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* One 26-year-old man died following a shooting in [[Croydon]], London.<ref>{{cite news| title=A young man shot in his car |work= The Guardian|date=9 August 2011|accessdate=9 August 2011 | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2011/aug/09/london-riots-violence-looting-live#block-95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/london-riots-spiral-out-of-control-16034091.html |title=London riots spiral out of control - UK, Local & National |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=2011-08-09}}</ref>
* One 26-year-old man died following a shooting in [[Croydon]], London.<ref>{{cite news| title=A young man shot in his car |work= The Guardian|date=9 August 2011|accessdate=9 August 2011 | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2011/aug/09/london-riots-violence-looting-live#block-95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/uk/london-riots-spiral-out-of-control-16034091.html |title=London riots spiral out of control - UK, Local & National |publisher=Belfasttelegraph.co.uk |date=2011-08-09}}</ref>
* In [[Winson Green]], [[Birmingham]], three [[British Asian|Asian]] men attempting to protect their neighbourhood from rioters were killed in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run incident]].<ref name="dailymail_deaths"/>
* In [[Winson Green]], [[Birmingham]], three [[British Asian|Asian]] men attempting to protect their neighbourhood from rioters were killed in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run incident]].<ref name="dailymail_deaths"/> Two of them have been identified as brothers, Mustafa and Shahzad Hussain.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hussain|first=Meinhaj|title=Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Turks Show the Power of Community in London Riots|work=Grande Strategy|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=8/10/2011}}</ref>


===Property damage===
===Property damage===

Revision as of 07:53, 10 August 2011

Not to be confused with 2011 anti-cuts protest in London.
2011 England Riots
Firefighters douse a store and apartments destroyed by an arson attack during the initial rioting in Tottenham, north London
Date6 August 2011 (2011-08-06) – ongoing
Location
Several districts across Greater London and in localised areas of some other towns and cities in England.

Widespread public disturbances, including looting, arson attacks, burglary, robbery and some rioting, is ongoing in some cities and towns in England. The rioting began on 6 August 2011 in Tottenham, North London; other riots then occurred elsewhere in London and in some other areas of England. The events followed the fatal shooting of a 29-year-old man, Mark Duggan, by officers of the Metropolitan Police Service.[1][2][3][4]

A march by about 200 people in Tottenham became violent and descended into rioting. In the following days, disturbances occurred in other areas of the city, including Wood Green, Enfield Town, Ponders End and Brixton. Vandalism, arson, looting and violent disorder were also reported in several boroughs of London, extending as far south as Croydon. At least 111 police officers were injured. On 8 August 2011, rioting and looting occurred in Birmingham, Liverpool, Nottingham, Bristol and Medway.[5][6][7][8] More than 525 people have been arrested since the start of the disruption, and the Metropolitan Police announced their willingness to use baton rounds against rioters should there be another night of violence on 9 August 2011.

In response to the incidents, the Prime Minister David Cameron, the Home Secretary Theresa May, the Mayor of London Boris Johnson and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband cut short their holidays to return to London. It was announced that Parliament would be recalled on 11 August to debate the situation.

Background

Historical context

Described as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots",[1] and the fires burning in London as the most numerous and most intense at one time since the Blitz,[9] the unrest was claimed to be associated with poor relations between the police and the black community in London, as well as in other cities with significant black populations, such as Birmingham, which has been the setting of protests regarding the death of Kingsley Burrell.[10][11][12] Commentators likened the riots to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which a police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered. [13][14] The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the New Cross Fire. During the summer of 2011 there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard as a result of the death of Smiley Culture, but the event was little reported.[15]

Factors include high poverty and unemployment, the growing gap between rich and poor, and the lowest social mobility in the developed world.[16][17][18]

Shooting of Mark Duggan

A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
Tottenham Hale station
class=notpageimage|
The Ferry Lane bridge is adjacent to Tottenham Hale station in Greater London.
Main article: Death of Mark Duggan

The fatal shooting by police of 29-year-old Mark Duggan took place during a planned arrest on 4 August 2011 on the Ferry Lane bridge, next to Tottenham Hale station.[19][20]

The incident was referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC).[19] This is standard practice whenever a member of the public dies as a result of police action. It is not yet known why police were attempting to arrest Duggan, but the IPCC said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, a unit which investigates gun crime in London's black community to which Duggan belonged. Operation Trident specialises in combating gun crime relating to the illegal drug trade.[2]

Friends and relatives of Duggan, an alleged cocaine dealer and member of the 'Star Gang', claimed that he was unarmed.[4] The IPCC stated that Duggan was carrying a loaded handgun,[21][22] but has since confirmed that there is no evidence that Duggan shot at the police.[23]

After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying Duggan fired on the police.[24] The Guardian reported that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio and another also claimed to have been fired by Duggan indicate that both were "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullets.[25][24]

Protest march

On 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station.[26] The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to make a request for justice for the family.[2][27][28] Around 200 people participated in this protest.[1]

Causes

Various opinions have been expressed in the press and elsewhere, suggesting possible contributory factors to the unrest; these include the following:

  • Fatal shooting of a suspect by the police
  • Local tensions with police[11]
  • High unemployment and cuts in public services[29][30][31][32][33]
  • Economic crisis[34]
  • Poverty; the growing gap between rich and poor[16][35]
  • Lowest social mobility in the developed world [16]
  • Criminal opportunism[36]
  • Recreational violence[37]
  • The Chief Constable of the West Midlands Police force is reported to have characterised the behaviour of rioters in Birmingham as being motivated by greed, not anger.[38]

Incidents

Saturday, 6 August

Tottenham

A firefighter douses a blaze in Tottenham during the aftermath of the initial riot
Rioters facing police on the evening of 6 August 2011

A series of disturbances by people in Tottenham followed the protest march on 6 August. Attacks were carried out on police cars, a double-decker bus and local businesses and homes from around 22:30. Police vans and officers from the Territorial Support Group attended the scene of disorder on Tottenham High Road. Stores were looted by rioters after windows were smashed.[39] A number of people were left homeless.[40] Fireworks, petrol bombs and other missiles were also thrown at police.[2] Twenty-six officers were injured, including one who sustained head injuries. Firefighters experienced difficulty reaching a burning building due to the disorder.

A BBC News correspondent said his news crew and satellite vehicle came under attack from youths throwing missiles.[41] Some news crews left the scene due to the threat of violence. A Mail on Sunday photographer was beaten and mugged.[citation needed] The police had set up a cordon around Tottenham police station and a nearby group of BBC and Sky journalists. Some of the police were on horseback.[26]

A gang of youths burned down Tottenham's post office at 22:15. Rioters threw bottles at a car in which a family of three, including a baby, were taking shelter after being forced to flee their burning home.[40]

Wood Green

At 20:00, the rioting had spread to Wood Green, but some riot police were on hand.[40]

Tottenham Hale

The violent clashes were followed by the looting of Tottenham Hale retail park, which continued until dawn without intervention by the police.[1]

Sunday, 7 August

Wood Green

There was further disorder in neighbouring Wood Green, two miles (3 km) away, during the early hours of 7 August, when widespread looting broke out[42] in which around 100 youths targeted high-street game shops, electrical stores and clothing chains.[43] Others ransacked local shops on Wood Green High Road.[44] A family-run jeweller was among the retailers affected.[45]

Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting.[1]

The mostly Turkish and Kurdish shop owners along Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Green Lanes, were said to have formed local 'protection units' around their shops.[44]

Enfield and Ponders End

On Sunday evening, 7 August, violent disturbances erupted in Enfield, to the north of Tottenham, among heavy presence of riot police.[46]

Enfield Town centre, Enfield Town Park and alleyways between there and the Palace Garden shopping centre were being guarded by police. A heavy police presence was seen outside Enfield Town railway station where people arriving were being searched for security reasons.[47]

Riot police had arrived in Enfield Town by the afternoon of 7 August as several small groups of hooded youngsters arrived in cars, buses and trains. Around 100 people were waiting in small groups in the vicinity of Enfield Town station in Southbury Road.[3]

Some disorder sparked from around 5:30; a police car in Church Street was pelted with bricks.[48] HMV's branch in Church Street was amongst the other shops that were reportedly attacked.[49] A police helicopter hovered over the area to monitor events.[3]

At around 19:00, police tackled a group of around thirty youths to push them back onto Southbury Road towards the junction with Great Cambridge Road. Police dogs were also deployed at the scene.[49] Similar action drove back approximately 50 people along Southbury Road via Queens Street, after a preceding clash with hooligans outside a nearby supermarket.[50]

At 19:30, both Metropolitan Police officers and reinforcements from Kent Police turned Enfield into a cordoned off "sterile area" and began to tackle the local disturbances.[51] These included robberies of the Enfield Retail Park.

The scenes of Enfield were "reminiscent of Tottenham, though smaller."[46]

Brixton

Six fire engines tackled a blaze at a Foot Locker shoe shop in Brixton.[52][53] Riot police and youths clashed near a local Currys store that was broken into during disturbances in Brixton.[51] Speaking to The Daily Telegraph, a local resident described "hundreds" of men and women entering the electrical store and emerging with TVs and other electrical goods.[54] Upon police arriving, the looters attacked, throwing rocks and the contents of bins at officers.[54] A branch of Halfords was targeted and looted by youths.[54]

One Brixton resident said: “People were coming to Brixton from outside the area. I was getting out of Brixton Tube last night about 22:30 and going up the escalator when about 10 teenagers ran up the escalator and pushed me to one side.”[55] By 11:57, both Tesco and Foot Locker were targeted by looters. Lambeth Council’s leader, Councillor Steve Reed said the mobs in Streatham "They were looters not rioters"[56] Looting had spread to Brixton in the evening.[57]

Other areas

  • Islington: The windscreen of a police vehicle was smashed out as groups of youths caused a disturbance in Islington during the night of 7 August.[52]
  • Oxford Circus: Overnight, the evening's violence spread to Oxford Circus, central London, as about 50 youths gathered, and damaged some local property.[51][58]
  • Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire:Looters and rioters attacked two police cars and two jewellers in Waltham Cross High Street at around 21:50. A specialist public order unit was sent to the area, along with sections of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Police Dog Unit.[59]
  • Streatham: the T-Mobile, JD Sports and other shops were ransacked. Councillor Mark Bennett said the owner of one store in Streatham High Road was hospitalised after a mob attacked the shop.[55]
  • Dalston: Looting was reported at Kingsland shopping centre in Dalston including JD Sports and Foot Locker.[60]
  • Denmark Hill: A gangland fight broke out at King's College Hospital at about 8.30 pm, where two victims of a minor stabbing had been admitted earlier.[60]
  • Leyton: Looting at Currys in Leyton Mills retail park and bicycle shop Bike Shack.[61]

Monday, 8 August

London

By 07:59, the Metropolitan Police Commander Christine Jones said: "This is a challenging situation with small pockets of violence, looting and disorder breaking out on a number of boroughs."[62] Jewellery stores across Tottenham, Enfield and Wood Green have all suffered break-ins, Professional Jewellers reported.[45] The Victoria line was closed between Stockwell and Brixton "due to civil unrest", according to London Underground.[57] Angel, Islington, Stoke Newington and Wood Green were in police lockdown.[57] All 32 boroughs of London have been placed on riot alert.[63]

Enfield and Ponders End

On the morning of 8 August, several shops in Enfield Town and in the nearby A10 retail park were vandalised and looted, and there were reports of two vehicles set on fire.[51] A large crowd of youths moved westwards, toward nearby Ponders End and wrecked a local Tesco.[64] Hundreds of riot police and canine units arrived with vans and charging at groups of teenagers until they disappeared into local side streets, smashing cars and shop windows on the way.[64][52] Looting had spread to Enfield.[57] A large Sony distribution centre was set alight and the fire destroyed the building.[65]

Walthamstow and Walthamstow Central
Bank workers observe the destruction caused in the early hours of the morning

Over 30 youths wrecked and looted shops, including a branch of BHS, in Walthamstow Central on the morning of 8 August.[51] Looting had spread to Walthamstow.[57] A Santander branch had been broken into. A Barclays cash machine had been ripped right out of the bank.

Chingford Mount

Three police officers hospitalised after being hit by a fast-moving vehicle in Chingford Mount, Waltham Forest, at 00.45 on 8 August. The officers had started making arrests after a shop was in the process of being looted by youths.[52]

Hackney
Burnt out and vandalised car in Hackney

Sporadic skirmishes were reported to have occurred between police and groups of young people in the area around Mare Street, Hackney.[66] There are also reports of petrol bombs being thrown and youths throwing bottles and contents of bins. Some bins have also been set on fire. Disturbances on-going in Hackney as the mounted and riot police charge retreating gangs.[57] Cars were on fire.[57]

Croydon
Stand-off between rioters and police in Croydon

Police closed the entire area around West Croydon station on the evening of 8 August. Bricks, bottles and stones were thrown at police, and an Argos store was broken into and looted. A large furniture store, House of Reeves, which had been in Croydon since 1867,[67][68] was set alight and burned to the ground.[69][70][71][72] Arsonists struck later that night and destroyed another building in the Reeves Corner district of Croydon. [67] A Sky News satellite van came under attack in Croydon. [67]

Ealing

Some Ealing businesses were asked by police to close at 5pm.[73] On Ealing Broadway a group of 200 people[67] attacked police cars[74] and vandalised and looted shops.[67]

Later on around Haven Green, by Ealing Broadway tube station, cars and a bus were set alight and many other cars vandalised,[73] shops had their windows smashed and a supermarket was looted[75] and nearby residential properties were burgled.[76] Near Ealing Green several more shops were looted[77] and several cars torched[77] and a supermarket set alight with petrol bombs.[76] Rioters attempting to vandalise two pubs in this area were dissuaded by the customers and staff.[78] Later on hundreds of young people looted shops in West Ealing.[79] The was also minor trouble in Ealing Green. [67]

Elsewhere in London
File:Riot Police, Walworth Road, Elephant and Castle, London.jpg
Riot police assemble at Walworth Road in Elephant and Castle, Southwark, London, after rioters destroy several stores
File:Looters and onlookers outside Foot Locker, Walworth Road, Elephant and Castle, London.jpg
Rioters and looters on Walworth Road crowd the entrance to a heavily damaged store
Rioters attempt to loot from a cycle shop in Chalk Farm, Camden
  • Streatham: Sporadic night time riots in Streatham [80]
  • Islington: Sporadic night time riots in Islington.[80]
  • Clapham Junction: Windows of most shops on Lavender Hill and St. John's Road smashed; many looted; one shop destroyed by fire.[81] The Debenhams store was looted that night. [67]
  • Camden: Minor overnight disturbances broke out. The police dispersed them.[citation needed]
  • Harlesden: Shops looted in the town centre and a jewellery shop in Harrow Road[67][82]
  • Peckham: A 171 bus and a shop were set on fire. A police helicopter was overhead.[57] A fire was started at a shop adjoining a Greggs bakery. [80]
  • Bethnal Green: Running battles with police occurred in Bethnal Green.[57]
  • Chelsea: Looters broke into an antiques store in King's Road.[60]
  • Lewisham: Sporadic rioting occurred in Lewisham that evening, but it was quickly defeated by riot police.[83]
  • Ealing: Fire in Haven Green park, opposite Ealing Broadway station. Shops and restaurants were damaged.[84]
  • Barnet: About 60 youths were chased off by riot police after looting shops in Barnet in the night. [80][85] Minor disturbances occurred at the Brent Cross shopping centre. [86]
  • Notting Hill: Diners at a restaurant (the two Michelin-starred Ledbury) were attacked and robbed by a group.[87]
  • Woolwich: Disturbances overnight. A shop, a restaurant and a police vechile were set alight. Several other buildings were also damaged. A jewellers was also looted. [88][89]
  • Sutton: Criminal damage reported to businesses on the High Street and in the Rose Hill, as well as the looting of a local convenience store.[90]

Outside London

Burnt-out cars in Liverpool

Tuesday, 9 August

Early hours

London

Daytime

Prime Minister David Cameron returned early from his holiday in Italy and chaired an emergency meeting of COBR.[106] In a statement at 11:00, Cameron announced that 16,000 police officers will be deployed in London in anticipation of further violence, with all police leave cancelled. It was also announced that Parliament will be recalled on 11 August to debate the situation.[107] Over 525 people have been arrested since the start of the disruption, and the Metropolitan Police have announced their intention to use baton rounds against rioters if necessary.[108] East Ham’s Labour MP Stephen Timms and Newham’s Mayor Sir Robin Wales praised police for their efforts that day.[109]

Newham

Gangs of youths looted and vandalised parts of East Ham, including branches of Argos, Primark, Tesco, a electrical shop and banks.[109] Stones were thrown at the Argos store in Stratford and so police intervened. The front of Stratford Centre was heavily guarded by police to prevent trouble.[109]

Night

Arrests

By 9 August, 563 arrests had been made since the start of the disruption in London,[124] and 100 arrests made in Birmingham.[125]

Wednesday, 10 August

Birmingham

Reports of shots fired at officers during the early hours.[126] In the early morning hours, three Asian men, stated to be on the street to protect their business from looters, were killed in a hit-and-run incident.[127]

Croydon

A suspect was arrested for setting fire to the 150-year-old House of Reeves store in Croydon.[128]

Oxford

Thames Valley Police were called out to Barton, Blackbird Leys and the City Centre to disperse groups. The only incident that happened was a couple of cars were set on fire in Littlemore. [129]

Coordination of attacks

There were reports that the incidents had been coordinated using a variety of communications media, including BlackBerry Messenger broadcasts.[130][131] Research In Motion, the maker of the BlackBerry, announced that they were cooperating with police.[132] The Metropolitan Police considered whether to shut down the service in an effort to hamper coordination of rioting.[133]

The police stated that some messages were posted on Twitter that were "inflammatory, inaccurate", and they were considering arresting people for inciting violence.[134] Police in Essex arrested a teenager for trying to incite a riot on Facebook[135], and West Yorkshire Police arrested a girl for a similar offence regarding Wakefield.[136]

Effects

A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built for the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as Union Point, the building included a Carpetright on the ground floor and many apartments on the upper storeys.

Deaths and injuries

Property damage

Shopkeepers put the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.[140] In addition, the riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.[141]

Transport

On 9 August the Croydon Tramlink was partly closed due to damage inflicted along its route.[67] Transport for London, London Overground and London Underground shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company, Southern trains, later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London.[67] National Express stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not Birmingham Coach station itself) as well as Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).[142]

Sporting fixtures

Four Football League Cup games due to be played on 9 August were postponed after a request from police due to the riots. The games at Bristol City, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham United were all postponed.[143][144][145] There was also uncertainty on the Third Test cricket match between India national cricket team and England cricket team.[146][147]

The international football friendly match between England and the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium due to take place on 10 August was cancelled,[144] as well as the international friendly between Ghana and Nigeria due to take place on 9 August at Vicarage Road, Watford.[148]

Reactions

Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the constituency's Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"[149] and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.[150] He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole[151] and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death.[14] Streatham’s Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.[64][55][56] Umunna also called for the BlackBerry Messenger service, used by some of the rioters to coordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. BST.[152]

Hackney North and Stoke Newington MP Diane Abbott called for the introduction of a curfew, while Newark MP Patrick Mercer, formerly a British Army colonel, called for the deployment of water cannons.[153] In December 2010 Theresa May, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers."[154] On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities." However, Ken Livingstone, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from Northern Ireland.[155] Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh confirmed that police were considering using baton rounds against rioters, not previously used by mainland police in public order operations (though they were first approved for use in England and Wales in 2001).[156]

May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order."[157] She returned to the UK from holiday early to meet with senior police officials on 8 August.

A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."[157]

The deputy prime minister Nick Clegg later said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the rioters as "needless and opportunistic".[158][159]

London's mayor, Boris Johnson, who cut short a holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August, said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham"[151] whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble."[151]

Steve Havanah, a Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner, has stated that the amount of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.[160]

It was announced on 8 August that in response to the worsening situation the Prime Minister, David Cameron would immediately return from holiday to the UK.[161]

Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".[162]

In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".[163]

Press

The Sun called the scenes "shameful" and lamented that "[w]ith the London Olympics less than a year away, our reputation is being damaged at the worst moment." It added: "This is anarchy, pure and simple. And it presents a serious threat to life and property."[164]

The Daily Telegraph's editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."[165]

The Guardian called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."[166]

In its 9 August leading article, The Independent said the police's handling of Mark Duggan's death "looks to have been poor," and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here." The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."[167]

Public

Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds, the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.[168][169][170]

Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and for a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas, notably via the #RiotCleanUp hashtag, with tens of thousands following the @riotcleanup Twitter account.[171][172][173] In Clapham Junction, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts.[174] On Facebook, over 800,000 people joined a group entitled 'Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters'[175].Many of the looters have not bothered to cover their faces as they raided electrical stores, sports shops and off-licences.Some have even posed for a picture afterwards, proudly showing off their haul and posting the images on social-networking sites[176].

Some shop owners indicated they wanted to defend their shops themselves. There were instances of people in the Turkish and Bangladeshi communities chasing down masked youths in East London. Elsewhere several other communities did the same, including the Sikh community in Southall and locals in Enfield.[177] Sangat TV and Sikh Channel urged their viewers to protect Sikh temples, after criminals attacked one in Birmingham.[178]

Police

The Metropolitan Police Service announced the initiation of Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.[179][51]

According to a statement by the Metropolitan Police Service, it was being led by Detective Superintendent John Sweeney of the Metropolitan Police Service, with detectives from the Homicide and Serious Crime Command, specialist investigators from the Public Order Branch, and police support staff.[180]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d "Tottenham in flames as protesters riot". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  3. ^ a b c "Tension builds in Enfield Town as small groups arrive in area". Enfield Independent. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b Bracchi, Paul (8 August 2011). "Violence, drugs, a fatal stabbing and a most unlikely martyr". Daily Mail (in British English). London: Associated Newspapers. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ a b c "Violence, rioting and looting breaks out across England". BBC News. 9 August 201. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Chapeltown shooting: Police tackle 'pockets of disorder'". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Cars set alight during disturbances in Medway towns". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Unrest spreads to Leeds and Birmingham". Channel4.com. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  9. ^ London Riots: Fires Spread on Third Night of Violence Time Magazine 9 August 2011
  10. ^ "Kingsley Burrell death: March to police HQ, Birmingham". BBC. 2 July 2011.
  11. ^ a b Jackson, Peter (7 August 2011). "London riots: Tensions behind unrest revealed" (in British English). BBC Television Centre, White City, London, UK: BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Rioting has again erupted on the streets of Tottenham almost 26 years after the Broadwater Farm riot. But what lies beneath the latest violent outburst in this chequered corner of north London?{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ Millward, David (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot rekindles memories of unrest in the 1980s". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  13. ^ "Tottenham anarchy: Grim echo of 1985 Broadwater farm riot". Daily Mail. UK. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  14. ^ a b Lammy, David (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot: The lesson of Broadwater Farm". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  15. ^ Fletcher, Martin. "The Sad Truth Behind London Riots". NBC News.
  16. ^ a b c Power, Nina (8 August 2011). "There is a context to London's riots that cannot be ignored". Guardian. Cite error: The named reference "NinaP" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
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Wikinews has related news:
External images
image icon Images of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (BBC)
image icon Map of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (Google Maps)
image icon Tottenham Riots: Torched houses, cars in London violence aftermath (YouTube)
image icon Damage at Leyton Mills Currys last night (TwitPic)

Media related to 2011 riots in the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons

51°35′27″N 0°04′12″W / 51.5909°N 0.0700°W / 51.5909; -0.0700

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