Meitei script
 | This article is missing information about how Lonsum works (syllable coda?); which ones are the basic fifteen consonants. (February 2021) |
| Meitei script (Meitei: Meitei Mayek) ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ | |
|---|---|
_written_in_Meitei_script.jpg) | |
| Script type | |
Time period | 6th century AD[1] – upto 1700 AD, 1930 – present |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Region |  India
|
| Languages | Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Lepcha, Khema, ʼPhags-pa, Marchen |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Mtei (337), Meitei Mayek (Meithei, Meetei) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Meetei Mayek |
| |
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. | |
Template:Officially used writing systems in India
| Brahmic scripts |
|---|
| The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Meitei script (Meitei: Meitei Mayek)(ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ) or the Meetei script (Meitei: Meetei Mayek) (ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ) is an abugida used for the Meitei language, the official language of Manipur state of India. Its earliest known evidence of existence dates back to the 6th century AD coins, engraving the Meitei letters, as verified by the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi.[1] It was used until the 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali alphabet. A few manuscripts survive. In the 20th century, the script has experienced a resurgence, and is again being used.[5] Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek[a]) was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[6]
Since Meitei does not have voiced consonants, there are only fifteen consonant letters used for native words, plus three letters for pure vowels. Nine additional consonant letters inherited from the Indic languages are available for borrowings. There are seven vowel diacritics and a final consonant (/ŋ/) diacritic. The names of the twenty-seven letters are not only phonetic names, but also based on parts of the human body.[7]
History
6th century - 7th century
The ancient Meitei script (old Manipuri script) is first evident in the coins issued during the eras of Meitei Kings, Ura Konthouba (568-653 AD) and Ayangba (821-910 AD). These coins are presently preserved in the Mutua Museum in Imphal.[1]
The earliest stone inscription in Meitei script found from the Khoibu village in Manipur is widely believed to of the time of King Ura Konthouba, that is around 6th-7th century CE. But there is no authenticity of the fact as of now. This Meitei inscription is presently kept in the Manipur Government Museum, Imphal.[1]
8th century
The earliest copper plate Meitei inscription dates back to the 8th century AD. It was inscribed during the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha (c. 721 AD). It was discovered by scholar Yumjao from Phayeng village in the east of Imphal in the year 1935. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records for Meitei literature.[8][9][10]
Yumjao, the discoverer of the 8th century copper plate inscription, opined that Meitei script was developed during the 8th century, but his fact was contradicted by the evidence of the Meitei script engravings on the coins of the 6th-7th century eras. This contradiction is well noted in the Volume 1 of the Encyclopedia of Indian Literature published by the Sahitya Akademi in the year 1987.[1]
11th century
Contradictory to the various publications of the National Sahitya Akademi about the unanimous earliest attested dating of the Meitei script, many people gave personal opinions in their research works as Meitei script was developed in the 11th century, 18th century, 19th century, etc. The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida. According to Singh (1962), an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script.[11] By contrast, Tomba (1993) claims that the script is a development of c. 1930, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries.[12] According to K.S. Singh and Mahoharan (1993), as per the modifications of the phonemic distributions of Meitei language, the script belongs to the Tibetan group of scripts.[2]
A stone inscription found[year needed] at Khoibu in Tengnoupal district, of current Manipur state, contains royal edicts of king Senbi Kiyamba (d. 1508), representing the earliest portion of the Chietharol Kumbaba or Royal Chronicle of Manipur. It is one of the primary texts in the Meitei script.[13][better source needed]
20th century
In 1980, a modernized version of the writing system was approved by Manipur state law for use in educational institutions.[14][15]
21st century
2009
The modernised version of the Meitei script was encoded in Unicode in the year 2009.
2023 planning in 2022
All the newspapers in Meitei language (Manipuri language) will be using the "Meitei script" (Meitei: Meetei Mayek) instead of the Bengali script from 15 January 2023, according to a joint meeting consensus of the "Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup" (MEELAL), "All Manipur Working Journalists’ Union" (AMWJU) and "Editors' Guild Manipur" (EGM) in Imphal.[16][17][18][19][20]
Letter names
One of the unique features of this script is the use of body parts in naming the letters.[21] Every letter is named after a human body part in the Meitei language. For example, the first letter "kok" means "head"; the second letter "sam" means "hair"; the third letter "lai" means "forehead", and so on. This is corroborated from the holybook "Wakoklol Heelel Theelel Salai Amailol Pukok Puya", which details how each script originated received its nomenclature.[22]
| Letter | Name | Latin | IPA[23] |
|---|---|---|---|
| ꯀ | kok | K | /k/ |
| ꯁ | sam | S | /s/ |
| ꯂ | lai | L | /l/ |
| ꯃ | mit | M | /m/ |
| ꯄ | pa | P | /p/ |
| ꯅ | na | N | /n/ |
| ꯆ | chil | Ch | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ꯇ | til | T | /t/ |
| ꯈ | khou | Kh | /kʰ/ |
| ꯉ | ngou | Ng | /ŋ/ |
| ꯊ | thou | Th | /tʰ/ |
| ꯋ | wai | W | /w/ |
| ꯌ | yang | Y | /j/ |
| ꯍ | huk | H | /h/ |
| ꯎ | un | U | /u(ː)/ |
| ꯏ | ee | I or E | /i(ː)/ |
| ꯐ | pham | F or Ph | /pʰ/ |
| ꯑ | atiya | A | /ɐ/ |
| ꯒ | gok | G | /g/ |
| ꯓ | jham | Jh | /d͡ʒʱ/ |
| ꯔ | rai | R | /ɾ/ |
| ꯕ | ba | B | /b/ |
| ꯖ | jil | J | /d͡ʒ/ |
| ꯗ | dil | D | /d/ |
| ꯘ | ghou | Gh | /gʱ/ |
| ꯙ | dhou | Dh | /dʱ/ |
| ꯚ | bham | Bh | /bʱ/ |
| Lonsum letter | Name | Derived from Mapung Mayek letter |
|---|---|---|
| ꯛ | kok lonsum | ꯀ |
| ꯜ | lai lonsum | ꯂ |
| ꯝ | mit lonsum | ꯃ |
| ꯞ | pa lonsum | ꯄ |
| ꯟ | na lonsum | ꯅ |
| ꯠ | til lonsum | ꯇ |
| ꯡ | ngou lonsum | ꯉ |
| ꯢ | ee lonsum | ꯏ |
Suffix letters or addendum used
| Cheitap mayek | Name | IPA | Latin | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ꯥ | aa-tap | /a/ | a | Karl (ꯀꯥꯔꯜ) |
| ꯤ | ee-nap | /i/ | e or i | King (ꯀꯤꯡ), Feel (ꯐꯤꯜ) |
| ꯨ | uu-nap | /u/ | u or oo | Cool (ꯀꯨꯜ), Fumigate (ꯐꯨꯃꯤꯒꯦꯠ) |
| ꯦ | yet-nap | /e/ | ay or e | Bay (ꯕꯦ), Kentuk (ꯀꯦꯟꯇꯨꯛ) |
| ꯣ | ot-nap | /o/ | o | Boy (ꯕꯣꯌ), Cold (ꯀꯣꯜꯗ) |
| ꯩ | chei-nap | /ej/ | ei | Heifer (ꯍꯩꯐꯔ), Feign (ꯐꯩꯟ) |
| ꯧ | sou-nap | /ow/ | ou or ow | Soul (ꯁꯧꯜ), Hou (ꯍꯧ), Bowl (ꯕꯧꯜ) |
| ꯪ | nung or noong | /ɐŋ/ | ang or ng | Anglo (ꯑꯪꯒꯂꯣ), Kangla (ꯀꯪꯂꯥ) |
Numerals
| Arabic numerals | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meitei numerals | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹ |
| Names | ꯐꯨꯟ phun |
ꯑꯃ ama |
ꯑꯅꯤ ani |
ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ahum |
ꯃꯔꯤ mari |
ꯃꯉꯥ mangā |
ꯇꯔꯨꯛ taruk |
ꯇꯔꯦꯠ taret |
ꯅꯤꯄꯥꯜ nipāl |
ꯃꯥꯄꯜ māpal |
Unicode
The Meitei script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
Blocks
The Unicode block for the Meitei script, called Meetei Mayek, is U+ABC0 – U+ABFF.
Characters for historical orthographies are part of the Meetei Mayek Extensions block at U+AAE0 – U+AAFF.
| Meetei Mayek[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+ABCx | ꯀ | ꯁ | ꯂ | ꯃ | ꯄ | ꯅ | ꯆ | ꯇ | ꯈ | ꯉ | ꯊ | ꯋ | ꯌ | ꯍ | ꯎ | ꯏ |
| U+ABDx | ꯐ | ꯑ | ꯒ | ꯓ | ꯔ | ꯕ | ꯖ | ꯗ | ꯘ | ꯙ | ꯚ | ꯛ | ꯜ | ꯝ | ꯞ | ꯟ |
| U+ABEx | ꯠ | ꯡ | ꯢ | ꯣ | ꯤ | ꯥ | ꯦ | ꯧ | ꯨ | ꯩ | ꯪ | ꯫ | ꯬ | ꯭ | ||
| U+ABFx | ꯰ | ꯱ | ꯲ | ꯳ | ꯴ | ꯵ | ꯶ | ꯷ | ꯸ | ꯹ | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
| Meetei Mayek Extensions[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+AAEx | ꫠ | ꫡ | ꫢ | ꫣ | ꫤ | ꫥ | ꫦ | ꫧ | ꫨ | ꫩ | ꫪ | ꫫ | ꫬ | ꫭ | ꫮ | ꫯ |
| U+AAFx | ꫰ | ꫱ | ꫲ | ꫳ | ꫴ | ꫵ | ꫶ | |||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Software
Meitei Mayek keyboards and other input methods are available at or supported by:
Sample text
The following is a Meitei language sample text of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations) in Meitei script, its romanisation, its IPA and its English version:[24]
ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯏꯖꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯂꯧꯖꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯡꯏ, ꯑꯐ ꯐꯠꯇ ꯈꯪꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯅ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯆꯤꯟ ꯃꯅꯥꯎꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫
— Meitei-language translation in Meitei script
Mioiba khudingmak pokpa matamda ningtammi amadi ijjat amasung hak mānnana leijei, makhoi pumnamak wākhal loushing shengi, apha phatta khangi, aduna amana amaga loinabada machin manāogumna loinagadabani.
— The passage in Roman transliteration
míːójbə kʰud̯íŋmək pókpə mət̯ə̀md̯ə níːŋt̯ə̀mmi, əməd̯i iːdʒət əməʃùng hə́k màːnənə lɐ̀jdʒɐ̀j. məkʰój púmnəmək wakʰə̀l lə̀wʃiŋ ʃèŋi, əpʱə̀ pʱə́ːt̯ə kʰə́ŋi, əd̯unə əmənə əməgə lòjnəbəd̯ə mət͡ʃìn mənáwgùmnə lójnəgəd̯əbəni'.
— The passage in IPA
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
— The passage in English version
See also
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- Meitei inscriptions
- List of Meitei-language newspapers
- Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)
- Meetei Mayek Extensions (Unicode block)
- Wikipedia:Meitei script display help
Notes
- ^ The terms, "Meitei", "Meetei" and "Manipuri" are synonymous. While "Meitei" is more popular than "Meetei", "Meetei" is the officially mentioned synonym of the term "Manipuri".
References
- ^ a b c d e Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 142. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b Chelliah, Shobhana Lakshmi (2011). A Grammar of Meithei. De Gruyter. p. 355. ISBN 9783110801118.
Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts,which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script
- ^ Singh, Harimohon Thounaojam (January 2011), The Evolution and Recent Development of the Meetei Mayek Script, Cambridge University Press India, p. 28
- ^ Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; Post, Mark W (January 2011). North East Indian Linguistics Volume 3. Cambridge University Press India. ISBN 9788175967939.
- ^ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (23 September 2017). "Banished Manipuri script stages a comeback". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
- ^ Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 150. ISSN 0003-5491. JSTOR 25488260.
- ^ Devi, Dr Yumlembam Gopi. Glimpses of Manipuri Culture. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-359-72919-7.
- ^ Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections (Assamese-Dogri). Sahitya Akademi. p. 325. ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Sen, Sipra (1 January 1992). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. Mittal Publications. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), p. 157.
- ^ Frans Welman, Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World (2011), 468f., citing O.Tomba, The Need to rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal, 1993.
- ^ Everson, Michael (20 September 2006). "Preliminary Proposal for Encoding the Meithei Mayek Script in the BMP of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode.
- ^ "Approved Meitei Mayek Govt Gazzette 1980". e-pao.net. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
- ^ Devi, S. (May 2013). "Is Manipuri an Endangered Language?" (PDF). Language in India. 13 (5): 520–533.
- ^ "Meetei Mayek in newspapers". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ "Meetei Mayek in newspapers : 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ Time, Pratidin. "Meetei Mayek to Replace Bengali Script in Manipuri Newspapers from 2023". Pratidin Time. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ HYNews. "All Bengali script Manipuri Dailies in Manipur to Print in Meitei Eyek (Script) from 15th January 2023". hynews.in. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ "State dailies to cease Bengali script Manipuri papers from Jan, 2023 : 29th jan22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ "A comparative study of Meetei Mayek" (PDF). typoday. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
- ^ Ray, Sohini (2009). "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India". Anthropological Quarterly. 82 (1): 129–154. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047. ISSN 0003-5491. JSTOR 25488260. S2CID 140755509.
- ^ "Manipuri (Meeteilon / Meithei)". Omniglot. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ "Manipuri language and alphabets". omniglot.com. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
Bibliography
- Chelliah, Shobhana L. (1997). A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-19-564331-3.
- Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). Early Meithei manuscripts. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 59–71). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
- Chelliah, Shobhana L. (2002). A glossary of 39 basic words in archaic and modern Meithei. In C. I. Beckwith (Ed.), Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages: PIATS 2000: Tibetan studies: Proceedings of the ninth seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000 (pp. 189–190). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
External links
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