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The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' (<small>abbrv.</small> '''BJS''' or JS, short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation|editor=Donald Anthony Low|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|pages=372–|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) was an [[India]]n [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news|last1=Gurumurthy|first1=S|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece|access-date=29 January 2018|publisher=The Hindu|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics|left]], [[Political centre|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]]. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].
The '''Bharatiya Jana Sangh''' ( '''BJS''' or JS, short name: '''Jan Sangh''', full name: '''Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh'''<ref name="Low1968">{{citation|editor=Donald Anthony Low|title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA372|year=1968|publisher=University of California Press|pages=372–|id=GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ}}</ref>) was an [[India]]n [[right wing]] political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] volunteer organisation.<ref name="Hindu2013">{{cite news|last1=Gurumurthy|first1=S|title=Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Lifting-of-ban-on-RSS-was-unconditional/article11806185.ece|access-date=29 January 2018|publisher=The Hindu|date=16 October 2013}}</ref> In 1977, it merged with several other [[Left-wing politics|left]], [[Political centre|centre]] and [[Right-wing politics|right]] parties opposed to the [[Indian National Congress]] and formed the [[Janata Party]]. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].


==Origins==
==Origins==

Revision as of 17:01, 4 February 2021

Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh
FounderSyama Prasad Mukherjee
Founded21 October 1951
Dissolved1977
Split fromHindu Mahasabha
Merged intoJanata Party (1977–1980)
Succeeded byBharatiya Janata Party (1980–present)
IdeologyHindu nationalism[1]
Hindutva[2]
Integral humanism[3]
National conservatism[4]
Economic nationalism[5]
Political positionRight-wing[6]
Colours  Saffron
Election symbol
Diya, a traditional oil lamp, was the symbol of the party

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh ( BJS or JS, short name: Jan Sangh, full name: Akhil Bharatiya Jana Sangh[7]) was an Indian right wing political party that existed from 1951 to 1977 and was the political arm of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.[8] In 1977, it merged with several other left, centre and right parties opposed to the Indian National Congress and formed the Janata Party. In 1980, Jana Sangh faction broke away from Janata Party over the issue of dual membership (of the political Janata Party and the social organization RSS), and formed Bharatiya Janata Party.

Origins

Syama Prasad Mukherjee, founder of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh

After 1949, members of the right-wing Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) began to contemplate the formation of a political party to continue their work, begun in the days of the British Raj, and take their ideology further. Around the same time, Syama Prasad Mukherjee left the Hindu Mahasabha political party that he had once led because of a disagreement with that party over permitting non-Hindu membership.[9][10][11] The BJS was subsequently started by Mukherjee on 21 October 1951[12] in Delhi, with the collaboration of the RSS, as a "nationalistic alternative" to the Congress Party.[13]

The symbol of the party in Indian elections was an oil lamp and, like the RSS, its ideology was centred on Hindutva. In the 1952 general elections to the Parliament of India, BJS won three seats, Mukherjee being one of the winning candidates. The BJS would often link up on issues and debates with the centre-right Swatantra Party of Chakravarti Rajagopalachari.[citation needed] After the death of Mukherjee in 1953, RSS activists in the BJS edged out the career politicians and made it a political arm of the RSS and an integral part of the RSS family of organisations (Sangh Parivar).[14]

The strongest election performance of the BJS came in the 1967 Lok Sabha election, when the Congress majority was its thinnest ever.[15]

Ideology

Main article: Hindutva

The BJS was ideologically close to the RSS, and derived most of its political activist base and candidates from the RSS ranks. It also attracted many economically conservative members of Congress who were disenchanted with the more socialist policies and politics of Jawaharlal Nehru and the Congress Party. The BJS's strongest constituencies were in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[citation needed]

The BJS leadership strongly supported a stringent policy against Pakistan and China, and were averse to the USSR and communism. Many BJS leaders also inaugurated the drive to ban cow slaughter nationwide in the early 1960s.[16]

Emergency of 1975

In 1975, Indira Gandhi declared a state of Emergency, and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the Bharatiya Lok Dal, the Congress (O), and the Socialist Party, to form the Janata Party (People's Party). The Janata Party became the first Indian government not led by what was by then called the Indian National Congress. Former BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and L. K. Advani became the External Affairs (Foreign), and Information and Broadcasting Ministers respectively.[citation needed]

Chronological list of presidents

1. Syama Prasad Mookerjee (1951–52)
2. Mauli Chandra Sharma (1954)
3. Prem Nath Dogra (1955)
4. Debaprasad Ghosh (1956–59)
5. Pitambar Das (1960)
6. Avasarala Rama Rao (1961)
4. Debaprasad Ghosh (1962)
7. Raghu Vira (1963)
8. Debaprasad Ghosh (1964)
4. Bachhraj Vyas (1965)
9. Balraj Madhok (1966)
10. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya (1967–68)
11. Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1968–72)
12. Lal Krishna Advani (1973–77)

In general elections

The Bharatiya Jana Sangh was created in 1951, and the first general election it contested was in 1951–52, in which it won only three Lok Sabha seats, in line with the four seats won by Hindu Mahasabha and three seats won by Ram Rajya Parishad. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee and Durga Charan Banerjee were elected from Bengal and Uma Shankar Trivedi from Rajasthan. All the like-minded parties formed a block in the Parliament, led by Shyama Prasad Mookerjee.[17][18]

Year General Election Seats Won Change in Seat % of votes Ref.
1951 Indian general election 1st Lok Sabha 3 – 3.06 [17][19]
1957 Indian general election 2nd Lok Sabha 4 Increase 1 5.93 [18][19]
1962 Indian general election 3rd Lok Sabha 14 Increase 10 6.44 [18][19]
1967 Indian general election 4th Lok Sabha 35 Increase 21 9.41 [18][19]
1971 Indian general election 5th Lok Sabha 22 Decrease 13 7.35 [20][19]

References

  1. ^ Graham, Bruce D. "The Jana Sangh as a Hindu Nationalist Rally". Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics. Cambridge University Press. p. 94.
  2. ^ Thachil, Tariq (2014). Elite Parties, Poor Voters. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
  3. ^ Kochanek, Stanley (2007). India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation. Cengage Learning. p. 333.
  4. ^ Baxter, Craig (1969). The Jana Sangh: a biography of an Indian political party. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 171.
  5. ^ Marty, Martin E. (1996). Fundamentalisms and the State. University of Chicago Press. p. 418.
  6. ^ Field, John Osgood. Electoral Politics in the Indian States. Manohar Book Service. p. 28.
  7. ^ Donald Anthony Low, ed. (1968), Soundings in Modern South Asian History, University of California Press, pp. 372–, GGKEY:6YPJXGZBWJQ
  8. ^ Gurumurthy, S (16 October 2013). "Lifting of the ban on the RSS was unconditional". The Hindu. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  9. ^ Urmila Sharma & SK Sharma 2001, p. 381.
  10. ^ Kedar Nath Kumar 1990, pp. 20–21.
  11. ^ Islam 2006b, p. 227.
  12. ^ "Founding of Jan Sangh". www.bjp.org. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
  13. ^ Sharad Gupta; Sanjiv Sinha (18 January 2000). "Revive Jan Sangh -- BJP hardlines". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
  14. ^ Kanungo, Pralaya (November 2006), "Myth of the Monolith: The RSS Wrestles to Discipline Its Political Progeny", Social Scientist, 34 (11/12): 51–69, JSTOR 27644183
  15. ^ "General Election of India 1967, 4th Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  16. ^ "Anti-cow slaughter mob storms Parliament | From the Archives (dated November 8, 1966)". The Hindu. 8 November 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 26 January 2020. Thousands of rupees worth of damage to buildings and vehicles, both private and public, was caused by the mob which, in a violent and vociferous way, was demonstrating for the imposition of a ban on cow slaughter by Government. The parties who organised the demonstration, the number of participants in which was estimated between 3 lakhs and 7 lakhs, were the Jan Sangh, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Arya Samaj and the Sanatan Dharma Sabha
  17. ^ a b Nag 2014, chapter 1.
  18. ^ a b c d Archis Mohan (9 October 2014). "The roots of India's second republic". Business Standard. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
  19. ^ a b c d e Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 165.
  20. ^ Nag 2014, chapter 4.

Sources

Further reading

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