Pescetarianism

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Pescetarianism (pron.: /ˌpɛskɨˈtɛəriən/) (also spelled pescatarianism) is the practice of a diet that includes seafood, but not the flesh of other animals. A pescetarian diet shares many of its components with a vegetarian diet and includes vegetables, fruit, nuts, grains, beans, eggs, and dairy, but unlike a vegetarian diet also includes fish and shellfish. The Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the origin of the term "pescetarian" to 1993 and defines it as: "one whose diet includes fish but no other meat."[1]

Contents

Etymology [edit]

Pescetarian is probably a neologism formed as a blend of the Italian word pesce ("fish") and the English word "vegetarian".[1] The Italian word is pronounced [ˈpeʃe], while the English neologism is commonly /ˌpɛskɨˈtɛəriən/, with a /sk/ sound, thus differing from pronunciations of similar terms in English and Italian.

Pesce in turn derives from the Latin piscis,[1] which has the form pisci- when it serves as a prefix, as it often does in scholarly terms (e.g. "pisciculture" /ˈpɪsɨkʌltʃər/ or "piscivore" /ˈpɪsɨvɔr/). Note that a piscivore, as a type of carnivore, eats a diet primarily of fish, whereas the neologism pescetarian refers to persons who consume plant derivatives as well as fish.

Rationale [edit]

Health considerations [edit]

Japanese nigiri-sushi. Many cultures offer pescetarian-friendly cuisine.

One of the most commonly cited reasons is that of health, based on findings that red meat is detrimental to health in many cases due to non-lean red meats containing high amounts of saturated fats,[2][3] choline and carnitine.[4] Eating certain kinds of fish raises HDL levels,[5][6] and some fish are a convenient source of omega-3 fatty acids,[7] and have numerous health benefits in one food variety.[8] A 1999 meta-analysis of five studies comparing vegetarian and non-vegetarian mortality rates in Western countries found that in comparison with regular meat-eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 34% lower in pescetarians, 34% lower in ovo-lacto vegetarians, 26% lower in vegans and 20% lower in occasional meat-eaters.[9]

Concerns have been raised about consuming some fish varieties containing toxins such as mercury and PCBs,[10] though it is possible to select fish that contain little or no mercury and moderate the consumption of mercury-containing fish.[11][12]

Comparisons to other diets [edit]

Pescetarianism is similar to many traditional diets emphasizing fish as well as fruits, vegetables and grains. Many coastal populations tend to eat this way and these features characterize the traditional Mediterranean diet and the diets of many parts of Asia, Northern Europe, and the Caribbean. These traditional diets tend to also include meat although it is peripheral. Pescetarians are sometimes described as vegetarian or pesco-vegetarian, and often people unfamiliar with vegetarianism believe the pescetarian diet to be vegetarian. In common with vegetarians, pescetarians often eat eggs and dairy products, in addition to fruits, vegetables, and grains.

The Vegetarian Society, which initiated popular use of the term "vegetarian" as early as 1847, does not consider pescetarianism to be a vegetarian diet.[13] The definitions of "vegetarian" in mainstream dictionaries vary.[14]

List of pescetarians [edit]

See also: List of vegans and List of vegetarians

This is a list of notable people who are or were pescetarians.

See also [edit]

  • Semi-vegetarianism - other forms of semi-vegetarianism that include occasional meat consumption

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Pescetarian, Merriam Webster. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
  2. ^ E Giovannucci, EB Rimm, MJ Stampfer, GA Colditz, A Ascherio and WC Willett, "Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men". Cancer Research 54, 2390-2397. 1994-05-01. 
  3. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD, PhD, JoAnn E. Manson, MD, PhD, and Walter C. Willett, MD, DrPh, "Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review". Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 20, no. 1, 5-19. 2001. 
  4. ^ http://news.discovery.com/human/health/red-meat-heart-disease-130408.htm
  5. ^ Paul J Nestel, "Fish oil and cardiovascular disease: lipids and arterial function". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 71, no. 1, 228S-231S. 2000-01. 
  6. ^ Sacks FM, Hebert P, Appel LJ, Borhani NO, Applegate WB, Cohen JD, Cutler JA, Kirchner KA, Kuller LH, Roth KJ, et al., "Short report: the effect of fish oil on blood pressure and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in phase I of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention". Journal of Hypertension, 209-13. 1994-02-12. 
  7. ^ Frank B. Hu, MD; Leslie Bronner, MD; Walter C. Willett, MD; Meir J. Stampfer, MD; Kathryn M. Rexrode, MD; Christine M. Albert, MD; David Hunter, MD; JoAnn E. Manson, MD, "Fish and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women". JAMA. 287:1815-1821. 2002. 
  8. ^ Get Hooked on Fish! by Sue Gilbert, MS, Nutritionis
  9. ^ "Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70:516S-524S. 1999. 
  10. ^ Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Research Council, "Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury". 2000. ISBN 0-309-07140-2. 
  11. ^ Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish - Science Daily
  12. ^ Mercury: Are fish safe to eat? by Gloria Tsang, RD
  13. ^ "Vegetarians do not eat fish!" The "fish campaign" webpage of the Vegetarian Society
  14. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2 (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3506  defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; esp. one who avoids meat but will consume dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (cf. VEGAN noun)." Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2 (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 3511  has the same definition.
  15. ^ "Twitter / Nicole Anderson: @xdemidragon I'm a pesceta". Twitter.com. 2010-05-23. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  16. ^ Morley, Cat (2008-09-13). "Ladytron | Issue 11 - Speak Your Mind Issue | Snippets Zine". Cutoutandkeep.net. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  17. ^ Brigitte Bardot - Le carré de Pluton, 1999, ISBN 978-2-246-59501-4
  18. ^ Suicide Girls (March 30, 2011). "Interviews > Kari Byron". Retrieved 2011-03-30. 
  19. ^ Vivinetto, G., 2000. Chapman giggles; reporter hatches heckling plan. St. Petersburg Times, [internet] 14 September. Available at http://www.sptimes.com/News/091400/Weekend/Chapman_giggles_repor.shtml [Accessed 10 June 2009]
  20. ^ "Fame Bites - Parvesh Cheena". CNN. 
  21. ^ Pechin, Pauline (October 15, 2008). "Common Predicts Movie Stardom for Himself". BlackBook. BlackBook Media. Retrieved April 17, 2010. 
  22. ^ "CM Punk personal tweet". Twitter. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-03-28. 
  23. ^ "PETA2 // Out There // Fight the Power With Chuck D". Peta2.com. Retrieved 2012-05-08. 
  24. ^ Late Night with Conan O'Brien, 2007. [TV programme] Broadway Video, Conaco, Universal Media Studios, NBC, 27 September 2007.
  25. ^ "Dave - The Home of Witty Comedy Banter : Dave". Dave.uktv.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  26. ^ Ready Steady Cook, 2008. [TV programme] BBC2 27 May 2008.
  27. ^ "Nick Diaz Diet.". Men's Health. July 6, 2011. 
  28. ^ "Nick Diaz Diet.(2)". Yahoo! Sports. July 6, 2011. 
  29. ^ "Afl. 5: Breda beste getest door Mystery Guest" (in Dutch). RTL. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-04-26. 
  30. ^ David Hochman. "The X-Man Cometh". Men's Health. Retrieved 2011-12-17. 
  31. ^ Home Box Office, Inc. ca. 2009. Susie Essman - Susie talks about life on the set and why there are so few female stand-up comics. [Online] (Updated 2009) Available at http://www.hbo.com/larrydavid/interviews/Essman_2.html [Accessed 10 June 2009]
  32. ^ "24/7 Chicago interviews Galecki". YouTube. 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  33. ^ Dr. Mark Liponis (2010-01-03). "Start Getting Healthier Right Now". Parade.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  34. ^ IGN: Death Cab For Cutie, 4 September 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
  35. ^ "Twitter / Ariana Grande: I'm very excited to announ". Twitter.com. 2010-07-12. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  36. ^ "BAFFLE LAFFLE TAFFLE". youtube.com. 2011-11-16. 
  37. ^ by Kingpolo (2011-02-24). "Lee Hyori has officially become a vegetarian". Allkpop.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  38. ^ "Kelly & Michael: Kristin Kreuk New Series “Beauty and the Beast”". recapo.com. Retrieved 2012-10-11. 
  39. ^ Nieuwenhuis, Marcia (2006-02-16). "Fractievoorzitter van D66 Lousewies van der Laan interviewt stand-up comedian Jan Jaap van der Wal" (in Dutch). lousewiesvanderlaan.nl. Retrieved 2008-04-16. "V: "Ben je vegetarisch?" A: "Nee, ik ben eigenlijk pescatarisch, een vegetariër die vis eet." (Q: "Are you a vegetarian?" A: "No, actually I am a pescetarian, a vegetarian who eats fish.")" 
  40. ^ Harvey Levin (20 October 2009). [[TMZ.com#TMZ Live|TMZ Live]], "Balloon, Mel and Manson Madness". Los Angeles, California: TMZ Productions, Inc. Event occurs at 21:14. Retrieved 7 December 2009. "Yeah…I'm not a vegetarian; I'm a pescetarian, and I'm trying."  Wikilink embedded in URL title (help)
  41. ^ "Wendie Malick's Diet Tips". December 7, 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-18. 
  42. ^ Nissim, Mayer (2009-11-25). "Ten Things You Never Knew About Dannii Minogue". Digital Spy. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  43. ^ (Transcript) (Interview). Interview with Larry King. 2001-05-07. Larry King Live. CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0507/01/lkl.01.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19.
  44. ^ "Conor Oberst and pescetarian". Vegetarianstar.com. 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  45. ^ "blog « amanda palmer". Blog.amandapalmer.net. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  46. ^ Watkins, G., 2009. 5-Minute Time Out: Andy Serkis. Babble, [internet] 30 January. Available at http://www.babble.com/Andy-Serkis-The-Inkheart-star-on-being-Gollum-King-Kong-and-a-father-of-three/index2.aspx [Accessed 15 June 2009]
  47. ^ Renaud, J., 2009. Andy Serkis. Geek Monthly, [internet] 7 January. Available at http://geekmonthly.com/blog/?p=188 [Accessed 15 June 2009]
  48. ^ MARGO C. POPESenior Writer (2001-04-02). "A majestic day". StAugustine.com. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  49. ^ "FAQ". Hal Sparks. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 
  50. ^ "Mother Nature Network". 
  51. ^ Conan, 2012. [TV program] TBS, 26 July 2012.
  52. ^ "Sonny Strait.biz: FAQ". 
  53. ^ "Hayley Westenra – 'I'm a tough chick'". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2007-06-17. 

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