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'''Eugeroics''' (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),<ref name="MilgramCallahan2006">{{cite journal|last1=Milgram|first1=Norton W.|last2=Callahan|first2=Heather|last3=Siwak|first3=Christina|title=Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|volume=5|issue=3|year=2006|pages=193–212|issn=1080-563X|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> also known as '''wakefulness-promoting agents''' and '''wakefulness-promoting drugs''', are a class of [[drug]]s that promote [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are medically indicated for the [[Pharmacotherapy|treatment]] of certain [[sleep disorder]]s including [[Excessive daytime sleepiness|excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)]] in [[narcolepsy]] or [[Obstructive sleep apnea|obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> Eugeroics are also often prescribed [[Off-label use|off-label]] for the treatment of EDS in [[idiopathic hypersomnia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://j2vjt3dnbra3ps7ll1clb4q2-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/PP_Narcolepsy.pdf|title=Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin|date=September 2007|website=American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)}}</ref> a rare and often debilitating sleep disorder which currently has no official treatments approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]]. In contrast to classical [[Stimulant|psychostimulants]], such as [[methylphenidate]] and [[amphetamine]], which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce [[euphoria]], and, consequently, have a lower [[addictive potential]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" />
'''Eugeroics''' (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),<ref name="MilgramCallahan2006">{{cite journal|last1=Milgram|first1=Norton W.|last2=Callahan|first2=Heather|last3=Siwak|first3=Christina|title=Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent|journal=CNS Drug Reviews|volume=5|issue=3|year=2006|pages=193–212|issn=1080-563X|doi=10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> also known as '''wakefulness-promoting agents''' and '''wakefulness-promoting drugs''', are a class of [[drug]]s that promote [[wakefulness]] and [[alertness]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> They are medically indicated for the [[Pharmacotherapy|treatment]] of certain [[sleep disorder]]s including [[Excessive daytime sleepiness|excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)]] in [[narcolepsy]] or [[Obstructive sleep apnea|obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" /> Eugeroics are also often prescribed [[Off-label use|off-label]] for the treatment of EDS in [[idiopathic hypersomnia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://j2vjt3dnbra3ps7ll1clb4q2-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/PP_Narcolepsy.pdf|title=Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin|date=September 2007|website=American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)}}</ref> a rare and often debilitating sleep disorder which currently has no official treatments approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]]. In contrast to classical [[Stimulant|psychostimulants]], such as [[methylphenidate]] and [[amphetamine]], which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce [[euphoria]], and, consequently, have a lower [[addictive potential]].<ref name="Modafinil" /><ref name="Armodafinil" />


[[Modafinil]] and [[armodafinil]] are each thought to act as selective, weak, atypical [[dopamine reuptake inhibitor|dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI)]],<ref name="Modafinil">{{cite web|title=Provigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020717s037s038lbl.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|access-date=16 August 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Armodafinil">{{cite web|title=Nuvigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|access-date=16 August 2015|date=April 2015}}</ref> whereas [[adrafinil]] acts as a [[prodrug]] for modafinil. Other eugeroics include [[solriamfetol]], which acts as a [[norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor|norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)]], and [[pitolisant]], which acts as a [[H3 receptor antagonist|histamine 3 (H<sub>3</sub>) receptor antagonist]]/[[inverse agonist]].
[[Modafinil]] and [[armodafinil]] are each thought to act as selective, weak, atypical [[dopamine reuptake inhibitor|dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI)]],<ref name="Modafinil">{{cite web|title=Provigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020717s037s038lbl.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|access-date=16 August 2015|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Armodafinil">{{cite web|title=Nuvigil: Prescribing information|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021875s021lbledt.pdf|website=United States Food and Drug Administration|publisher=Cephalon, Inc|access-date=16 August 2015|date=April 2015}}</ref> whereas [[adrafinil]] acts as a [[prodrug]] for modafinil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modafinil vs. Armodafinil - Moda Pills Ltd. |url=https://modapills.co.uk/modafinil-vs-armodafinil-whats-the-difference/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Moda Pills Ltd. |language=en-US}}</ref> Other eugeroics include [[solriamfetol]], which acts as a [[norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor|norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stahl |first=Stephen M. |last2=Pradko |first2=James F. |last3=Haight |first3=Barbara R. |last4=Modell |first4=Jack G. |last5=Rockett |first5=Carol B. |last6=Learned-Coughlin |first6=Susan |date=2004-08-13 |title=A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor |url=http://article.psychiatrist.com/?ContentType=START&ID=10000989 |journal=The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=06 |issue=04 |pages=159–166 |doi=10.4088/PCC.v06n0403 |issn=1523-5998 |pmc=PMC514842 |pmid=15361919}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stahl |first=Stephen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeRdUoZ7PysC&pg=PA73 |title=Stahl's Illustrated Antidepressants |date=2009-03-02 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-75852-9 |language=en}}</ref> and [[pitolisant]], which acts as a [[H3 receptor antagonist|histamine 3 (H<sub>3</sub>) receptor antagonist]]/[[inverse agonist]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=Jean-Charles |date= |title=The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant: H3 Receptor: from discovery to clinical trials |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology |language=en |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=713–721 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kollb-Sielecka |first=Marta |last2=Demolis |first2=Pierre |last3=Emmerich |first3=Joseph |last4=Markey |first4=Greg |last5=Salmonson |first5=Tomas |last6=Haas |first6=Manuel |date= |title=The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389945717300102 |journal=Sleep Medicine |language=en |volume=33 |pages=125–129 |doi=10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Inocente |first=Clara |last2=Arnulf |first2=Isabelle |last3=Bastuji |first3=Hélène |last4=Thibault-Stoll |first4=Anne |last5=Raoux |first5=Aude |last6=Reimão |first6=Rubens |last7=Lin |first7=Jian-Sheng |last8=Franco |first8=Patricia |date= |title=Pitolisant, an Inverse Agonist of the Histamine H3 Receptor: An Alternative Stimulant for Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in Teenagers With Refractory Sleepiness |url=https://journals.lww.com/00002826-201203000-00001 |journal=Clinical Neuropharmacology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=55–60 |doi=10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d |issn=0362-5664}}</ref>


==Examples==
==Examples==
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===Never marketed===
===Never marketed===
* [[CRL-40,940 |Flmodafinil]] (CRL-40,940)
* [[CRL-40,940 |Flmodafinil]] (CRL-40,940)
* [[CRL-40,941 |Fluorafinil]] (CRL-40,941)
* [[CRL-40,941 |Fluorafinil]] (CRL-40,941)
* [[Fluorenol]]
* [[Fluorenol]]
* Methylbisfluoromodafinil
* Methylbisfluoromodafinil

Revision as of 17:26, 2 March 2022

Eugeroic
Drug class
The chemical structure of modafinil, the prototypical drug of this class.
Class identifiers
Synonymswakefulness-promoting agent
wakefulness-promoting drug
UsePromote wakefulness and alertness
ATC codeN06B
Legal status
In Wikidata

Eugeroics (originally "eugrégorique" or "eugregoric"),[1] also known as wakefulness-promoting agents and wakefulness-promoting drugs, are a class of drugs that promote wakefulness and alertness.[2][3] They are medically indicated for the treatment of certain sleep disorders including excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).[2][3] Eugeroics are also often prescribed off-label for the treatment of EDS in idiopathic hypersomnia,[4] a rare and often debilitating sleep disorder which currently has no official treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In contrast to classical psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, which are also used in the treatment of these disorders, eugeroics typically do not produce euphoria, and, consequently, have a lower addictive potential.[2][3]

Modafinil and armodafinil are each thought to act as selective, weak, atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI),[2][3] whereas adrafinil acts as a prodrug for modafinil.[5] Other eugeroics include solriamfetol, which acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI),[6][7] and pitolisant, which acts as a histamine 3 (H3) receptor antagonist/inverse agonist.[8][9][10]

Examples

Marketed

Discontinued

Never marketed

In development

References

  1. ^ Milgram, Norton W.; Callahan, Heather; Siwak, Christina (2006). "Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent". CNS Drug Reviews. 5 (3): 193–212. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.1999.tb00100.x. ISSN 1080-563X.
  2. ^ a b c d "Provigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. January 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "Nuvigil: Prescribing information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Cephalon, Inc. April 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  4. ^ "Practice Parameters for the Treatment of Narcolepsy and other Hypersomnias of Central Origin" (PDF). American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). September 2007.
  5. ^ "Modafinil vs. Armodafinil - Moda Pills Ltd". Moda Pills Ltd. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  6. ^ Stahl, Stephen M.; Pradko, James F.; Haight, Barbara R.; Modell, Jack G.; Rockett, Carol B.; Learned-Coughlin, Susan (2004-08-13). "A Review of the Neuropharmacology of Bupropion, a Dual Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor". The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 06 (04): 159–166. doi:10.4088/PCC.v06n0403. ISSN 1523-5998. PMC 514842. PMID 15361919.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ Stahl, Stephen M. (2009-03-02). Stahl's Illustrated Antidepressants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-75852-9.
  8. ^ Schwartz, Jean-Charles. "The histamine H3 receptor: from discovery to clinical trials with pitolisant: H3 Receptor: from discovery to clinical trials". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (4): 713–721. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01286.x.
  9. ^ Kollb-Sielecka, Marta; Demolis, Pierre; Emmerich, Joseph; Markey, Greg; Salmonson, Tomas; Haas, Manuel. "The European Medicines Agency review of pitolisant for treatment of narcolepsy: summary of the scientific assessment by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use". Sleep Medicine. 33: 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.01.002.
  10. ^ Inocente, Clara; Arnulf, Isabelle; Bastuji, Hélène; Thibault-Stoll, Anne; Raoux, Aude; Reimão, Rubens; Lin, Jian-Sheng; Franco, Patricia. "Pitolisant, an Inverse Agonist of the Histamine H3 Receptor: An Alternative Stimulant for Narcolepsy-Cataplexy in Teenagers With Refractory Sleepiness". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 35 (2): 55–60. doi:10.1097/WNF.0b013e318246879d. ISSN 0362-5664.
  11. ^ "How WAKIX Works | WAKIX® (pitolisant) tablets". wakix.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  12. ^ "What is SUNOSI® (solriamfetol) Treatment ? | SUNOSI® for Patients". www.sunosi.com. Retrieved 2020-01-03.
  13. ^ "New Data Presented at World Sleep Congress Demonstrate Early Signs of Efficacy for TAK-925, a Selective Orexin Type-2 Receptor (OX2R) Agonist, in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1". www.takeda.com. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
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