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'''Russophilia''' (literally love of [[Russia]] or [[Russians]]) is admiration and fondness of Russia (including the era of the [[Soviet Union]] and/or the [[Russian Empire]]), [[History of Russia|Russian history]] and [[Russian culture]]. The [[antonym]] is [[Anti-Russian sentiment|Russophobia]]. In the 19th Century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of [[Pan-Slavism]], since the [[Russian Empire]] and the autonomous Serbia were the only two slav-associated sovereign states during and after [[Spring of Nations]].
'''Russophilia''' (literally love of [[Russia]] or [[Russians]]) is admiration and fondness of Russia (including the era of the [[Soviet Union]] and/or the [[Russian Empire]]), [[History of Russia|Russian history]] and [[Russian culture]]. The [[antonym]] is [[Anti-Russian sentiment|Russophobia]]. In the 19th Century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of [[Pan-Slavism]], since the [[Russian Empire]] and the autonomous Serbia were the only two slav-associated sovereign states during and after [[Spring of Nations]].


==Russophilia in Europe==
== Russophilia in Europe ==
American author Robert Alexander wrote: "I love Russians for their dramatic, emotional nature. They're not afraid to love, not afraid to get hurt, not afraid to exaggerate or act impulsively."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusoffagency.com/authors/alexander_r/kitchen_boy/kitchen_boy_reading_guide.htm|title=Book Group Guide – Rusoff Agency|website=Rusoffagency.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
American author Robert Alexander wrote: "I love Russians for their dramatic, emotional nature. They're not afraid to love, not afraid to get hurt, not afraid to exaggerate or act impulsively."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusoffagency.com/authors/alexander_r/kitchen_boy/kitchen_boy_reading_guide.htm|title=Book Group Guide – Rusoff Agency|website=Rusoffagency.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>


===Russophilia in Serbia===
=== Russophilia in Serbia ===
Russia is hugely popular in [[Serbia]], and [[Serbs]] have always traditionally seen Russia as a close ally due to shared [[Slavs|Slavic]] heritage, [[Slavic culture|culture]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crms.org.rs/zasto-je-putin-toliko-popularan-u-srbiji/|title=Зашто је Путин толико популаран у Србији? – Центар за развој међународне сарадње|website=crms.org.rs|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> According to European Council on Foreign Relations, 54% of [[Serbians]] see Russia as an ally. In comparison, 11% see [[European Union]] as an ally, and only 6% see United States in the same manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecfr.eu/article/pandemic-trends-serbia-looks-east-ukraine-looks-west//|title=Pandemic trends: Serbia looks east, Ukraine looks west
Russia is hugely popular in [[Serbia]], and [[Serbs]] have always traditionally seen Russia as a close ally due to shared [[Slavs|Slavic]] heritage, [[Slavic culture|culture]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox faith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://crms.org.rs/zasto-je-putin-toliko-popularan-u-srbiji/|title=Зашто је Путин толико популаран у Србији? – Центар за развој међународне сарадње|website=crms.org.rs|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref> According to European Council on Foreign Relations, 54% of [[Serbians]] see Russia as an ally. In comparison, 11% see [[European Union]] as an ally, and only 6% see United States in the same manner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ecfr.eu/article/pandemic-trends-serbia-looks-east-ukraine-looks-west//|title=Pandemic trends: Serbia looks east, Ukraine looks west
|website=ecfr.eu|date=5 August 2021
|website=ecfr.eu|date=5 August 2021
|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a pro-Russian rally was held in [[Belgrade]], attended by 4,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Filipovic |first=Branko |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade as country treads ever finer line between East and West |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pro-russia-serbs-march-belgrade-country-treads-ever-finer-line-between-east-west-2022-03-04/ |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60630351 |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref>
|access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> During the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], a pro-Russian rally was held in [[Belgrade]], attended by 4,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Filipovic |first=Branko |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade as country treads ever finer line between East and West |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/pro-russia-serbs-march-belgrade-country-treads-ever-finer-line-between-east-west-2022-03-04/ |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60630351 |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref>


The Serbian village of [[Putinovo|Putinovо]]'s inhabitants renamed their village in honor of [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbian village renamed for Putin would welcome Trump, too |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/serbian-village-loves-putin-so-much-it-changed-its-name-n715281 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Коцић |first=Данило |title=Путиново, село с 12 душа |url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/420857/Drustvo/Putinovo-selo-s-12-dusa |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> In Belgrade, there are the [[Russian Center of Science and Culture, Belgrade|Russian Center of Science and Culture]] and the [[Hotel Moskva, Belgrade|Hotel Moskva]].
The Serbian village of [[Putinovo]]'s inhabitants renamed their village in honor of [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbian village renamed for Putin would welcome Trump, too |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/serbian-village-loves-putin-so-much-it-changed-its-name-n715281 |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Коцић |first=Данило |title=Путиново, село с 12 душа |url=https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/420857/Drustvo/Putinovo-selo-s-12-dusa |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=Politika Online}}</ref> In Belgrade, there are the [[Russian Center of Science and Culture, Belgrade|Russian Center of Science and Culture]] and the [[Hotel Moskva, Belgrade|Hotel Moskva]].


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===Russophilia in Montenegro===
=== Russophilia in Montenegro ===
Montenegro is also an [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro|Eastern Orthodox]] and Slavic country. There is the [[Moscow Bridge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidvodic.com/info_podgorica_turisticke-atrakcije_moskovski-most|title=Moscow bridge in Podgorica|website=Androidvodic.com|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121341/http://www.androidvodic.com/info_podgorica_turisticke-atrakcije_moskovski-most|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Podgorica]], and a statue of Russian singer and actor [[Vladimir Vysotsky]] next to the bridge. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a pro-Russian rally was held in [[Nikšić]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-03-01 |title=Serb nationalists in Montenegro rally in support of Russia |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/serb-nationalists-montenegro-rally-support-russia-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref>
Montenegro is also an [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro|Eastern Orthodox]] and Slavic country. There is the [[Moscow Bridge]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.androidvodic.com/info_podgorica_turisticke-atrakcije_moskovski-most|title=Moscow bridge in Podgorica|website=Androidvodic.com|access-date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121341/http://www.androidvodic.com/info_podgorica_turisticke-atrakcije_moskovski-most|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Podgorica]], and a statue of Russian singer and actor [[Vladimir Vysotsky]] next to the bridge. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a pro-Russian rally was held in [[Nikšić]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-03-01 |title=Serb nationalists in Montenegro rally in support of Russia |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/serb-nationalists-montenegro-rally-support-russia-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref>


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[[File:Russian-occupied territories in map.jpg|thumb|Map showing the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] in dark red with Russian-occupied territories in Europe in light red.]]
[[File:Russian-occupied territories in map.jpg|thumb|Map showing the [[Russia|Russian Federation]] in dark red with Russian-occupied territories in Europe in light red.]]


===Russophilia in Ukraine===
=== Russophilia in Ukraine ===
{{See also|Galician Russophilia|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}
{{See also|Galician Russophilia|2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine}}
[[File:2016-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 093.jpg|thumb|Pro-Russian separatists in [[Donetsk]], [[Donetsk People's Republic]]]]
[[File:2016-05-09. День Победы в Донецке 093.jpg|thumb|Pro-Russian separatists in [[Donetsk]], [[Donetsk People's Republic]]]]
Following [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukrainian independence]] in 1991 Ukrainians, mostly in the [[Eastern Ukraine|east]] and [[Southern Ukraine|south]] of the country, voted to a see a more Russophile attitude of the [[Government of Ukraine|government]], ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|title=Ethnic Reidentification in Ukraine (page 17)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|first=Stephen|last=Rapawy|year=1997|location=Washington, D.C.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191328/http://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> Russia and Ukraine enjoyed especially close economic ties, while the Russophilic [[Political parties in Ukraine|political party]], the [[Party of Regions]], became the largest party in the [[Verkhovna Rada]] in [[2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2006]]. It would remain a dominant force in Ukrainian politics, until the 2014 [[Revolution of Dignity]]. Following the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]], the overall attitude of Ukrainians towards Russia and Russians has become much more negative,<ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/10/18/how-ukraine-views-russia-and-the-west/ How Ukraine views Russia and the West], [[Brookings Institution]] (18 October 2017)</ref> with most Ukrainians favoring [[NATO]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-10|title=Pledging reforms by 2020, Ukraine seeks route into NATO|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-nato-idUSKBN19V12V|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> and [[European Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Simmons|first1=Katie|last2=Stokes|first2=Bruce|last3=Poushter|first3=Jacob|date=2015-06-10|title=3. Ukrainian Public Opinion: Dissatisfied with Current Conditions, Looking for an End to the Crisis|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/06/10/3-ukrainian-public-opinion-dissatisfied-with-current-conditions-looking-for-an-end-to-the-crisis/|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Accession of Ukraine to the EU|membership]].
Following [[Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukrainian independence]] in 1991 Ukrainians, mostly in the [[Eastern Ukraine|east]] and [[Southern Ukraine|south]] of the country, voted to a see a more Russophile attitude of the [[Government of Ukraine|government]], ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|title=Ethnic Reidentification in Ukraine (page 17)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|first=Stephen|last=Rapawy|year=1997|location=Washington, D.C.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019191328/http://www.census.gov/population/international/files/sp/SP90.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref> Russia and Ukraine enjoyed especially close economic ties, while the Russophilic [[Political parties in Ukraine|political party]], the [[Party of Regions]], became the largest party in the [[Verkhovna Rada]] in [[2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election|2006]]. It would remain a dominant force in Ukrainian politics, until the 2014 [[Revolution of Dignity]]. Following the [[Russo-Ukrainian War|2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine]], the overall attitude of Ukrainians towards Russia and Russians has become much more negative,<ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/10/18/how-ukraine-views-russia-and-the-west/ How Ukraine views Russia and the West], [[Brookings Institution]] (18 October 2017)</ref> with most Ukrainians favoring [[NATO]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-07-10|title=Pledging reforms by 2020, Ukraine seeks route into NATO|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-nato-idUSKBN19V12V|access-date=2021-10-03}}</ref> and [[European Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Simmons|first1=Katie|last2=Stokes|first2=Bruce|last3=Poushter|first3=Jacob|date=2015-06-10|title=3. Ukrainian Public Opinion: Dissatisfied with Current Conditions, Looking for an End to the Crisis|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/06/10/3-ukrainian-public-opinion-dissatisfied-with-current-conditions-looking-for-an-end-to-the-crisis/|access-date=2021-10-03|website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Accession of Ukraine to the EU|membership]].


41% of Ukrainians had a "good" attitude towards Russians (42% negatively),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1015&page=1|title=Украинцы хуже относятся к РФ, чем россияне в Украине – опрос|language=uk|website=www.kiis.com.ua/|publisher=|date=|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> while in general 54% of Russians had a positive attitude towards Ukraine, according to an October 2021 of the country's population.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} As of 2021, there were several parties in Ukraine considered Russophile{{according to whom|date=September 2022}} including the [[Opposition Platform — For Life]], the [[Opposition Bloc]], [[Our Land (Ukraine)|Our Land]], [[Nashi (political party)|Nashi]] and the [[Party of Shariy]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}
41% of Ukrainians had a "good" attitude towards Russians (42% negatively),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=1015&page=1|title=Украинцы хуже относятся к РФ, чем россияне в Украине – опрос|language=uk|website=www.kiis.com.ua/|publisher=|date=|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> while in general 54% of Russians had a positive attitude towards Ukraine, according to an October 2021 of the country's population.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} As of 2021, there were several parties in Ukraine considered Russophile{{according to whom|date=September 2022}} including the [[Opposition Platform — For Life]], the [[Opposition Bloc]], [[Our Land (Ukraine)|Our Land]], [[Nashi (political party)|Nashi]] and the [[Party of Shariy]].{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}


==Russophilia in Asia==
== Russophilia in Asia ==
===Russophilia in Vietnam===
=== Russophilia in Vietnam ===
Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have 83% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/|title=Vietnam views of Russia|date=16 August 2017 }}</ref>. This stems from the former [[Soviet Union]] support of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia</ref>
Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have 83% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/|title=Vietnam views of Russia|date=16 August 2017 }}</ref> This stems from the former [[Soviet Union]] support of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia |title=Anti-Western and hyper macho, Putin's appeal in Southeast Asia |date=2022-11-18 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=[[Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119175300/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia |archive-date=2022-11-19 |url-status=live}}</ref>


===Russophilia in Iran===
=== Russophilia in Iran ===
According to a December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iranpoll.com/publications/state2018|title=State of Iran Survey Series|publisher=IranPoll|date=February 8, 2019}}</ref>
According to a December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iranpoll.com/publications/state2018|title=State of Iran Survey Series|publisher=IranPoll|date=February 8, 2019}}</ref>


===Russophilia in Indonesia===
=== Russophilia in Indonesia ===
Support for Russia remains high among Indonesians as they found animosity towards the West and support for Russia owing to Moscow’s perceived ties with Muslims and the Islamic world. The US and its allies also invaded [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]], and neglected [[Palestinians]] suffering under occupying Israeli forces.<ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/18/anti-western-and-hyper-macho-putins-appeal-in-southeast-asia</ref>
Support for Russia remains high among Indonesians as they found animosity towards the West and support for Russia owing to Moscow's perceived ties with Muslims and the Islamic world. The US and its allies also invaded [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq War|Iraq]], and neglected [[Palestinians]] suffering under [[Israeli-occupied territories#Palestinian territories|occupying Israeli forces]].<ref name="Al Jazeera" />


==Russophilia in Africa==
== Russophilia in Africa ==
{{main|Africa–Soviet Union relations}}
{{main|Africa–Soviet Union relations}}
{{see also|Mali War}}
{{see also|Mali War}}


==Pro-Russian protests during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine==
== Pro-Russian protests during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ==
In response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and [[protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|pro-Ukrainian, anti-war protests]] around the world, many pro-Russian counter-protests were held. Such protests were held in several countries, including Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rally supporting Russia held in Sydney |url=https://tass.com/world/1417775 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=TASS}}</ref> [[Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/pro-russia-protesters-rally-in-burkina-faso-capital-after-second-coup-61360 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup |language=en}}</ref> the [[Central African Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Central African Republic |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/05/pro-russia-protesters-rally-in-central-african-republic/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> the [[Czech Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pointing to 'pro-Russian, extremist' ties, Czech premier condemns demonstration in Prague |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/pointing-to-pro-russian-extremist-ties-czech-premier-condemns-demonstration-in-prague/2677317 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russia Supporters Rally in Germany, Face Off With Counterdemonstrators |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pro-russia-supporters-rally-in-germany-face-off-with-counterdemonstrators-/6523264.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> [[Moldova]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanas |first=Alexander |date=2022-10-11 |title=Moldovan president calls for tougher policing to tackle pro-Russia protests |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moldovan-president-calls-tougher-policing-tackle-pro-russia-protests-2022-10-11/ |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> [[State of Palestine|Palestine]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Net |first=Al Mayadeen |date=2022-03-06 |title=Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/pro-russian-rallies-in-palestine-uk-and-serbia |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref> [[Serbia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russian Right-Wing Serbs Hold Another Demonstration In Belgrade |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-ukraine-russia-right-wing-un-human-rights-council/31805557.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60630351 |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Net |first=Al Mayadeen |date=2022-03-06 |title=Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/pro-russian-rallies-in-palestine-uk-and-serbia |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref> Protests were also held in by pro-Russian activists in several [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] cities, including [[Donetsk]], [[Druzhkivka]], [[Horlivka]], [[Izyum]], [[Kharkiv]], [[Khartsyzk]], [[Kramatorsk]], [[Luhansk]], [[Makyiyvka]], [[Mariupol]], [[Slovyansk]] and [[Yenakiiev]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russian Protests Appear in Strategic Towns in Ukraine's South And East |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pro-russian-protests-appear-in-strategic-towns-in-ukraines-south-and-east-/25334338.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref>
In response to the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] and [[protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|pro-Ukrainian, anti-war protests]] around the world, many pro-Russian counter-protests were held. Such protests were held in several countries, including Australia,{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} [[Burkina Faso]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/pro-russia-protesters-rally-in-burkina-faso-capital-after-second-coup-61360 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup |language=en}}</ref> the [[Central African Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-03-05 |title=Pro-Russia protesters rally in Central African Republic |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/03/05/pro-russia-protesters-rally-in-central-african-republic/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> the [[Czech Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pointing to 'pro-Russian, extremist' ties, Czech premier condemns demonstration in Prague |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/pointing-to-pro-russian-extremist-ties-czech-premier-condemns-demonstration-in-prague/2677317 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref> Germany,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russia Supporters Rally in Germany, Face Off With Counterdemonstrators |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/pro-russia-supporters-rally-in-germany-face-off-with-counterdemonstrators-/6523264.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> [[Moldova]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanas |first=Alexander |date=2022-10-11 |title=Moldovan president calls for tougher policing to tackle pro-Russia protests |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/moldovan-president-calls-tougher-policing-tackle-pro-russia-protests-2022-10-11/ |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> [[State of Palestine|Palestine]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Net |first=Al Mayadeen |date=2022-03-06 |title=Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/pro-russian-rallies-in-palestine-uk-and-serbia |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref> [[Serbia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russian Right-Wing Serbs Hold Another Demonstration In Belgrade |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-ukraine-russia-right-wing-un-human-rights-council/31805557.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-60630351 |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Net |first=Al Mayadeen |date=2022-03-06 |title=Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/pro-russian-rallies-in-palestine-uk-and-serbia |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Al Mayadeen English |language=en-EN}}</ref> Protests were also held in by pro-Russian activists in several [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] cities, including [[Donetsk]], [[Druzhkivka]], [[Horlivka]], [[Izyum]], [[Kharkiv]], [[Khartsyzk]], [[Kramatorsk]], [[Luhansk]], [[Makyiyvka]], [[Mariupol]], [[Slovyansk]] and [[Yenakiiev]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Russian Protests Appear in Strategic Towns in Ukraine's South And East |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pro-russian-protests-appear-in-strategic-towns-in-ukraines-south-and-east-/25334338.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref>


==Pro-Russian political parties==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
==Pro-Russian political parties==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{main|List of pro-Russian political parties}}
{{main|List of pro-Russian political parties}}
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*[[Alba Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/salmonds-alba-party-asks-west-124606174.html|title=Salmond's Alba party asks West to think about 'Russia's security interests' in Ukrainian crisis|website=Yahoo News|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>
* [[Alba Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/salmonds-alba-party-asks-west-124606174.html|title=Salmond's Alba party asks West to think about 'Russia's security interests' in Ukrainian crisis|website=Yahoo News|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref>
*[[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]
* [[Alliance of Independent Social Democrats]]
*[[Amanat (political party)|Amanat]]
* [[Amanat (political party)|Amanat]]
*[[Belaya Rus]]
* [[Belaya Rus]]
*[[Bulgarian Socialist Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/26/borisovs-pro-eu-party-beats-socialists-in-bulgarias-snap-election|title=Borisov's pro-EU party beats Socialists in Bulgaria's snap election|first=Agence France-Presse in|last=Sofia|date=26 March 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/26/borisovs-pro-eu-party-beats-socialists-in-bulgarias-snap-election|title=Borisov's pro-EU party beats Socialists in Bulgaria's snap election|first=Agence France-Presse in|last=Sofia|date=26 March 2017|website=the Guardian|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
*[[Attack (political party)|Attack]], Bulgaria
* [[Attack (political party)|Attack]], Bulgaria
*[[Cambodian People's Party]]
* [[Cambodian People's Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Cuba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=55507&SEO=diaz-canel-and-putin-praise-60-years-of-cuba-russia-relations| title=Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency }}</ref>
* [[Communist Party of Cuba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plenglish.com/index.php?o=rn&id=55507&SEO=diaz-canel-and-putin-praise-60-years-of-cuba-russia-relations| title=Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency }}</ref>
*[[Combatant Clergy Association]] Party (Iran)
* [[Combatant Clergy Association]] Party (Iran)
*[[Five Star Movement]]<ref name="ECFR">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_putins_friends_in_europe7153|title=Putin's friends in Europe |language=en |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|date=19 October 2016|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
* [[Five Star Movement]]<ref name="ECFR">{{cite web |url=https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_putins_friends_in_europe7153|title=Putin's friends in Europe |language=en |publisher=European Council on Foreign Relations|date=19 October 2016|access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>
*[[Lega Nord|Lega]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2017/03/07/lega-nord-accordo-cooperazione-russia-unita-putin/|title=L'accordo tra la Lega Nord e il partito di Putin|newspaper=[[il Post]]|date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/ecco-laccordo-lega-nord-e-russia-unita-1419611.html|title=Ecco l'accordo tra Lega Nord e Russia Unita|author1=Matteo Carnieletto|author2=Elena Barlozzari|newspaper=[[il Giornale]]|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Lega Nord|Lega]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2017/03/07/lega-nord-accordo-cooperazione-russia-unita-putin/|title=L'accordo tra la Lega Nord e il partito di Putin|newspaper=[[il Post]]|date=7 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/ecco-laccordo-lega-nord-e-russia-unita-1419611.html|title=Ecco l'accordo tra Lega Nord e Russia Unita|author1=Matteo Carnieletto|author2=Elena Barlozzari|newspaper=[[il Giornale]]|date=13 July 2017}}</ref>
*[[FRELIMO]]<ref>[[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado]]</ref>
* [[FRELIMO]]<ref>[[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado]]</ref>
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* [[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy]]
*
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* [[New Force (Italy)|New Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lettera43.it/forza-nuova-roberto-fiore-e-i-rapporti-con-putin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105200054/https://www.lettera43.it/forza-nuova-roberto-fiore-e-i-rapporti-con-putin/ |archive-date=5 November 2019 |title=Forza nuova, Roberto Fiore e i rapporti con Putin - Lettera43}}</ref>
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*[[National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy]]
* [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/czech-parties-edge-towards-coalition-deal-after-months-of-stalemate-10435088|title=Czech centre-left party approves joining coalition, new government close|website=Channelnewsasia.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
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*[[New Force (Italy)|New Force]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lettera43.it/forza-nuova-roberto-fiore-e-i-rapporti-con-putin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105200054/https://www.lettera43.it/forza-nuova-roberto-fiore-e-i-rapporti-con-putin/ |archive-date=5 November 2019 |title=Forza nuova, Roberto Fiore e i rapporti con Putin - Lettera43}}</ref>
*[[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/czech-parties-edge-towards-coalition-deal-after-months-of-stalemate-10435088|title=Czech centre-left party approves joining coalition, new government close|website=Channelnewsasia.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Communist Party of Slovakia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kss.sk/rusko-komunisti-svet|title=Rusko – komunisti - svet|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Chinese Communist Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Slovakia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kss.sk/rusko-komunisti-svet|title=Rusko – komunisti - svet|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>
*[[Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]
*[[Communist Party of India]]
* [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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* [[Direction - Slovak Social Democracy]]
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*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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* [[Estonian Centre Party]]
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*[[Direction - Slovak Social Democracy]]
*[[Estonian Centre Party]]
* [[Estonian United Left Party]]
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* [[Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stirring the pot|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21645522-leader-ethnic-polish-party-tries-broaden-his-appeal-reaching-out-ethnic|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=14 April 2017|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
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*[[Estonian United Left Party]]
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* [[Fatah]]
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*[[Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Stirring the pot|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21645522-leader-ethnic-polish-party-tries-broaden-his-appeal-reaching-out-ethnic|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=14 April 2017|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-farright-russia-idUSKBN1481MJ|title=Austrian far right signs deal with Putin's party, touts Trump ties|date=19 December 2016|work=Reuters|access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref>
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*[[Fatah]]
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* [[Hadash]]
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*[[Freedom Party of Austria]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-austria-farright-russia-idUSKBN1481MJ|title=Austrian far right signs deal with Putin's party, touts Trump ties|date=19 December 2016|work=Reuters|access-date=9 May 2017}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Happiness Realization Party]]<ref name="hrp090622">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-09|url=https://eng.the-liberty.com/2022/9059/|title=Zelensky Is No Hero: World War Has Already Began|website=Liberty Web|publisher=IRH Press|access-date=2022-06-10}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Hadash]]
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* [[Hezbollah]]
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*[[Happiness Realization Party]]<ref name="hrp090622">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-09|url=https://eng.the-liberty.com/2022/9059/|title=Zelensky Is No Hero: World War Has Already Began|website=Liberty Web|publisher=IRH Press|access-date=2022-06-10}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Justicialist Party]], Argentina
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*[[Hezbollah]]
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* [[Fidesz]]<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Janjevic |first1=Darko |title=Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban's special relationship |url=https://www.dw.com/en/vladimir-putin-and-viktor-orbans-special-relationship/a-45512712 |access-date=12 October 2019 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=13 March 2019}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Justicialist Party]], Argentina
⚫
* [[Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/526205/naka-preverovala-kotlebu-kvoli-peniazom-z-ruska/|title=NAKA preverovala Kotlebu kvôli peniazom z Ruska|website=Aktuality.sk|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Fidesz]]<ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Janjevic |first1=Darko |title=Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban's special relationship |url=https://www.dw.com/en/vladimir-putin-and-viktor-orbans-special-relationship/a-45512712 |access-date=12 October 2019 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=13 March 2019}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Confederation Liberty and Independence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Trzech posłów odchodzi z partii Korwin|url=https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art35826161-trzech-poslow-odchodzi-z-partii-korwin-i-tworzy-nowa-partie-w-ramach-konfederacji|newspaper=Rzeczpospolita|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wielka wojna ojczyźniana w Konfederacji|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/2156471,1,wielka-wojna-ojczyzniana-w-konfederacji.read|newspaper=Polityka|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Konfederacja broni Rosji. Szokujące porównania i tezy [WIDEO]|url=https://www.tvp.info/58948384/konfederacja-broni-rosji-szokujace-tezy-ws-inwazji-na-ukraine-grzegorz-braun-i-heszen-komentuja|newspaper=TVP|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aktuality.sk/clanok/526205/naka-preverovala-kotlebu-kvoli-peniazom-z-ruska/|title=NAKA preverovala Kotlebu kvôli peniazom z Ruska|website=Aktuality.sk|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Labour Party (Lithuania)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/new-pro-russia-party-stumbles-lithuanian-elections/|title=New pro-Russia party stumbles in Lithuanian elections – Lewiston Sun Journal|date=25 October 2004|website=Sunjournal.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Confederation Liberty and Independence]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Trzech posłów odchodzi z partii Korwin|url=https://www.rp.pl/polityka/art35826161-trzech-poslow-odchodzi-z-partii-korwin-i-tworzy-nowa-partie-w-ramach-konfederacji|newspaper=Rzeczpospolita|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wielka wojna ojczyźniana w Konfederacji|url=https://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/2156471,1,wielka-wojna-ojczyzniana-w-konfederacji.read|newspaper=Polityka|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Konfederacja broni Rosji. Szokujące porównania i tezy [WIDEO]|url=https://www.tvp.info/58948384/konfederacja-broni-rosji-szokujace-tezy-ws-inwazji-na-ukraine-grzegorz-braun-i-heszen-komentuja|newspaper=TVP|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]
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*[[Labour Party (Lithuania)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/new-pro-russia-party-stumbles-lithuanian-elections/|title=New pro-Russia party stumbles in Lithuanian elections – Lewiston Sun Journal|date=25 October 2004|website=Sunjournal.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Latvian Russian Union]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1= Schulze |first1=Jennie L. |title=Strategic Frames: Europe, Russia, and Minority Inclusion in Estonia and Latvia |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location= [[Pittsburgh]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-82296-511-4 |quote=In 2014, the party changed its name to the Latvian Russian Union, and adopted a pro-Russia stance by signing a cooperation agreement with the pro-Russia regional party Russian Unity in Crimea in order to “strengthen the unity of the Russian World.”}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]
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* [[Moderation and Development Party]] (Iran)
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*[[Latvian Russian Union]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1= Schulze |first1=Jennie L. |title=Strategic Frames: Europe, Russia, and Minority Inclusion in Estonia and Latvia |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location= [[Pittsburgh]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-82296-511-4 |quote=In 2014, the party changed its name to the Latvian Russian Union, and adopted a pro-Russia stance by signing a cooperation agreement with the pro-Russia regional party Russian Unity in Crimea in order to “strengthen the unity of the Russian World.”}}</ref>
* [[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)]]
⚫
*[[Moderation and Development Party]] (Iran)
*[[Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)]]
* [[Movement Republic]]
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* [[MPLA]] (Angola)
*[[Movement Republic]]
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* [[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/03/its-putins-world/513848/|title=It's Putin's World|last=Foer|first=Franklin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=9 May 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
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*[[MPLA]] (Angola)
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* [[Parti Communautaire National-Européen]]
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*[[National Rally (France)|National Rally]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/03/its-putins-world/513848/|title=It's Putin's World|last=Foer|first=Franklin|work=The Atlantic|access-date=9 May 2017|language=en-US}}</ref>
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* [[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Turkish Patriotic Party]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/letsleavenato-trends-in-turkey-9982acc29fa3|title=#LetsLeaveNATO trends in Turkey|last=@DFRLab|date=23 November 2017|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>
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*[[Parti Communautaire National-Européen]]
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* [[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30265985 Moldova election: Pro-EU parties edge pro-Russian rivals] [[BBC News]] 1 December 2014</ref>
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*[[Patriotic Party (Turkey)|Turkish Patriotic Party]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/letsleavenato-trends-in-turkey-9982acc29fa3|title=#LetsLeaveNATO trends in Turkey|last=@DFRLab|date=23 November 2017|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=28 August 2019}}</ref>
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* [[Party of Regions]]
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*[[Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30265985 Moldova election: Pro-EU parties edge pro-Russian rivals] [[BBC News]] 1 December 2014</ref>
*[[Party of Regions]]
* [[Power Belongs to the People]]
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* [[Prosperous Justice Party]]
*[[Power Belongs to the People]]
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* [[Renewal (Transnistria)]]
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*[[Prosperous Justice Party]]
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* [[Revival (Bulgarian political party) ]]
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*[[Renewal (Transnistria)]]
* [[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] (Eritrea)
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*[[Revival (Bulgarian political party) ]]
*[[People's Front for Democracy and Justice]] (Eritrea)
* [[People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan]]
*[[People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan]]
* [[Polish Communist Party (2002)|Polish Communist Party]]
⚫
* [[Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1429291.html|title=Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украины присоединилась к|website=Regnum.ru|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
*[[Polish Communist Party (2002)|Polish Communist Party]]
⚫
* [[Prosperous Armenia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051007b.shtml|title=EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Armenia and Russia Agree: Foreign Policy Change Unlikely After Elections|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610134636/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051007b.shtml|archive-date=10 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1429291.html|title=Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украины присоединилась к|website=Regnum.ru|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Reiwa Shinsengumi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reiwa-shinsengumi.com/comment/11439/|title=【声明】ロシアによるウクライナ侵略を非難する決議について（れいわ新選組 2022年2月28日）|publisher=Reiwa Shinsengumi|access-date=28 April 2022|date=28 February 2022|trans-title=【Statement】about Resolution condemning Russian invasion to Ukraine|language=JA}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Prosperous Armenia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051007b.shtml|title=EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Armenia and Russia Agree: Foreign Policy Change Unlikely After Elections|access-date=9 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610134636/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051007b.shtml|archive-date=10 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]]
⚫
*[[Reiwa Shinsengumi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reiwa-shinsengumi.com/comment/11439/|title=【声明】ロシアによるウクライナ侵略を非難する決議について（れいわ新選組 2022年2月28日）|publisher=Reiwa Shinsengumi|access-date=28 April 2022|date=28 February 2022|trans-title=【Statement】about Resolution condemning Russian invasion to Ukraine|language=JA}}</ref>
* [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a450780/SNS-suppported-gathering-planned-for-Putin-visit-to-Serbia.html|title=SNS-supported gathering planned for Putin visit to Serbia|website=rs.n1info.com|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Sandinista National Liberation Front]]
*[[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a450780/SNS-suppported-gathering-planned-for-Putin-visit-to-Serbia.html|title=SNS-supported gathering planned for Putin visit to Serbia|website=rs.n1info.com|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>
* [[Serbian Radical Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ultranationalism-and-russia-colour-serbia-s-election-1.2616413?mode=amp|title=Ultranationalism and Russia colour Serbia's election|website=Irishtimes.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Șor Party]]
*[[Serbian Radical Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/ultranationalism-and-russia-colour-serbia-s-election-1.2616413?mode=amp|title=Ultranationalism and Russia colour Serbia's election|website=Irishtimes.com|access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians]]
⚫
*[[Șor Party]]
* [[Slovak National Party]]
⚫
*[[Alliance for the Union of Romanians]]
*[[Slovak National Party]]
* [[Hungarian Workers' Party]]
*[[Hungarian Workers' Party]]
* [[Republican Party of Labour and Justice]]
* [[Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tango-noir.com/2018/06/26/belarus-tries-to-follow-in-moscows-steps-and-team-up-with-the-european-far-right/|title=Belarus tries to follow in Moscow's steps and team up with the European far right|date=26 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[Republican Party of Labour and Justice]]
*[[Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tango-noir.com/2018/06/26/belarus-tries-to-follow-in-moscows-steps-and-team-up-with-the-european-far-right/|title=Belarus tries to follow in Moscow's steps and team up with the European far right|date=26 June 2018}}</ref>
* [[Social Democratic Party "Harmony"]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45774578|title=Pro-Russia party wins Latvia election|date=8 October 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|website=Bbc.com}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[Social Democratic Party "Harmony"]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45774578|title=Pro-Russia party wins Latvia election|date=8 October 2018|access-date=17 October 2018|website=Bbc.com}}</ref>
* [[Greek Solution]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/240921/article/ekathimerini/news/after-defeat-greek-pm-calls-for-snap-elections|title=After defeat, Greek PM calls for snap elections &#124; Kathimerini|website=www.ekathimerini.com}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[Greek Solution]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/240921/article/ekathimerini/news/after-defeat-greek-pm-calls-for-snap-elections|title=After defeat, Greek PM calls for snap elections &#124; Kathimerini|website=www.ekathimerini.com}}</ref>
* [[Golden Dawn (Greece)]]<ref name="counterextremism.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/national-democratic-party-germany|title=National Democratic Party of Germany|website=Counter Extremism Project}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
*[[Golden Dawn (Greece)]]<ref name="counterextremism.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/national-democratic-party-germany|title=National Democratic Party of Germany|website=Counter Extremism Project}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]
⚫
*[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]]
* [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]
⚫
*[[Union Solidarity and Development Party]]
*[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]]
* [[United Ossetia]]
*[[United Ossetia]]
* [[VMRO-DPMNE]]
* [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
*[[VMRO-DPMNE]]
*[[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
* [[Workers Party of Britain]]
*[[Workers Party of Britain]]
* [[Workers' Party of Korea]]
⚫
* [[ZANU–PF]]
⚫
*[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
⚫
*[[ZANU–PF]]


{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
Line 146: Line 145:
'''Historic'''
'''Historic'''
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
*[[Action for Independence]]
* [[Action for Independence]]
*[[Caps (party)|Caps]]
* [[Caps (party)|Caps]]
*[[Hetmans' Party]]
* [[Hetmans' Party]]
*[[Russian Party]] (Greece)
* [[Russian Party]] (Greece)
*[[National Congress (Sudan)]]
* [[National Congress (Sudan)]]
*[[Bulgarian Communist Party]]
* [[Bulgarian Communist Party]]
*[[Romanian Communist Party]] (until 1965)
* [[Romanian Communist Party]] (until 1965)
*[[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]]
* [[Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
* [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]]
*[[Polish United Workers' Party]]
* [[Polish United Workers' Party]]
*[[Mongolian People's Party]]
* [[Mongolian People's Party]]
*[[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]
* [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]]
*[[Communist Party of Germany]]
* [[Communist Party of Germany]]
*[[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]
* [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]]
*[[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League]]
* [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League]]
*[[People's Revolutionary Party of Benin]]
* [[People's Revolutionary Party of Benin]]
*[[Congolese Party of Labour]] (until 1991)
* [[Congolese Party of Labour]] (until 1991)
*[[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]]
* [[Workers' Party of Ethiopia]]
*[[Indonesian National Party]] (until 1965)
* [[Indonesian National Party]] (until 1965)
*[[New Jewel Movement]]
* [[New Jewel Movement]]
*[[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (until 1948)
* [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]] (until 1948)
*[[Party of Labour of Albania]] (until 1961)
* [[Party of Labour of Albania]] (until 1961)
*[[Burma Socialist Programme Party]]
* [[Burma Socialist Programme Party]]
*[[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)]]
* [[Communist Party of Turkey (historical)]]
*[[Communist Party USA]] (until [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|1991]])
* [[Communist Party USA]] (until [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|1991]])
*[[Japan Socialist Party]]{{div col end}}
* [[Japan Socialist Party]]{{div col end}}


==See also==
== See also ==
{{div col}}
{{div col}}
* [[All-Russian nation]]
* [[All-Russian nation]]
Line 188: Line 187:
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*Orest Subtelny. Ukraine. A history. [[University of Toronto Press]]. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8020-0591-8}}.
* Orest Subtelny. Ukraine. A history. [[University of Toronto Press]]. 1994. {{ISBN|0-8020-0591-8}}.


==External links==
== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Russophiles}}
{{commons category-inline|Russophiles}}


Revision as of 14:24, 20 November 2022

For the 19th–early 20th century Ukrainian cultural faction in Galicia who espoused Ruthenian autonomy, see Galician Russophilia.

Flag of Russia
Saint Basil's Cathedral on the Red Square in Moscow

Russophilia (literally love of Russia or Russians) is admiration and fondness of Russia (including the era of the Soviet Union and/or the Russian Empire), Russian history and Russian culture. The antonym is Russophobia. In the 19th Century, Russophilia was often linked to variants of Pan-Slavism, since the Russian Empire and the autonomous Serbia were the only two slav-associated sovereign states during and after Spring of Nations.

Russophilia in Europe

American author Robert Alexander wrote: "I love Russians for their dramatic, emotional nature. They're not afraid to love, not afraid to get hurt, not afraid to exaggerate or act impulsively."[1]

Russophilia in Serbia

Russia is hugely popular in Serbia, and Serbs have always traditionally seen Russia as a close ally due to shared Slavic heritage, culture, and Orthodox faith.[2] According to European Council on Foreign Relations, 54% of Serbians see Russia as an ally. In comparison, 11% see European Union as an ally, and only 6% see United States in the same manner.[3] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a pro-Russian rally was held in Belgrade, attended by 4,000 people.[4][5]

The Serbian village of Putinovo's inhabitants renamed their village in honor of Vladimir Putin.[6][7] In Belgrade, there are the Russian Center of Science and Culture and the Hotel Moskva.

Russophilia in Montenegro

Montenegro is also an Eastern Orthodox and Slavic country. There is the Moscow Bridge[8] in Podgorica, and a statue of Russian singer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky next to the bridge. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a pro-Russian rally was held in Nikšić.[9]

Map showing the Russian Federation in dark red with Russian-occupied territories in Europe in light red.

Russophilia in Ukraine

See also: Galician Russophilia and 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk, Donetsk People's Republic

Following Ukrainian independence in 1991 Ukrainians, mostly in the east and south of the country, voted to a see a more Russophile attitude of the government, ranging from closer economic partnership to full national union.[10] Russia and Ukraine enjoyed especially close economic ties, while the Russophilic political party, the Party of Regions, became the largest party in the Verkhovna Rada in 2006. It would remain a dominant force in Ukrainian politics, until the 2014 Revolution of Dignity. Following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the overall attitude of Ukrainians towards Russia and Russians has become much more negative,[11] with most Ukrainians favoring NATO[12] and European Union[13] membership.

41% of Ukrainians had a "good" attitude towards Russians (42% negatively),[14] while in general 54% of Russians had a positive attitude towards Ukraine, according to an October 2021 of the country's population.[citation needed] As of 2021, there were several parties in Ukraine considered Russophile[according to whom?] including the Opposition Platform — For Life, the Opposition Bloc, Our Land, Nashi and the Party of Shariy.[citation needed]

Russophilia in Asia

Russophilia in Vietnam

Favorable perceptions of Russia in Vietnam have 83% of Vietnamese people viewing Russia's influence positively in 2017.[15] This stems from the former Soviet Union support of Vietnam during the Vietnam War.[16]

Russophilia in Iran

According to a December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia.[17]

Russophilia in Indonesia

Support for Russia remains high among Indonesians as they found animosity towards the West and support for Russia owing to Moscow's perceived ties with Muslims and the Islamic world. The US and its allies also invaded Afghanistan and Iraq, and neglected Palestinians suffering under occupying Israeli forces.[16]

Russophilia in Africa

Main article: Africa–Soviet Union relations
See also: Mali War

Pro-Russian protests during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

In response to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and pro-Ukrainian, anti-war protests around the world, many pro-Russian counter-protests were held. Such protests were held in several countries, including Australia,[citation needed] Burkina Faso,[18] the Central African Republic,[19] the Czech Republic,[20] Germany,[21] Moldova,[22] Palestine,[23] Serbia[24][25] and the United Kingdom.[26] Protests were also held in by pro-Russian activists in several Ukrainian cities, including Donetsk, Druzhkivka, Horlivka, Izyum, Kharkiv, Khartsyzk, Kramatorsk, Luhansk, Makyiyvka, Mariupol, Slovyansk and Yenakiiev.[27]

Pro-Russian political parties

Main article: List of pro-Russian political parties

Historic

See also

References

  1. ^ "Book Group Guide – Rusoff Agency". Rusoffagency.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Зашто је Путин толико популаран у Србији? – Центар за развој међународне сарадње". crms.org.rs. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Pandemic trends: Serbia looks east, Ukraine looks west". ecfr.eu. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  4. ^ Filipovic, Branko (5 March 2022). "Pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade as country treads ever finer line between East and West". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  5. ^ "Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  6. ^ "Serbian village renamed for Putin would welcome Trump, too". NBC News. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  7. ^ Коцић, Данило. "Путиново, село с 12 душа". Politika Online. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  8. ^ "Moscow bridge in Podgorica". Androidvodic.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  9. ^ Reuters (1 March 2022). "Serb nationalists in Montenegro rally in support of Russia". Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2022. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ Rapawy, Stephen (1997). Ethnic Reidentification in Ukraine (page 17) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  11. ^ How Ukraine views Russia and the West, Brookings Institution (18 October 2017)
  12. ^ "Pledging reforms by 2020, Ukraine seeks route into NATO". Reuters. 10 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  13. ^ Simmons, Katie; Stokes, Bruce; Poushter, Jacob (10 June 2015). "3. Ukrainian Public Opinion: Dissatisfied with Current Conditions, Looking for an End to the Crisis". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Украинцы хуже относятся к РФ, чем россияне в Украине – опрос". www.kiis.com.ua/ (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Vietnam views of Russia". 16 August 2017.
  16. ^ a b "Anti-Western and hyper macho, Putin's appeal in Southeast Asia". Al Jazeera. 18 November 2022. Archived from the original on 19 November 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  17. ^ "State of Iran Survey Series". IranPoll. 8 February 2019.
  18. ^ "Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup". Pro-Russia protesters rally in Burkina Faso capital after second coup. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  19. ^ "Pro-Russia protesters rally in Central African Republic". Africanews. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  20. ^ "Pointing to 'pro-Russian, extremist' ties, Czech premier condemns demonstration in Prague". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  21. ^ "Pro-Russia Supporters Rally in Germany, Face Off With Counterdemonstrators". VOA. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  22. ^ Tanas, Alexander (11 October 2022). "Moldovan president calls for tougher policing to tackle pro-Russia protests". Reuters. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  23. ^ Net, Al Mayadeen (6 March 2022). "Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia". Al Mayadeen English. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  24. ^ "Pro-Russian Right-Wing Serbs Hold Another Demonstration In Belgrade". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  25. ^ "Thousands of pro-Russia Serbs march in Belgrade". BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  26. ^ Net, Al Mayadeen (6 March 2022). "Pro-Russian rallies in Palestine, UK, and Serbia". Al Mayadeen English. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  27. ^ "Pro-Russian Protests Appear in Strategic Towns in Ukraine's South And East". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  28. ^ "Salmond's Alba party asks West to think about 'Russia's security interests' in Ukrainian crisis". Yahoo News. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  29. ^ Sofia, Agence France-Presse in (26 March 2017). "Borisov's pro-EU party beats Socialists in Bulgaria's snap election". the Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  30. ^ "Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency".
  31. ^ "Putin's friends in Europe". European Council on Foreign Relations. 19 October 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  32. ^ "L'accordo tra la Lega Nord e il partito di Putin". il Post. 7 March 2017.
  33. ^ Matteo Carnieletto; Elena Barlozzari (13 July 2017). "Ecco l'accordo tra Lega Nord e Russia Unita". il Giornale.
  34. ^ Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
  35. ^ "Forza nuova, Roberto Fiore e i rapporti con Putin - Lettera43". Archived from the original on 5 November 2019.
  36. ^ "Czech centre-left party approves joining coalition, new government close". Channelnewsasia.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  37. ^ "Rusko – komunisti - svet". Retrieved 7 September 2019.
  38. ^ "Stirring the pot". The Economist. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
  39. ^ "Austrian far right signs deal with Putin's party, touts Trump ties". Reuters. 19 December 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  40. ^ "Zelensky Is No Hero: World War Has Already Began". Liberty Web. IRH Press. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  41. ^ Janjevic, Darko (13 March 2019). "Vladimir Putin and Viktor Orban's special relationship". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  42. ^ "NAKA preverovala Kotlebu kvôli peniazom z Ruska". Aktuality.sk. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  43. ^ "Trzech posłów odchodzi z partii Korwin". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  44. ^ "Wielka wojna ojczyźniana w Konfederacji". Polityka. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  45. ^ "Konfederacja broni Rosji. Szokujące porównania i tezy [WIDEO]". TVP. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  46. ^ "New pro-Russia party stumbles in Lithuanian elections – Lewiston Sun Journal". Sunjournal.com. 25 October 2004. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  47. ^ Schulze, Jennie L. (2018). Strategic Frames: Europe, Russia, and Minority Inclusion in Estonia and Latvia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 978-0-82296-511-4. In 2014, the party changed its name to the Latvian Russian Union, and adopted a pro-Russia stance by signing a cooperation agreement with the pro-Russia regional party Russian Unity in Crimea in order to "strengthen the unity of the Russian World."
  48. ^ Foer, Franklin. "It's Putin's World". The Atlantic. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  49. ^ @DFRLab (23 November 2017). "#LetsLeaveNATO trends in Turkey". Medium. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  50. ^ Moldova election: Pro-EU parties edge pro-Russian rivals BBC News 1 December 2014
  51. ^ "Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украины присоединилась к". Regnum.ru. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  52. ^ "EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Armenia and Russia Agree: Foreign Policy Change Unlikely After Elections". Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  53. ^ "【声明】ロシアによるウクライナ侵略を非難する決議について（れいわ新選組 2022年2月28日）" [【Statement】about Resolution condemning Russian invasion to Ukraine] (in Japanese). Reiwa Shinsengumi. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  54. ^ "SNS-supported gathering planned for Putin visit to Serbia". rs.n1info.com. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  55. ^ "Ultranationalism and Russia colour Serbia's election". Irishtimes.com. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  56. ^ "Belarus tries to follow in Moscow's steps and team up with the European far right". 26 June 2018.
  57. ^ "Pro-Russia party wins Latvia election". Bbc.com. 8 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  58. ^ "After defeat, Greek PM calls for snap elections | Kathimerini". www.ekathimerini.com.
  59. ^ "National Democratic Party of Germany". Counter Extremism Project.

Media related to Russophiles at Wikimedia Commons

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