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Corrections and Additions with Figures from the New Studies Below (Frequency Tables)
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POV Based Edits - It's was already agreed upon to be Neutral to go Alphabetically, to root out One-Sided opinions- "A" in Asia is before "Europe"
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{{cquote|Given the high frequency of R-M17 in central Asia (typically 20%–40% [9]), its rarity in west Asia [9, 13] and its absence in east Asia [14], Indian R-M17 Y chromosomes most probably have a central Asian origin [8, 9].|{{Harvcoltxt|Cordaux et al.|2004}}}}
{{cquote|Given the high frequency of R-M17 in central Asia (typically 20%–40% [9]), its rarity in west Asia [9, 13] and its absence in east Asia [14], Indian R-M17 Y chromosomes most probably have a central Asian origin [8, 9].|{{Harvcoltxt|Cordaux et al.|2004}}}}

⚫
===Eastern European Origin Theories===

⚫
Suggestions have been made which associate the distribution of R1a with several proposed movements of people in history and prehistory - the spread from a Ukrainian refugium during the [[Late Glacial Maximum]]; the spread of [[Indoeuropean languages]]; and [[Slavic]] migrations.

⚫
{{Harvcoltxt|Passarino et al.|2002}} suggest that R1a expanded from the area of the [[Dniepr]]-Don Valley in Ukraine between 13,000 and 7,600 years ago, after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] receded, based on data showing highest levels of R1a STR diversity in the Urkaine.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Passarino et al.|2001}}</ref>

⚫
[[Image:Europe20000ya.png|thumb|300px|European LGM refuges, 20 kya.]]
⚫
To the west, in south eastern Europe overall the R1a haplogroup occurs at just 16% frequency, high-resolution Y chromosome analysis by {{Harvcoltxt|Pericic et al.|2005}} shows a maximum diversity of R1a STR variance among Croatians and Bosnians and remark: {{cquote|At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-[[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]] recolonizations expanding from the [[Ukrainian LGM refuge|refugium in Ukraine]], migrations from northern [[Pontic steppe]] between 3,000 and 1,000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.}}

⚫
{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}} propose two dates of expansion, suggesting that the spread of R1a from [[Ukrainian LGM refuge|a point of origin in Ukraine]] following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] may have been magnified by the expansion of males from the [[Kurgan culture]] area of present-day southern Ukraine, from where, according to [[Kurgan hypothesis|Gimbutas proposals]],<ref>M. Gimbutas, in Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, G. Cardona, H. M. Hoenigswald, A. M. Senn, Eds. (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1970),pp. 155-195.</ref> [[Indo-European languages]] spread.

⚫
[[Image:Slavic distribution origin.png|thumb|right|280px|Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The area shaded in light purple is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the 6th to 7th c. AD, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic tribes at the time. The area shaded in darker red indicates the core area of Slavic river names (after [[EIEC]] p. 524ff.)]]

⚫
[[Spencer Wells]] (2002), also postulates southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a (as identified by [[single nucleotide polymorphism|SNP mutation]] M17) on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution.<ref name=Wells2002>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|2002}}</ref> He enlarged on the correlation of R1a with the expansion of the [[Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan]] people.{{cquote|The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%) It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.<ref name="Wells2001"/>}}

⚫
Investigation of SNP and STR markers occurring within subgroup R1a1 in the Czech Republic confirmed that the results are compatible with a presence of the gene during or soon after the LGM. Population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. The overall diversity suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years. Similar results have been found in Lithuania.<ref name=Luca2006>{{Harvcoltxt|Luca et al.|2006}}</ref> This would correlate with the Slavic expansions.


===South Asian Origin Theories===
===South Asian Origin Theories===
Line 122: Line 105:
{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}} proposed that a Middle Eastern origin for R1a should be considered, depending upon the strength of arguments for a [[Middle East]]ern origin for [[Indo-European]] languages.
{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}} proposed that a Middle Eastern origin for R1a should be considered, depending upon the strength of arguments for a [[Middle East]]ern origin for [[Indo-European]] languages.


⚫
===Eastern European Origin Theories===

⚫
Suggestions have been made which associate the distribution of R1a with several proposed movements of people in history and prehistory - the spread from a Ukrainian refugium during the [[Late Glacial Maximum]]; the spread of [[Indoeuropean languages]]; and [[Slavic]] migrations.

⚫
{{Harvcoltxt|Passarino et al.|2002}} suggest that R1a expanded from the area of the [[Dniepr]]-Don Valley in Ukraine between 13,000 and 7,600 years ago, after the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] receded, based on data showing highest levels of R1a STR diversity in the Urkaine.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Passarino et al.|2001}}</ref>

⚫
[[Image:Europe20000ya.png|thumb|300px|European LGM refuges, 20 kya.]]
⚫
To the west, in south eastern Europe overall the R1a haplogroup occurs at just 16% frequency, high-resolution Y chromosome analysis by {{Harvcoltxt|Pericic et al.|2005}} shows a maximum diversity of R1a STR variance among Croatians and Bosnians and remark: {{cquote|At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-[[Last Glacial Maximum|LGM]] recolonizations expanding from the [[Ukrainian LGM refuge|refugium in Ukraine]], migrations from northern [[Pontic steppe]] between 3,000 and 1,000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.}}

⚫
{{Harvcoltxt|Semino et al.|2000}} propose two dates of expansion, suggesting that the spread of R1a from [[Ukrainian LGM refuge|a point of origin in Ukraine]] following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] may have been magnified by the expansion of males from the [[Kurgan culture]] area of present-day southern Ukraine, from where, according to [[Kurgan hypothesis|Gimbutas proposals]],<ref>M. Gimbutas, in Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, G. Cardona, H. M. Hoenigswald, A. M. Senn, Eds. (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1970),pp. 155-195.</ref> [[Indo-European languages]] spread.

⚫
[[Image:Slavic distribution origin.png|thumb|right|280px|Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The area shaded in light purple is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the 6th to 7th c. AD, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic tribes at the time. The area shaded in darker red indicates the core area of Slavic river names (after [[EIEC]] p. 524ff.)]]

⚫
[[Spencer Wells]] (2002), also postulates southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a (as identified by [[single nucleotide polymorphism|SNP mutation]] M17) on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution.<ref name=Wells2002>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|2002}}</ref> He enlarged on the correlation of R1a with the expansion of the [[Kurgan hypothesis|Kurgan]] people.{{cquote|The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%) It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.<ref name="Wells2001"/>}}

⚫
Investigation of SNP and STR markers occurring within subgroup R1a1 in the Czech Republic confirmed that the results are compatible with a presence of the gene during or soon after the LGM. Population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. The overall diversity suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years. Similar results have been found in Lithuania.<ref name=Luca2006>{{Harvcoltxt|Luca et al.|2006}}</ref> This would correlate with the Slavic expansions.


==Haplotypes==
==Haplotypes==

Revision as of 05:52, 28 August 2009

Haplogroup R1a
Possible time of origin36,000-15,000 years BP
Possible place of originsouthern Central Asia or South Asia or Eastern Europe
AncestorR1
Defining mutationsSRY-1532 defines R1a, and M17 defines the very dominant dub-clade R1a1. M198, mentioned in some papers, is currently considered phylogenetically equivalent to M17.
Highest frequenciesIndia (Higher Castes) 45%-72%, Nepal (Hindu's) 69%, Ishkashimi (Tajikistan) 68%, Tajik/Khojant 64%, Sorbs 63%, Kyrgyz 63%, Pakistan 30%-58% , Poles 56%, Ukrainians 41.5%-54%, Altayans 38%-53%, Pashtuns 40%-45%, Russians 47%

A subclade of Haplogroup R1a, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup currently found at high frequencies in certain populations in Central and South Asia.[1] and in most of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe.[2]

Subclades

Distribution

File:Distribution Haplogroup R1a Y-DNA.svg
Haplogroup R1a distribution [3]

R1a has been found in high frequency at both the eastern and western ends of its core range, for example in India among certain central and south Asian ethnic groups, and in the Ukraine.

Central Asia

There are big differences in R1a frequency between populations in Central Asia.

Exceptionally high frequencies of M17 are found among the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), and the Kyrgyz (63%), but are likely "due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys."[4] (The frequency of the Tajik/Dushanbe population is, at 19%, far lower than the 64% frequency of the Tajik/Khojant population.)[4]

Haplogroup R1a is also common among Mongolic- and Turkic-speaking populations of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghur peoples.[5][6]

Wells et al. (2001) note that Turkish and Azeri populations are atypical among Altaic speakers R1a1-M17 haplotypes.

Rather, these two Turkic-speaking groups seem to be closer to populations from the Middle East and Caucasus, characterized by high frequencies of M96- and/or M89-related haplotypes. This finding is consistent with a model in which the Turkic languages, originating in the Altai-Sayan region of Central Asia and northwestern Mongolia (31), were imposed on the Caucasian and Anatolian peoples with relatively little genetic admixture—another possible example of elite dominance-driven linguistic replacement.

Northeast Asia

R1a male lineages are also found scattered in significant amounts extending out of these central areas. It has been found as far East as Siberia, where a native presence have been found in Kamchatka and Chukotka, for example 22% amongst the Itel'man. (One R1a-M17 was even found in a sample of 21 Guaymi from Costa Rica.)[7]

South Asia

In South Asia high levels have been observed in some populations. For example, in the eastern and northern parts of India, among the high caste Bengalis from West Bengal like Brahmins and Kshatriyas (72%), Uttar Pradesh Brahmins (67%), Bihar Brahmins (60%), and in Punjab (47%), of male lineages[8] have been observed in this lineage. It is also found in relatively high frequencies in several South Indian Dravidian-speaking tribes including the Chenchu and Valmikis of Andhra Pradesh and the Kallar of Tamil Nadu suggesting that M17 is widespread in tribal southern Indians[9]. While further to the north, in southern Central Asia, the Ishkashimi have been tested as (68%), and the Tajik/Khojant (64%).

Western Asia

The M17 marker is found in only five to ten percent of Middle Eastern men. This is true even in some western Iranian populations where Persian, a major Indo-European language with close relatives in high frequency areas in Central and South Asia, is spoken. Wells et al. (2001) suggest that the deserts of central Iran acted as "significant barriers to gene flow," and propose two possibilities:

Intriguingly, the population of present-day Iran, speaking a major Indo-European language (Farsi), appears to have had little genetic influence from the M17-carrying Indo-Iranians. It is possible that the pre-Indo-European population of Iran— effectively an eastern extension of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia—may have reached sufficient population densities to have swamped any genetic contribution from a small number of immigrating Indo-Iranians. If so, this may have been a case of language replacement through the ‘‘elite-dominance’’ model. Alternatively, an Indo-Iranian language may have been the lingua franca of the steppe nomads and the surrounding settled populations, facilitating communication between the two. Over time, this language could have become the predominant language in Persia, reinforced and standardized by rulers such as Cyrus the Great and Darius in the mid-first millennium B.C. Whichever model is correct, the Iranians sampled here (from the western part of the country) appear to be more similar genetically to Afro-Asiatic-speaking Middle Eastern populations than they are to Central Asians or Indians.

M. Regueiro et al. (2006) on high frequency of rare R1-M173* and R1a-SRY1532 lineages in Iran.[2]

From the disparate M198 frequencies observed for the north and south of Iran, it is possible to envision a movement southward towards India where the lineage may have had an influence on the populations south of the Iranian deserts and where the Dash-e Lut desert would have played a signifi cant role in preventing the expansion of this marker to the north of Iran. The lower frequencies of M198 in the region of Anatolia (11.8% in Greece and 6.9% in Turkey, with a statistically significant longitudinal correlation and the Caucasus (10% in Georgia, 6% in Armenia and 7% in Azerbaijan) suggests that population movement was southward towards India and then westward across the Iranian plateau. In addition, the detection of rare R1-M173* and R1a-SRY1532 lineages in Iran at higher frequencies than observed for either Turkey, Pakistan or India suggests the hypothesis that geographic origin of haplogroup R may be nearer Persia.

Central and Eastern Europe

In Europe, R1a is found primarily in the eastern part of the European continent, with the highest frequencies among the Sorbs (63.39%), Poles (56.4%),[10] , Russians (50.0%)[11] and Ukrainians (54.0%).[10][12] An early study reported an R1a frequency of 60.0% among a sample of 45 Hungarians,[10] but a later study found haplogroup R1a Y-DNA in only 20.4% of a sample of 113 Hungarians.[13] An even more recent study has found haplogroup R1a1a-M17 in approximately 57% of a sample of 53 Hungarians.[14]

The Balkans shows lower frequencies, and significant variation between areas, for example >30% in Slovenia, Croatia and Greek Macedonia, but <10% in Albania, Kosovo and parts of Greece.[10][15][16].

Northern Europe

There is a significant presence in Scandinavia, for example in Norway, whence branches seem to have moved still further west, to Britain with the Vikings. In Iceland, for instance, R1a accounts for nearly a quarter of the local male Y-DNA.

It is likely that Vikings or Normans, Viking descendants, settling in Britain, Scotland and to a lesser degree Ireland[17], carried the R1a lineage,[18] which accounts for the small presence of the haplogroup on those islands.[19][20]

Southern Europe

Scozzari et al. (2001) found significant levels in the Pas Valley in Northern Spain, and also the areas of Venice, and Calabria in Italy.

Origins

R1a's origins remain disputed. It presumably originated somewhere in the Eurasian landmass, where it is most commonly found today. There are two focuses of high frequency of R1a, one in South Asia, near North India, and the other in Eastern Europe, in the area of the Ukraine. It has recently been claimed that the highest diversity is measured in the Balkans and Crete.[21][22][23]. On the other hand, the highest frequency level observed in a population so far has been found in South Asia[24].

The main debate therefore centres around the regions Northern India and the Ukraine as potential places of origin, but the areas in between, especially in Western Asia, are still sometimes discussed as a possibility.

Central Asian Origin Theories

Cordaux et al. (2004) argued, citing data from Wells et al. (2001),Semino et al. (2000), and Quintana-Murci et al. (2001) that...

Given the high frequency of R-M17 in central Asia (typically 20%–40% [9]), its rarity in west Asia [9, 13] and its absence in east Asia [14], Indian R-M17 Y chromosomes most probably have a central Asian origin [8, 9].

South Asian Origin Theories

Several other studies suggest R1a lineages may have their origins in North India [8][25][26]. Stephen Oppenheimer (2004) believes according to the Coastal Migration Theory that:

For me and for Toomas Kivisild, South Asia is logically the ultimate origin of M17 and his ancestors; and sure enough we find the highest rates and greatest diversity of the M17 line in Pakistan, India, and eastern Iran, and low rates in the caucus. M17 is not only more diverse in South Asia than in Central Asia, but the diversity characterizes its presence in isolated tribal groups in the south, thus undermining any theory of M17 as a marker of a "male Aryan invasion" of India. One estimate for the age of this line in India is as much as 36,000 years while the European age is only 23,000. All this suggests that M17 could have found his way initially from India or Pakistan, through Kashmir, then via Central Asia and Russia, before finally coming to Europe[27].

Spencer Wells (2001), noted that the Indo-European-speaking Sourashtrans, a population from Tamil Nadu in southern India, have a much higher frequency of M17 [R1a] than their Dravidian-speaking neighbours, the Yadhavas and Kallars, adding to the evidence that M17 [R1a] is a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker.[4] However Saha et al. examined R1a1 in South Indian tribals and Dravidian population groups more closely, and questioned this concept. Their analyses of the haplogroups "indicated no single origin from any lineage but a result of a conglomeration of different lineages from time to time. The phylogenetic analyses indicate a high degree of population admixture and a greater genetic proximity for the studied population groups when compared with other world populations".[28]

A particular interest has been taken in investigating the long-presumed connection between Indo-Aryan origins and higher caste Brahmins. Studies have generally failed to support this association. The R1a lineage forms around 35–45% among all the castes in North Indian population (Namita Mukherjee et al. 2001) and the Badagas of the Nilgiris. Sengupta et al. have confirmed R1a's diverse presence even among Indian tribal and lower castes (the so-called untouchables) and populations not part of the caste system. [25] Chaubey et al. draw the same conclusion that both caste and tribal populations are autochthonous to India.[29]

Several Indian studies have pressed the case for an Indian origin for R1a1 from the diversity and distinctiveness of microsatellite Y-STR variation. Sengupta et al. conclude that there must have been an independent R1a1 population in India dating back to a much earlier expansion than the Indo-Aryan migration.[25] Sahoo argued from Y-chromosomal data against any major influx into the Indian subcontinent from regions north and west of India, of people associated either with the development of agriculture or the spread of the Indo-Aryan language family.[26]

Geneticist Toomas Kivisild led a study (2003) in which comparisons of the diversity of R1a1 (R-M17) haplogroup in Indian, Pakistani, Iranian, Central Asian, Czech and Estonian populations. The study showed that the diversity of R1a1 in India, Pakistan, and Iran, is higher than in Czechs (40%), and Estonians[9].

Kivisild came to the conclusion that "southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup": "Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup".[9]

A (2009) study headed by geneticist Swarkar Sharma , tested 2809 Y-chromosomes (681 Brahmins, and 2128 tribals and schedule castes). The results showed that "no consistent difference was observed in Y-haplogroups distribution between Brahmins, Dalits and Tribals, except for some differences confined to a given geographical region, and that Indian populations were observed to high frequencies of Y-HG, R1a1. In higher caste Bengalis from West Bengal showed the highest frequency (72.22%) of Y-haplogroups R1a1* in Brahmins, hinted at its presence as a founder lineage for this caste group. The associated averaged phylogentic ages for R1a* was (~18,478 years), and R1a1*(~13,768 years). The results of the study established "the autochthonous origin of the R1a1 lineage and a tribal link to Indian Brahmins"[24].

West Asian Origin Theories

Kivisild et al. (2003), on the other hand, feel that the same type of evidence used to argue for Southern Asia being the origin of R1a, could also be used to argue for a Western Asian origin.

Haplogroup R1a, previously associated with the putative Indo-Aryan invasion, was found at its highest frequency in Punjab but also at a relatively high frequency (26%) in the Chenchu tribe. This finding, together with the higher R1a-associated short tandem repeat diversity in India and Iran compared with Europe and central Asia, suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup.

Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation.

Semino et al. (2000) proposed that a Middle Eastern origin for R1a should be considered, depending upon the strength of arguments for a Middle Eastern origin for Indo-European languages.

Eastern European Origin Theories

Suggestions have been made which associate the distribution of R1a with several proposed movements of people in history and prehistory - the spread from a Ukrainian refugium during the Late Glacial Maximum; the spread of Indoeuropean languages; and Slavic migrations.

Passarino et al. (2002) suggest that R1a expanded from the area of the Dniepr-Don Valley in Ukraine between 13,000 and 7,600 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum receded, based on data showing highest levels of R1a STR diversity in the Urkaine.[30]

European LGM refuges, 20 kya.

To the west, in south eastern Europe overall the R1a haplogroup occurs at just 16% frequency, high-resolution Y chromosome analysis by Pericic et al. (2005) shows a maximum diversity of R1a STR variance among Croatians and Bosnians and remark:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3,000 and 1,000 B.C., as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A.D. 5th to 7th centuries.

Semino et al. (2000) propose two dates of expansion, suggesting that the spread of R1a from a point of origin in Ukraine following the Last Glacial Maximum may have been magnified by the expansion of males from the Kurgan culture area of present-day southern Ukraine, from where, according to Gimbutas proposals,[31] Indo-European languages spread.

Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The area shaded in light purple is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the 6th to 7th c. AD, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic tribes at the time. The area shaded in darker red indicates the core area of Slavic river names (after EIEC p. 524ff.)

Spencer Wells (2002), also postulates southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a (as identified by SNP mutation M17) on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution.[32] He enlarged on the correlation of R1a with the expansion of the Kurgan people.

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%) It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B.C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B.C.[4]

Investigation of SNP and STR markers occurring within subgroup R1a1 in the Czech Republic confirmed that the results are compatible with a presence of the gene during or soon after the LGM. Population growth beginning in the first millennium B.C. was detected. The overall diversity suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years. Similar results have been found in Lithuania.[33] This would correlate with the Slavic expansions.

Haplotypes

The Eastern European Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype can be found in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. It has spread westwards into Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Hungary. Ysearch: ANJNY

DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D
Alleles 13 25 16 10 11 14 12 12 11 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 23 14 20 32 12 15 15 16

The English Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype could have spread to the British Isles via the Vikings or Normans. Ysearch: AXEZU

393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D
Alleles 13 25 16 11 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 31 15 9 10 11 11 24 14 19 32 12 14 15 16

Famous

Clan Donald Clan crest
Main articles: Somerled and Famous haplogroup members

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors who is credited with driving out the Vikings. He was also the founder of Clan Donald and it is through the clan genealogies of the clan that the genetic relation was mapped out.[34] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1.

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants - making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan[35] Sykes's research also revealed that while Somerled drove out the Vikings, his roots were themselves Norse.

The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):[36]

DYS 393 390 19 391 385a 385b 426 388 439 389i 392 389ii 458 459a 459b 455 454 447 437 448 449 464a 464b 464c 464d
Alleles 13 25 15 11 11 14 12 12 10 14 11 31 16 8 10 11 11 23 14 20 31 12 15 15 16

Anderson Cooper also belongs to Y-DNA haplogroup Haplogroup R1a.[37]

Frequency

Main article: Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples.

Asia

Population N R1a1(%) Publication
Syrian 20 10% Behar et al. (2003)
Ashkenazi Levite Jews 60 51.7% Behar et al. (2003)
Kalash 44 18.2% Firasat et al. (2007)
Pashtuns 96 44.8% Firasat et al. (2007)
Pakistan 6 38 37.1% Firasat et al. (2007)
Burusho 97 27.8% Firasat et al. (2007)
Iran (Isfahan) 50 18% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Abazinians 14 14% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Svans 25 8% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Chechenians 19 5% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Ossetians (Ardon) 28 4% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Ossetians (Digora) 31 0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Rutulians 24 0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Ingushians 22 0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Kabardinians 59 2% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Abkhazians 12 33% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Iran (Tehran) 80 20% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Lezgi(Dagestan) 25 0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Darginians 26 0% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Kazbegi 25 4% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Georgians 77 10% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Azerbaijanians 72 7% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Lezgi(S.Caucasus) 12 8% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Armenians 1 0 6% Nasidze et al. (2004)
Uyghur 49 28.6% Zhou et al. (2007)
Lebanese 31 9.7% Semino et al. (2000)
Pakistan  ?? 85 16.47% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Cambodia 6 0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
China 1 27 0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Japan 23 0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Siberia 18 0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Pakistan south 91 31.87% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Punjab) 66 47% Kivisild et al. (2003)
India (Konka Brahmin) 43 42% Kivisild et al. (2003)
India (West Bengal) 31 39% Kivisild et al. (2003)
India (Chenchu) 41 27% Kivisild et al. (2003)
India Tribe (Austro-Asiatic) (M=3; n=64) 64 0% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India Tribe (Dravidian) (M=8; n=180) 18 2.78% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India Tribe (Tibeto-Burman) (M=5; n=87) 87 4.6% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India Tribe (Indo-European) (M=1; n=21) 21 19.05% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Dravidian Caste Upper) (M=2; n=59) 59 28.81% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Dravidian Caste Middle) (M=3; n=85) 85 11.76% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Dravidian Caste Lower) (M=1; n=29) 29 24.14% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Indo-European Caste Upper) (M=4; n=86) 86 45.35% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Indo-European Caste Middle) (M=4; n=48) 48 10.42% Sengupta et al. (2005)
India (Indo-European Caste Lower) (M=4; n=50) 50 26% Sengupta et al. (2005)
Kashmiri (Gujars) 49 40.86% Sharma et al. (2009)
Kashmiri (Pandits) 51 19.61% Sharma et al. (2009)
Gujarat (Brahmins) 64 32.81% Sharma et al. (2009)
Bihar (Paswan) 27 40.74% Sharma et al. (2009)
Bihar (Brahmins) 38 60.53% Sharma et al. (2009)
Himachal Pradesh (Brahmin) 30 47.37% Sharma et al. (2009)
Punjab (Brahmins) 49 35.71% Sharma et al. (2009)
West Bengal (Brahmins) 30 72.22% Sharma et al. (2009)
Uttar Pradesh (Brahmins) 31 67.74% Sharma et al. (2009)
Uttar Pradesh (Kols) 38 14.81% Sharma et al. (2009)
Madhya Pradesh (Saharia) 57 28.07% Sharma et al. (2009)
Madhya Pradesh (Brahmins) 42 38.10% Sharma et al. (2009)
Maharashtra (Brahmins) 32 43.33% Sharma et al. (2009)
Altays(Southern) 96 53% Kharkov et al. (2007)
Armenians 34 5% Weale et al. (2001)
Dongxiang 49 28% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Salar 52 17% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Bonan 47 26% Wei Wang et al. (2003)
Turkmenistan Kurd 17 12% Wells et al. (2001)
Turkmen 30 7% Wells et al. (2001)
Iran (Tehran) 24 4% Wells et al. (2001)
Nenets 54 11% Wells et al. (2001)
South Ossetians 17 6% Wells et al. (2001)
Armenians 47 9% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Sinte Romani 15 0% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Iranian (Samarkand) 53 11% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Tajik (Samarkand) 40 25% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Arab Bukhara 42 19% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Crimean Tartar 22 32% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbekistan Karakalpak 44 18% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Kashkadarya 19 16% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Bukhara 58 28% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Surkhandarya 68 29% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Khorezm 70 30% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Tashkent 43 28% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/ Fergana Valley 63 22% Wells et al. (2001)
Uzbek/Samarkand 45 13% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajikistan Ishkashimi 25 68% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajikistan Bartangi 30 40% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajikistan Shugnan 44 23% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajikistan Yagnobi 31 16% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajiks/Khojand 22 64% Wells et al. (2001)
Tajiks/Dushanbe 16 19% Wells et al. (2001)
Kyrgyz 52 63% Wells et al. (2001)
Kyrgystan Dungan (Sino-Tibetan) 40 10% Wells et al. (2001)
Tuvian 42 14% Wells et al. (2001)
Kazakhs 54 4% Wells et al. (2001)
Kazakhstan Uighur 41 22% Wells et al. (2001)
South India Sourashtran 46 39% Wells et al. (2001)
South India Kallar Dravidian 84 4% Wells et al. (2001)
South India Yadhava 129 13% Wells et al. (2001)
Mongolian 24 4% Wells et al. (2001)
Korean 45 0% Wells et al. (2001)
Turkmen 21 4.8% Zerjal et al. (2002)
Tuvan 40 7.5% Lell et al. (2006)
Tofalar 19 5.3% Lell et al. (2006)
Buryat 13 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Yenisey Evenk 31 9.7% Lell et al. (2006)
Okhotsk Evenk 16 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Ulchi/Nanai 53 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Upriver Negidal 10 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Downriver Negidal 7 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Ugedey 20 5% Lell et al. (2006)
Nivkh 17 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Koryak 27 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Itel\'man 18 22.2% Lell et al. (2006)
Chukchi 24 4.2% Lell et al. (2006)
Siberian Eskimo 33 0% Lell et al. (2006)
Nepal: Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 1 57 10.5% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Nepal: Tharu Chitwan C. Terai 2 77 3.9% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Nepal: Tharu Chitwan E. Terai 37 16.2% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Hindus (proxy for Indian ancestry) Chitwan, Nepal 26 69.2% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Hindus New Delhi 49 34.7% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Andhara Pradesh tribal 29 27.6% Fornarino et al. (2009)
Pakistan Balti 13 46% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Brahui 110 39% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Burusho 94 28% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Hazara 23 0% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Kalash 44 18% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Kashmiri 12 58% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Makrani Baluch 25 28% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Makrani Negroid 33 30% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Parsi 90 8% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Pathan 93 45% Qamar et al. (2002)
Pakistan Sindhi 122 49% Qamar et al. (2002)

Europe

  Population N R1(xR1a1) R1a1 source
Sorbs 112 - 63.39 Behar et al. (2003)
Hungarian 45 13.3 60.0 Semino et al. (2000)
Hungarian 113 20.4 20.4 Tambets et al. (2004)
Poles 55 16.4 56.4 Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian 50 2.0 54.0 Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian 306 50.98 Behar et al. (2003)  ?- Pericic et al. (2005)
Russian 122 7.0 47.0 Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian - 46 Kharkov et al. (2005)
Belarusian 41 10.0 39.0 Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian - 44 Kharkov et al. (2004)  ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo 53 41.5 Varzari (2006) ?
Kazan Tatars 38 3 24 Wells et al. (2001)
Russian, North 49 0 43 Wells et al. (2001)
Latvian 34 15.0 41.0 Pericic et al. (2005)
Udmurt 43 11.6 37.2 Semino et al. (2000)
Pomor 28 0 36 Wells et al. (2001)
Macedonians 20 10.0 35.0 Semino et al. (2000)
Moldavians, Karahasan 72 34.7 Varzari (2006)
Lithuanian 38 6 34 Pericic et al. (2005)
Croatian 58 10.3 29.3 Semino et al. (2000)
UK Orkney 26 65 27 Wells et al. (2001)
Gagauzes, Etulia 41 26.8 Varzari (2006)
Czech + Slovakian 45 35.6 26.7 Semino et al. (2000),14
Norwegian 83 26.5 Wells et al. (2001)
Icelander 181 41.4 23.8 Pericic et al. (2005)
Norwegian 87 21.69 Behar et al. (2003)
Moldavians, Sofia 54 20.4 Varzari (2006)
Orcandin 71 66.0 19.7 Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish (Northern) 48 23.0 19.0 Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish 110 20.0 17.3 Pericic et al. (2005)
Danish 12 41.7 16.7 Pericic et al. (2005)
Mari 46 0 13.0 Semino et al. (2000)
German 88 12.50 Behar et al. (2003)
German 48 47.9 8.1 Pericic et al. (2005)
Greek 76 27.6 11.8 Semino et al. (2000)
Albanian 51 17.6 9.8 Semino et al. (2000)
Saami 24 8.3 8.3 Semino et al. (2000)
Saami 23 9 22 Wells et al. (2001)
UK Isle of Man 62 15 8 Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Orkney 121 23 7 Capelli et al. (2003)  ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK 309 ~7 Weale et al. (2002) see references
Georgian 63 14.3 7.9 Semino et al. (2000)
Turkish 523 16.3 6.9 Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
UK Shetland 63 17 6 Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Chippenham 51 16 6 Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Cornwall 52 25 6 Capelli et al. (2003)
Dutch 27 70.4 3.7 Semino et al. (2000)
German 16 50.0 6.2 Semino et al. (2000)
Italian central/north 50 62.0 4.0 Semino et al. (2000)
British ~1000 ~4 Capelli et al. (2003)
Irish 222 81.5 0.5 Pericic et al. (2005)
Calabrian 37 32.4 0 Semino et al. (2000)
Sardinian 77 22.1 Semino et al. (2000)
British 25 72 0 Wells et al. (2001)
Poles 913 11.6 57 Kayser et al. (2005)
Germans 1215 38.9 17.9 Kayser et al. (2005)
Dniester-Carpathian - 50.06 Varzari (2006)
Gagauzes, Kongaz 48 12.5 Varzari (2006)

Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives (from his imagination) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of Sigurd for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve.

See also

Haplogroup R
Haplogroup R1
Haplogroup R1a

Haplogroup R1a1

Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R2

Notes

  1. ^ http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16400607
  2. ^ http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf
  3. ^ Kalevi Wiik, Where did European Men Come From ?, Journal of Genetic Genealogy 4:35-85, 2008
  4. ^ a b c d Wells et al. (2001)
  5. ^ Wang et al. (2003)
  6. ^ Zhou et al. (2007)
  7. ^ Lell et al. (2002)
  8. ^ a b Sharma et al. (2007)
  9. ^ a b c Kivisild et al. (2003)
  10. ^ a b c d Semino et al. (2000)
  11. ^ Balanovsky et al. (2008)
  12. ^ Behar et al. (2003)
  13. ^ Tambets et al. (2004)
  14. ^ Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 24 December 2008; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.
  15. ^ Pericic et al. (2005)
  16. ^ Rosser et al. (2000)
  17. ^ Irish Heritage DNA Project, R1 and R1a
  18. ^ Passarino et al. (2002)
  19. ^ Capelli et al. (2003)
  20. ^ Garvey, D. "Y Haplogroup R1a1". Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  21. ^ Anatole A. Klyosov (2008)DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidences Written in Y-Chromosome. I. Basic Principles and the Method
  22. ^ Anatole A. Klyosov (2009) DNA Genealogy, Mutation Rates, and Some Historical Evidences Written in Y-Chromosome. II. Walking the Map
  23. ^ Martinez et al. (2007)
  24. ^ a b Sharma et al. (2009)
  25. ^ a b c Sengupta et al. (2005)
  26. ^ a b Sahoo et al. (2006)
  27. ^ The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, 2004, (p.152,Oppenheimer)
  28. ^ Saha et al. (2005)
  29. ^ Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T. et al., Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India, Bioessays (Jan 2007)
  30. ^ Passarino et al. (2001)
  31. ^ M. Gimbutas, in Indo-European and Indo-Europeans, G. Cardona, H. M. Hoenigswald, A. M. Senn, Eds. (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1970),pp. 155-195.
  32. ^ Wells (2002)
  33. ^ Luca et al. (2006)
  34. ^ The Norse Code
  35. ^ DNA shows Celtic hero Somerled's Viking roots, The Scotsman, 26 Apr 2006
  36. ^ Famous DNA
  37. ^ [1], ISOGG

References

Projects

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