Harvard University: Difference between revisions

Academic rankings
Academic rankings
National
ARWU	1
Forbes	7
U.S. News & World Report	2
Washington Monthly	5
WSJ/College Pulse	1
Global
ARWU	1
QS	5
THE	2
U.S. News & World Report	1

Harvard University
	File:Harvard shield wreath.svg Coat of arms
	Latin: Universitas Harvardiana
Former names	Harvard College
Motto	Veritas (Latin)
Motto in English	Truth
Type	Private research university
Established	1636; 388 years ago
Founder	Massachusetts General Court
Accreditation	NECHE
Academic affiliations	NAICU; AICUM; AAU; URA; Space-grant
Endowment	$53.2 billion (2021)
President	Lawrence Bacow
Provost	Alan Garber
Academic staff	~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)
Students	19,218 (Fall 2020)
Undergraduates	5,222 (Fall 2020)
Postgraduates	13,996 (Fall 2020)
Location	Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.; 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W
Campus	Urban, 209 acres (85 ha)
Language	Mostly English
Newspaper	The Harvard Crimson
Colors	Crimson
Nickname	Harvard Crimson
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I – Ivy League
Mascot	John Harvard
Website	www.harvard.edu

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Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and among the most prestigious in the world.^[6]

The Massachusetts colonial legislature authorized Harvard's founding, "dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches, when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"; though never formally affiliated with any denomination, in its early years Harvard College primarily trained Congregational clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century, it had emerged as the central cultural establishment among the Boston elite.^[7]^[8] Following the American Civil War, President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.^[9] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.^{[citation needed]}

The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the Harvard Radcliffe Institute. Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of academic disciplines for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, mostly professional. Harvard has three main campuses:^[10] the 209-acre (85 ha) Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.^[11] Harvard's endowment is valued at $53.2 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution.^[3] Endowment income helps enable the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide generous financial aid with no loans.^[12] The Harvard Library is the world's largest academic library system, comprising 79 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included numerous Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of the U.S. Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, and Fulbright Scholars, all of which are arguably the most among all higher education institutions over the globe, depending upon the metrics a list adopts.^[17] Its alumni include eight U.S. presidents and 188 living billionaires, the most of any university. Fourteen Turing Award laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 110 Olympic medals (46 gold), and they have founded many notable companies.^{[citation needed]}

History

Colonial era

Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it acquired British North America's first known printing press.^[19]^[20] In 1639, it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 volumes.^[21] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.^{[citation needed]}

A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."^[22] It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years^[23] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model‍—‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍—‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard has never affiliated with any particular denomination, though many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Puritan churches.^[24]

Increase Mather served as president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, marking a turning of the college away from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.^[25]

19th century

In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.^[26]^: 1–4 When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency two years later, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas.^[26]^: 4–5^[27]^: 24

Charles William Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was the crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.^[28]

Programs in the study of French and Spanish languages began in 1816 with George Ticknor as its first professor.^{[citation needed]}

20th century

In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the female counterpart of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.^[9]

The student body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians."^[30] In 1923—a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard had reached 20%—President A. Lawrence Lowell supported a policy change that limited Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. While Lowell's idea was rejected, he did manage to ban black students from freshman dormitories.^[31]^[32]^[33]

President James B. Conant, who led the university from 1933 to 1953, reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as at the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in 20th century American education.^[34]

Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were opened up to bring in a more diverse group of students. No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics, or Asians.^[35]

Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Harvard became more diverse.^[36]However, it is still noted that Harvard largely favours white admits. When it comes to athletics, the share for African American, Asian American, and Hispanics is less than 16% and if it were not for their racial status, a large number of those students would have been rejected.^[37]

Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.^[38]

Women were first admitted to the medical school in 1945.^[39] Since 1971, Harvard has controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women. In 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.^[40]

21st century

Drew Gilpin Faust, previously the dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.^[41] She was succeeded by Lawrence Bacow on July 1, 2018.^[42]

Campuses

Cambridge

Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such as Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; and Memorial Church.

The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall. Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses – nine south of the Yard near the Charles River, the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (which formerly housed Radcliffe College students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.^[43]

Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Radcliffe Yard.^[44] Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.^[45]^[46]

Allston

Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,^[47] a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.

The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.^[48] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.^[49]

In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.^[50] The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.^[51]

Longwood

The schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.^[11] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.

Other

Harvard owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,^[52] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,^[53] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,^[54] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.^{[citation needed]}

Organization and administration

Governance

School	Founded
Harvard College	1636
Medicine	1782
Divinity	1816
Law	1817
Dental Medicine	1867
Arts and Sciences	1872
Business	1908
Extension	1910
Design	1914
Education	1920
Public Health	1922
Government	1936
Engineering and Applied Sciences	2007

Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.^[55] There are 16,000 staff and faculty,^[56] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.^[57]

The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.^{[citation needed]} Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX.^{[citation needed]}

Endowment

Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $41.9 billion as of 2020.^[3] During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.^[58] The endowment has since recovered.^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]^[63]

About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.^[64] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.^[65] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.^[66]

Divestment

Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.^[67]^[68]

In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.^[69]^[70] The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.^[69]^[71]

Academics

Teaching and learning

Harvard is a large, highly residential research university^[73] offering 50 undergraduate majors,^[74] 134 graduate degrees,^[75] and 32 professional degrees.^[76] For the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.^[76]

The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus.^[73]^[74] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.^[77] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.^[78] Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.^[79]

Research

Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities^[80] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.^[73]

With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,^[81] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.^[82] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.^[83]

Libraries and museums

The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.^[13]^[14]^[16] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the world.^[14]^[4]

Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.

The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, and the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East.

Reputation and rankings

National Graduate Rankings^[92]
Program	Ranking
Biological Sciences	4
Business	6
Chemistry	2
Clinical Psychology	10
Computer Science	16
Earth Sciences	8
Economics	1
Education	1
Engineering	22
English	8
History	4
Law	3
Mathematics	2
Medicine: Primary Care	10
Medicine: Research	1
Physics	3
Political Science	1
Psychology	3
Public Affairs	3
Public Health	2
Sociology	1

Global Subject Rankings^[93]
Program	Ranking
Agricultural Sciences	22
Arts & Humanities	2
Biology & Biochemistry	1
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems	1
Chemistry	15
Clinical Medicine	1
Computer Science	47
Economics & Business	1
Electrical & Electronic Engineering	136
Engineering	27
Environment/Ecology	5
Geosciences	7
Immunology	1
Materials Science	7
Mathematics	12
Microbiology	1
Molecular Biology & Genetics	1
Neuroscience & Behavior	1
Oncology	1
Pharmacology & Toxicology	1
Physics	4
Plant & Animal Science	13
Psychiatry/Psychology	1
Social Sciences & Public Health	1
Space Science	2
Surgery	1

Among overall rankings, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has ranked Harvard as the world's top university every year since it was released.^[94] When QS and Times Higher Education collaborated to publish the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on THE World Reputation Rankings ever since it was released in 2011.^[95] In 2019, it was ranked first worldwide by SCImago Institutions Rankings.^[96] It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.^[97] Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.^[98]

Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.^[99] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named "dream colleges" in the United States, both for students and parents.^[100]^[101]^[102] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by Times Higher Education.^[103]

School rankings

School	Founded	Enrollment	U.S. News & World Report
Harvard College	1636	6,755	2^[104]
Medicine	1782	660	1^[105]
Divinity	1816	377	N/A
Law	1817	1,990	3^[106]
Dental Medicine	1867	280	N/A
Arts and Sciences	1872	4,824	N/A
Business	1908	2,011	5^[107]
Extension	1910	3,428	N/A
Design	1914	878	N/A
Education	1920	876	1^[108]
Public Health	1922	1,412	3^[109]
Government	1936	1,100	1^[110]
Engineering	2007	1,750	21^[111]

Student life

Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity^[112]	Total
White	36%	36
Asian	21%	21
Hispanic	12%	12
Foreign national	11%	11
Black	11%	11
Other^[a]	9%	9
Economic diversity
Low-income^[b]	18%	18
Affluent^[c]	82%	82

Student life and activities are generally organized within each school.

Student government

The Undergraduate Council represents College students. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.^[113]

Athletics

Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have intramural sports programs.^{[citation needed]}

Harvard College fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Division I Ivy League, more than any other college in the country.^[114] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.^[115] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.^[116] The school color is crimson.^{[citation needed]}

Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.^[117]

Notable people

Alumni

Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 79 Nobel laureates, 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.^[118]^[119]^[120]^[121] Harvard students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.^[122]^[123]

Notable Harvard alumni include:
2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)^[124]
6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)^[125]^[126]
Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)
Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)
19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)^[127]
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)
Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)
26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)^[128]
Sociologist and civil rights activist
W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895)
32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)^[129]
Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)
Physicist and leader of Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)
Economist and Nobel laureate in economics Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)
Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)
35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)^[130]
7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)
45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)^[131]
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (AB, 1971; JD, 1975)
11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)
14th Chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)
43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)^[132]
17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
Founder of Microsoft and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977;^{[a 1]} LLD hc, 2007)
8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)
Former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama (JD, 1988)
Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)^[133]
44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)^[134]^[135]
Associate Justice-designate of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (JD, 1992)
Founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg (College, 2004;^{[a 1]} LLD hc, 2017)

^ ^a ^b Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate

Faculty

Notable present and past Harvard faculty include:
Louis Agassiz
Danielle Allen
Alan Dershowitz
Paul Farmer
Jason Furman
John Kenneth Galbraith
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Asa Gray
Seamus Heaney
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
William James
Timothy Leary
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James Russell Lowell
Greg Mankiw
Steven Pinker
Michael Porter

Michael Porter
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
Amartya Sen
B. F. Skinner
Lawrence Summers
Cass Sunstein
Elizabeth Warren
Cornel West
E. O. Wilson
Shing-Tung Yau
Robert Reich

Literature and popular culture

The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.^[136]

Literature

The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both depict Harvard student life.^{[non-primary source needed]}
Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.^{[non-primary source needed]}
The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;^{[non-primary source needed]} it won the Pulitzer Prize.^{[citation needed]}
The Second Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.^[137]^[138]^[139]^[140]^[141]

Film

Harvard's policy since 1970 (after the property damage caused by the Love Story crew) has been to permit filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.^[142]^[143]

Love Story (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.^[144]^[145]^[146]
The Paper Chase (1973)^[147]
A Small Circle of Friends (1980)^[142]

Notes

^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^ An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636 NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co. ISBN 9780405100161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link), p. 586 Archived September 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006.: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006., "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
^ ^a ^b ^c Ma, Virginia. "Harvard's Endowment Soars to $53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual" (PDF). July 14, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Common Data Set 2020–2021" (PDF). Office of Institutional Research. Harvard University. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
^
*Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 0-19-514457-0. Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.
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External links

Scholia has an organization profile for Harvard University.

Official website
Harvard University at College Navigator, a tool from the National Center for Education Statistics

[nodegree-136] Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate

[113] Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.

[114] The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.

[115] The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

[veritas-1] Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.

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@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 * {{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref>
-The [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts colonial legislature]] authorized Harvard's founding, "dreading to leave an illiterate [[Minister (Christianity)|ministry]] to the churches, when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"; though never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], in its early years [[Harvard College]] primarily trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century, it had emerged as the central cultural establishment among [[Boston Brahmin|the Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref>
+The [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts colonial legislature]] authorized Harvard's founding, "dreading to leave an illiterate [[Minister (Christianity)|ministry]] to the churches, when our present ministers shall lie in the dust"; though never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], in its early years [[Harvard College]] primarily trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century, it had emerged as the central cultural establishment among [[Boston Brahmin|the Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the [[American Civil War]], President [[Charles William Eliot]]'s long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the [[Harvard College|college]] and affiliated professional schools into a modern [[research university]]; Harvard became a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]] in 1900.<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
-Following the [[American Civil War]], President [[Charles William Eliot]]'s long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the [[Harvard College|college]] and affiliated professional schools into a modern [[research university]]; Harvard became a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]] in 1900.<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war.
 The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of [[academic discipline]]s for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, mostly professional. Harvard has three main campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref>
@@ Line 66: / Line 65: @@
 * {{Cite web|url=https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|title=US Rhodes Scholars Over Time|website=www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=November 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125194727/https://www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk/office-of-the-american-secretary/us-winners/colleges-and-universities-of-all-us-rhodes-scholars-over-time/|url-status=live}}
 * {{cite web|title=Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=November 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124125611/https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2010/10/28/harvard-stanford-yale-graduate-most-members-of-congress|url-status=live}}
-* {{cite web|title=The complete list of Fields Medal winners|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|work=areppim AG|date=2014|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Its alumni include [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]] and [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], the most of any university. Fourteen [[Turing Award]] laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have won 10 [[Academy Awards]], 48 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|110 Olympic medals]] (46 gold), and they have founded [[List of companies founded by Harvard University alumni|many notable companies]].
+* {{cite web|title=The complete list of Fields Medal winners|url=http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|work=areppim AG|date=2014|access-date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://stats.areppim.com/listes/list_fieldsxmedal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Its alumni include [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]] and [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], the most of any university. Fourteen [[Turing Award]] laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have won 10 [[Academy Awards]], 48 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|110 Olympic medals]] (46 gold), and they have founded [[List of companies founded by Harvard University alumni|many notable companies]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
 == History ==
@@ Line 72: / Line 71: @@
 ===Colonial era===
-[[File:Harvard College Seal.png|upright=1|thumb|The seal of the [[Harvard Corporation]], found on Harvard diplomas. ''Christo et Ecclesiae'' ("For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early mottoes.<ref name="Morison1968">{{cite book|author=Samuel Eliot Morison|title=The Founding of Harvard College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330|year=1968|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-31450-4|page=330|access-date=June 27, 2015|archive-date=December 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215172750/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Harvard College Seal.png|upright=1|thumb|The seal of the [[Harvard Corporation]] found on Harvard diplomas. ''Christo et Ecclesiae'' ("For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early mottoes.<ref name="Morison1968">{{cite book | author=Samuel Eliot Morison| title=The Founding of Harvard College| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330| year=1968| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]| isbn=978-0-674-31450-4| page=330| access-date=June 27, 2015| archive-date=December 15, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215172750/https://books.google.com/books?id=zkQWZaZqZfUC&pg=PA330| url-status=live}}</ref>]]
 [[File:A Westerly View of the Colledges in Cambridge New England by Paul Revere.jpeg|upright=1|thumb|Engraving of [[Harvard College]] by [[Paul Revere]], 1767]]
-Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].
-In 1638, it acquired [[British North America]]'s first known printing press.<ref name="FirstPrintingPress">{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref name="UHullMHSC">{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref>
+Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].  In 1638, it acquired [[British North America]]'s first known printing press.<ref name="FirstPrintingPress">{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref name="UHullMHSC">{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref>
 In 1639, it was named [[Harvard College]] after deceased clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], an alumnus of the [[University of Cambridge]] who had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 volumes.<ref name="JH facts">{{cite web |last=Harvard |first=John |title=John Harvard Facts, Information. |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008 |quote=He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.}}</ref>
-The charter creating the [[Harvard Corporation]] was granted in 1650.
+The charter creating the [[Harvard Corporation]] was granted in 1650.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
 A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<ref>{{cite book|first=Louis B. |last=Wright|title=The Cultural Life of the American Colonies|year=2002|page=116|isbn=978-0-486-42223-7}}</ref>
-It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years<ref name="GriggMancall2008">{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref>
+It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years<ref name="GriggMancall2008">{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model{{mdashb}}many leaders in the colony had attended the [[University of Cambridge]]{{mdashb}}but conformed to the tenets of [[Puritanism]]. Harvard has never affiliated with any particular denomination, though many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Puritan churches.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>
-and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model{{mdashb}}many leaders in the colony had attended the [[University of Cambridge]]{{mdashb}}but conformed to the tenets of [[Puritanism]]. Harvard has never affiliated with any particular denomination, though many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Puritan churches.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref>
 [[Increase Mather]] served as president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, [[John Leverett the Younger|John Leverett]] became the first president who was not also a clergyman, marking a turning of the college away from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.<ref>[http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php John Leverett – History – Office of the President] {{webarchive | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612033858/http://www.president.harvard.edu/history/07_leverett.php | date=June 12, 2010}}</ref>
 === 19th century ===
+[[File:John Harvard statue at Harvard University.jpg|thumb|[[John Harvard statue]], [[Harvard Yard]] ]]
-[[File:John Harvard statue at Harvard University.jpg|thumb|[[John Harvard statue]], [[Harvard Yard]]]] <!-- please resist temptation to mention that it's not really a likeness of JH. Many statues are modeled after someone other than the nominal subject because, as with JH, no one knows what the subject looked like. This is adequately treated at [[Harvard Yard]] and need not be pointed out in the caption for every photo of the statue -->
 In the 19th century, [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] ideas of reason and free will were widespread among [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, [[Calvinist]] parties.<ref name=Dorrien>{{Cite book|last=Dorrien|first=Gary J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id&#61;L50mveyi6WoC|title=The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion, 1805-1900|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-22354-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1–4}} When [[Hollis Chair of Divinity|Hollis Professor of Divinity]] David Tappan died in 1803 and [[President of Harvard University|President]] Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. [[Henry Ware (Unitarian)|Henry Ware]] was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal [[Samuel Webber]] was appointed to the presidency two years later, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, [[Arminianism|Arminian]] ideas.<ref name=Dorrien />{{rp|4–5}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Field|first=Peter S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id&#61;HXHbEWJacwwC|title=Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual|date=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-8843-2|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|24}}
@@ Line 93: / Line 91: @@
 [[Charles William Eliot]], president 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was the crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education but by [[Transcendentalism|Transcendentalist]] [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] convictions influenced by [[William Ellery Channing]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Stephen P.|last=Shoemaker|title=The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot's Educational Reforms|journal=Journal of Unitarian Universalist History|year=2006–2007|volume=31|pages=30–45}}</ref>
-Programs in the study of French and Spanish languages began in 1816 with [[George Ticknor]] as its first professor.
+Programs in the study of French and Spanish languages began in 1816 with [[George Ticknor]] as its first professor.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
 === 20th century ===
@@ Line 119: / Line 117: @@
 == Campuses ==
 [[File:Sanders theater 2009y.JPG|thumb|left|[[Memorial Hall (Harvard University)|Memorial Hall]]]]
-[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]]]]
+[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]] ]]
 === Cambridge ===
 {{See also|Harvard Divinity School|Harvard Graduate School of Design|Harvard Graduate School of Education|Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Harvard Kennedy School|Harvard Law School|Harvard Radcliffe Institute}}
-Harvard's {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus is centered on [[Harvard Yard]] ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} west-northwest of downtown [[Boston]], and extends into the surrounding [[Harvard Square]] neighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such as [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] and [[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]]; libraries such as [[Widener Library|Widener]], [[Pusey Library|Pusey]], [[Houghton Library|Houghton]], and [[Lamont Library|Lamont]]; and [[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]].
+Harvard's {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} main campus is centered on [[Harvard Yard]] ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} west-northwest of downtown [[Boston]], and extends into the surrounding [[Harvard Square]] neighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such as [[University Hall (Harvard University)|University Hall]] and [[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]]; libraries such as [[Widener Library|Widener]], [[Pusey Library|Pusey]], [[Houghton Library|Houghton]], and [[Lamont Library|Lamont]]; and [[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]].
-The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including the college, such as [[Sever Hall]] and [[Harvard Hall (Harvard University)|Harvard Hall]].
-[[List of Harvard dormitories|Freshman dormitories]] are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]]{{snd}}nine south of the Yard near the [[Charles River]], the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]] (which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref>
+The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including the college, such as [[Sever Hall]] and [[Harvard Hall (Harvard University)|Harvard Hall]].  [[List of Harvard dormitories|Freshman dormitories]] are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]]{{snd}}nine south of the Yard near the [[Charles River]], the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]] (which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Also in Cambridge are the [[Harvard Law School|Law]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] (theology), [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering and Applied Science]], [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] (architecture), [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy]] (public policy), and [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] schools, as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Radcliffe Yard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en}}</ref>
+Also in Cambridge are the [[Harvard Law School|Law]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] (theology), [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering and Applied Science]], [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] (architecture), [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy]] (public policy), and [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] schools, as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Radcliffe Yard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en}}</ref>  Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tartakoff |first=Joseph M. |date=2005-01-07 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building – News – The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=www.thecrimson.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
-Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tartakoff |first=Joseph M. |date=2005-01-07 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building – News – The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=www.thecrimson.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
 === Allston ===
 {{See also|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}}
-[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in [[Allston]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan |date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
+[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in [[Allston]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan |date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US}}</ref> a Boston neighborhood just across the [[Charles River]] from the Cambridge campus. The [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.
-a Boston neighborhood just across the [[Charles River]] from the Cambridge campus. The [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.
 The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref>
 Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>
-In 2021, the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
+In 2021, the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref>  The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>
-The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref>
 === Longwood ===
 {{See also|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}}
 [[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Harvard Medical School]]]]
-The schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" />
+The schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" />  Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, most notably [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout the Greater Boston area.
-Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, most notably [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout the Greater Boston area.
 === Other ===
-Harvard owns the [[Dumbarton Oaks|Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] in Washington, D.C., the [[Harvard Forest]] in [[Petersham, Massachusetts]], the Concord Field Station in [[Estabrook Woods]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Harvard owns the [[Dumbarton Oaks|Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] in Washington, D.C., the [[Harvard Forest]] in [[Petersham, Massachusetts]], the Concord Field Station in [[Estabrook Woods]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Villa I Tatti]] research center in [[Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Arnold Arboretum]] in the [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]] neighborhood of Boston.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
-the [[Villa I Tatti]] research center in [[Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-and the [[Arnold Arboretum]] in the [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]] neighborhood of Boston.
 == Organization and administration ==
@@ Line 158: / Line 149: @@
 === Governance ===
 {|class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"
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 |}
-Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref name="BethellHunt2009p">{{cite book|last1=Bethell|first1=John T.|last2=Hunt|first2=Richard M.|last3=Shenton|first3=Robert|title=Harvard A to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02089-4|pages=166–|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166|url-status=live}}</ref>
+Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref name="BethellHunt2009p">{{cite book|last1=Bethell|first1=John T.|last2=Hunt|first2=Richard M.|last3=Shenton|first3=Robert|title=Harvard A to Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02089-4|pages=166–|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref> including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}} ("Faculty")</ref>
-There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref>
-including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}} ("Faculty")</ref>
-The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in [[Harvard College]], the [[Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)]], and the [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]], which includes [[Harvard Summer School]] and [[Harvard Extension School]]. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]].
+The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in [[Harvard College]], the [[Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)]], and the [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]], which includes [[Harvard Summer School]] and [[Harvard Extension School]]. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Joint programs with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] include the [[Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology]], the [[Broad Institute]], [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]], and [[edX]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
-Joint programs with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] include the [[Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology]], the [[Broad Institute]], [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]], and [[edX]].
 === Endowment ===
 {{Main|Harvard University endowment}}
-Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about $41.9&nbsp;billion as of 2020.<ref name="Endowment"/>
+Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about $41.9&nbsp;billion as of 2020.<ref name="Endowment"/>  During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=February 10, 2011|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/|date=March 5, 2009|title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston|newspaper=Harvard Crimson|author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu|archive-date=April 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=February 10, 2011|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/|date=March 5, 2009|title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston|newspaper=Harvard Crimson|author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu|archive-date=April 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/|url-status=live}}</ref>
 The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Harvard Endowment Rises $4.4 Billion to $32 Billion|magazine=Harvard Magazine|year=2011|volume=November–December|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/harvard-endowment-rises-to-32-billion|access-date=December 13, 2011|archive-date=December 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208041304/http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/09/harvard-endowment-rises-to-32-billion|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref name="vanity">{{cite magazine|last=Munk|first=Nina|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all|title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 2009|access-date=August 29, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true&currentPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ForbesUndEnd">{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>
-About $2&nbsp;billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref name = "about endowment">{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+About $2&nbsp;billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref name = "about endowment">{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf|title=Financial Report|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf|title=Financial Report|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==== Divestment ====
@@ Line 221: / Line 204: @@
 === Teaching and learning ===
 [[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University|Massachusetts Hall]] (1720), Harvard's oldest building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|title=A Brief History of Harvard College|author=Harvard College|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=July 25, 2011|author-link=Harvard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424033857/http://college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|archive-date=April 24, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
-[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harvard Yard]]]]
+[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harvard Yard]] ]]
-Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University|publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref>
-offering 50 [[Harvard College|undergraduate]] majors,<ref name = "liberal">{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|title=Liberal Arts & Sciences|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|url-status=live}}</ref>
-graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref>
+Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University|publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref> offering 50 [[Harvard College|undergraduate]] majors,<ref name = "liberal">{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|title=Liberal Arts & Sciences|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|url-status=live}}</ref> 134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" /> For the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web|title=Degrees Awarded|url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary|publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University|access-date=December 13, 2019|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary|url-status=live}}</ref>
-and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" />
-For the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web|title=Degrees Awarded|url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary|publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University|access-date=December 13, 2019|archive-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary|url-status=live}}</ref>
 {{main article|Harvard College}}
 The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts and sciences]] focus.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name = "liberal"/>
 To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees|title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees|url-status=live}}</ref>
-In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref>
+In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref> Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|title=How large are classes?|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|title=How large are classes?|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|url-status=live}}</ref>
-<!--ESTEEMED FELLOW EDITORS: here let's something on GSAS/FAS and something on each professional school -- possibly a paragraph each, possibly a subsection each -->
 === Research ===
@@ Line 244: / Line 222: @@
 [[File:Widener Library.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Widener Library]] anchors the [[Harvard Library]] system.]]
-The [[Harvard Library]] system is centered in [[Widener Library]] in [[Harvard Yard]] and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4&nbsp;million items.<ref name=hlar /><ref name="largestlibs" /><ref name="Harvard Media Relations"/>
+The [[Harvard Library]] system is centered in [[Widener Library]] in [[Harvard Yard]] and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4&nbsp;million items.<ref name=hlar /><ref name="largestlibs" /><ref name="Harvard Media Relations"/>  According to the [[American Library Association]], this makes it the largest academic library in the world.<ref name="largestlibs">{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held|date=May 2009|access-date=August 19, 2009|publisher=American Library Association|archive-date=August 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829014120/http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = glance/>
-According to the [[American Library Association]], this makes it the largest academic library in the world.<ref name="largestlibs">{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held|date=May 2009|access-date=August 19, 2009|publisher=American Library Association|archive-date=August 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829014120/http://www.ala.org/ala/professionalresources/libfactsheets/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = glance/>
 Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of [[East Asia|East-Asian]] language material outside of East Asia is held in the [[Harvard-Yenching Library]].[[File:Henry Moore sculpture, Harvard University.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Moore]]'s sculpture ''Large Four Piece Reclining Figure'', near Lamont Library|left]]
@@ Line 373: / Line 350: @@
 | Surgery || 1
 |}
-Among overall rankings, the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' (''ARWU'') has ranked Harvard as the world's top university every year since it was released.<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——Harvard University Ranking Profile|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Harvard-University.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908191702/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Harvard-University.html|archive-date=September 8, 2016|access-date=July 29, 2018|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy}}</ref>
+Among overall rankings, the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' (''ARWU'') has ranked Harvard as the world's top university every year since it was released.<ref name="ARWU">{{cite web|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities——Harvard University Ranking Profile|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Harvard-University.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908191702/http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/Harvard-University.html|archive-date=September 8, 2016|access-date=July 29, 2018|publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy}}</ref>  When ''QS'' and ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' collaborated to publish the ''[[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings]]'' from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on ''[[World Reputation Rankings|THE World Reputation Rankings]]'' ever since it was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref>
-When ''QS'' and ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' collaborated to publish the ''[[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings]]'' from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on ''[[World Reputation Rankings|THE World Reputation Rankings]]'' ever since it was released in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref>
 In 2019, it was ranked first worldwide by ''[[SCImago Institutions Rankings]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|title=SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank|website=www.scimagoir.com|access-date=June 11, 2019|archive-date=April 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422183813/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=all|url-status=live}}</ref> It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the [[Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D.|date=2020|title=The Top American Research Universities: 2019 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2019.pdf|access-date=July 17, 2021|website=mup.umass.edu|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717090116/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Harvard University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Massachusetts Institutions – NECHE|publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]|url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130729/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] (2019–2020) and ''[[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities]]'' (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
+Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] (2019–2020) and ''[[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities]]'' (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  According to annual polls done by [[The Princeton Review]], Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named "dream colleges" in the United States, both for students and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|agency=PR Newswire|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|agency=PR Newswire|year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release|year=2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref>  Additionally, having made significant investments in its [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|engineering school]] in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by ''[[Times Higher Education]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings|title=Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering Rankings|year=2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213722/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
-According to annual polls done by [[The Princeton Review]], Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named "dream colleges" in the United States, both for students and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|agency=PR Newswire|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|agency=PR Newswire|year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release|year=2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Additionally, having made significant investments in its [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|engineering school]] in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by ''[[Times Higher Education]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings|title=Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering Rankings|year=2019|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213722/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
 === School rankings ===
@@ Line 492: / Line 466: @@
 === Student government ===
 The [[Harvard Undergraduate Council|Undergraduate Council]] represents College students. The [[Harvard Graduate Council|Graduate Council]] represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.<ref>a) Law School Student Government [https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200415/https://orgs.law.harvard.edu/studentgovernment/ |date=June 24, 2021 }}
 <br />b) School of Education Student Council [https://osa.gse.harvard.edu/student-council]
@@ Line 502: / Line 475: @@
 {{Main|Harvard Crimson}}
-Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have [[intramural sports]] programs.
+Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have [[intramural sports]] programs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
-Harvard College fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]], more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard : Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is crimson.
+Harvard College fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]], more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard : Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is crimson.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
 Harvard's athletic rivalry with [[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]] is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the [[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|annual football meeting]], which dates back to 1875.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bracken|first=Chris|title=A game unlike any other|url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/|access-date=September 9, 2020|website=yaledailynews.com|date=November 17, 2017|language=en|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215707/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/|url-status=live}}</ref>
@@ Line 583: / Line 556: @@
 <!-- This section desperately needs inclusion criteria -->
 [[File:Clock Tower University of Puerto Rico-San Marcos-Harvard.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Tower at the [[University of Puerto Rico]], showing ''(right)'' the emblem of Harvard{{mdashb}}the oldest in the United States{{mdashb}}and ''(left)'' that of [[National University of San Marcos]], Lima{{mdashb}}the oldest in the Americas]]
 The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.<ref name="thomas">{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Sarah |title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role |website=Boston.com |date=September 24, 2010 |url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |quote='In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
@@ Line 588: / Line 562: @@
 * ''[[The Sound and the Fury]]'' (1929) and ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936) by [[William Faulkner]] both depict Harvard student life.{{secondary source needed|date=July 2020}}
 * ''[[Of Time and the River]]'' (1935) by [[Thomas Wolfe]] is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.{{secondary source needed|date=July 2020}}
-* ''[[The Late George Apley]]'' (1937) by [[John P. Marquand]] parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;{{secondary source needed|date=July 2020}} it won the [[Pulitzer Prize]].
+* ''[[The Late George Apley]]'' (1937) by [[John P. Marquand]] parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;{{secondary source needed|date=July 2020}} it won the [[Pulitzer Prize]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}
 * ''The Second Happiest Day'' (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.{{refn |{{cite book |title=Wrestling with the Angel|last=King|first=Michael|year=2002|page=371|quote=...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|title=White Shoe and Weak Will|first=Michael J.|last=Halberstam|date= February 18, 1953 |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1953/2/18/white-shoe-and-weak-will-pjohn/ |quote=The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|last=Yardley | first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Yardley|title=Second Reading|date=December 23, 2009|url =https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/22/AR2009122203456.html |quote=&thinsp;'...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree].|newspaper=The Washington Post}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|title=Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World|last=Du Bois|first=William|work=The New York Times|date=February 1, 1953|page=BR5|quote="exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest"}} }}{{refn |{{cite news|work=Southwest Review|volume=38|page=267|title=John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day|quote=So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right. }} }}
@@ Line 596: / Line 570: @@
 * ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973){{refn|{{cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|title=The Paper Chase at 40|date=October 2, 2012 | first=Colleen|last= Walsh|work=Harvard Gazette}} }}
 * ''[[A Small Circle of Friends]]'' (1980)<ref name="HFilm"/>
-* ''[[Prozac Nation (film)|Prozac Nation]]'' (2001) is a [[psychological drama]] about a 19-year-old Harvard student with [[atypical depression]].
 == See also ==
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 {{Colonial Colleges}}
 {{Colleges and universities in metropolitan Boston}}
-<!-- main campus in -->
-<!-- business and medical campuses in -->
 {{Association of American Universities}}
 {{AICUM}}
@@ Line 677: / Line 648: @@
 {{Massachusetts Sports}}
 }}
 {{Authority control}}

Academic rankings
National
ARWU^[84]	1
Forbes^[85]	7
U.S. News & World Report^[86]	2
Washington Monthly^[87]	5
WSJ/College Pulse^[88]	1
Global
ARWU^[84]	1
QS^[89]	5
THE^[90]	2
U.S. News & World Report^[91]	1

Authority control databases
International	ISNI VIAF
National	Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic 2 Australia Greece Korea Croatia Poland Portugal Vatican
Geographic	MusicBrainz place Structurae
Academics	CiNii
Artists	Museum of Modern Art ULAN
People	ISIL 2 3 Trove
Other	SNAC IdRef