization of Diocletian. During the lombards invasion in 568 Eastern Romans were to lose most of Italia, except the territories of the Exarchate (corresponding roughly to today's Romagna), Venetia, Pentapolis (between south Romagna and today's north-central Marche), Latium (with a shallow corridor connecting Rome with Ancona), Naples and parts of the extreme south: Italy ceased to be a Roman unitary state and began to be divided between several entities, and would not be re-united for another thirteen centuries.

See also

• History of Italy during Roman times
• Italus

External links

• Geographical regions in Roman history (Italian)
• Map of the Roman state c. 400 (Map of the Roman state according to the Compilation 'notitia dignitatum')
• De Reditu, poem by Rutilius Claudius Namatianus, at The Latin Library, describing the decadence of Italia and Rome around 410.