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| before_election = [[Pedro Sánchez]]
| before_election = [[Pedro Sánchez]]
| before_party = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
| before_party = Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
| after_election = [[Alberto Núñez Fejióo]]
| after_election = [[Alberto Núñez Feijóo]]
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Revision as of 05:21, 24 July 2023

2023 Spanish general election
← 2019 (Nov) 23 July 2023
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered37,466,432 1.3%
Turnout70.4% 4.1%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo Pedro Sánchez Santiago Abascal
Party PP PSOE Vox
Leader since 2 April 2022 18 June 2017 20 September 2014
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 89 seats, 20.8% 120 seats, 28.0% 52 seats, 15.1%
Seats before 89 120 52
Seats won 136 122 33
Seat change 47 2 19
Popular vote 8,091,840 7,760,970 3,033,744
Percentage 33.5% 31.7% 12.4%
Swing 12.7 pp 3.7 pp 2.7 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Yolanda Díaz Gabriel Rufián Míriam Nogueras
Party Sumar ERC Junts
Leader since 2 April 2023 14 October 2019 12 March 2021
Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Barcelona
Last election 38 seats, 15.3%[a] 13 seats, 3.6% 8 seats, 2.2%[c]
Seats before 36 13 4
Seats won 31 7 7
Seat change 7 (as UP) 6 1 (as JxCat)
Popular vote 3,014,006 462,883 392,634
Percentage 12.3% 1.9% 1.6%
Swing 3 pp 1.7 pp 0.6 pp
Election results by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE

Elected Prime Minister

Alberto Núñez Feijóo

The 2023 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 23 July 2023, to elect the 15th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.

The government formed after the November 2019 election consisted of a left-wing coalition between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos, the first such nationwide government in Spain since the times of the Second Spanish Republic. However, the government's tenure was quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, along with its political and economic consequences. These consequences included the severe global recession resulting from the extensive lockdown measures implemented to curb the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as the economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On the right side of the political spectrum, the People's Party (PP) underwent a leadership change in February 2022, following an internal push by Galician and Madrilenian presidents, Alberto Núñez Feijóo and Isabel Díaz Ayuso, to remove party leader Pablo Casado. Since Feijóo's accession, PP has led opinion polls and finished first in the regional and local elections of 28 May 2023.[1] Far-right Vox has been open to support the PP in a hung parliament in exchange for government participation and programatic concessions.[2] The liberal Citizens party, once a leading force but having lost most of its support since 2019, decided not to run in this election, focusing its efforts on the 2024 European Parliament election instead.[3]

Despite speculation about an early election,[4][5] prime minister Pedro Sánchez, the incumbent, consistently expressed his intention to complete the legislature as scheduled in 2023.[6] He had initially set a tentative election date for December 2023, near the conclusion of the Spanish presidency of the Council of the European Union. However, the poor results of the left-wing bloc in the May regional and local elections, with losses to the PP and Vox in all but three regions, led to a surprise early dissolution of the Cortes in what was described as a gamble by Sánchez to wrong-foot the opposition.[7][8]

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales is envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies has greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possesses a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which are not subject to the Congress' override.[9][10] Voting for the Cortes Generales is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[11] Amendments to the electoral law in 2022 abolished the "begged" or expat vote system (Spanish: Voto rogado), under which Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote.[12] The expat vote system was attributed responsibility for a major decrease in the turnout of Spaniards abroad during the years it had been in force.[13]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three per cent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats are allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[9][14] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[15]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled to the following numbers of seats:[16]

Seats Constituencies
37 Madrid
32 Barcelona
16 Valencia(+1)
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Zaragoza, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6 Almería, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Badajoz(–1), Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats are elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors can vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts are the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities can appoint at least one senator each and are entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[9][14]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expires four years from the date of their previous election, unless they are dissolved earlier. The election decree shall be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister does not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree shall be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 10 November 2019, which means that the legislature's term will expire on 10 November 2023. The election decree must be published in the BOE no later than 17 October 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 10 December 2023.[14][17]

The prime minister has the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence is in process, no state of emergency is in force and that dissolution does not occur before one year has elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers are to be dissolved and a new election is called if an investiture process fails to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[9] Barred this exception, there is no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

Following his party's defeat in the Madrilenian regional election held on 4 May 2021, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez commented that there were still "32 months to go" ahead of the next general election, which meant that the election date was implied to be tentatively scheduled for January 2024.[18] This opened questions on the maximum timetable for holding a new election, with legal interpretations up until that point considering that the Cortes Generales expiry date was set four years from the previous election; however, an interpretation that considered that the four-year timetable started counting from the chamber's first assembly or from the prime minister's investiture could push the election date into January or February 2024.[19][20][21][22] On 2 August 2022, Sánchez himself dispelled any doubts on this issue by announcing that the election would be held in December 2023,[23] a position reiterated on 27 March 2023 when he said that there were still "nine months left" in the current parliamentary term.[24]

After the 28 May 2023 regional and local elections, Sánchez announced the following day that the general election will be held on 23 July, with the election decree being published in the BOE the day after.[25] With only Sánchez's inner circle having prior knowledge of the announcement before it was made,[26] political parties from across the spectrum were caught by surprise,[27] with PP leaders in particular reportedly feeling upset over the election call as it prevented them from capitalizing on their gains in the previous day's elections.[28] The IBEX 35 stock index also reacted negatively to the surprise election call.[29]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 30 May 2023 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 23 July and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 17 August.[16] This will be the first Spanish general election to be held in July since 1839.[30]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[31][32]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one per cent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 per cent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[14] The electoral law provides for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediate previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which will contest the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PSOE
List
 Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 28.00% 120 92 checkY [38]
[39]
PP
List
 Alberto Núñez Feijóo Conservatism
Christian democracy 		20.81% 89 83 ☒N [40]
[41]
Vox
List
 Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism 		15.08% 52 2 ☒N
Sumar
List
 Yolanda Díaz Progressivism
Left-wing populism
Green politics 		15.34%[a] 38 0 checkY [42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
ERC
List
 Gabriel Rufián Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		3.63% 13 —[g] ☒N
Junts
List
 Míriam Nogueras Catalan independence
Populism 		2.19%[c] 8 3 ☒N [46]
[47]
PDeCAT–
E–CiU
List
 Roger Montañola Catalan nationalism
Liberalism 		☒N [48]
[49]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Aitor Esteban Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy 		1.56% 6 9 ☒N [50]
EH Bildu
List
 Mertxe Aizpurua Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism 		1.14% 5 —[g] ☒N [51]
CUP–PR
List
 Albert Botran Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Socialism 		1.02% 2 0 ☒N [52]
CCa
List
 Cristina Valido Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.51%[h] 2 0 ☒N [53]
[54]
[55]
NC–BC
List
 Luis Campos Canarian nationalism
Social democracy 		☒N [56]
BNG
List
 Néstor Rego Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		0.50% 1 0 ☒N
EV
List
 Diego Loras Localism
Ruralism 		0.08%[i] 1 2 ☒N [57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
ERC–
EH Bildu
List
 Mirella Cortès Gès Left-wing nationalism Senate 12[g] ☒N [61]
ASG
List
 Fabián Chinea Insularism
Social democracy 		Senate 1 ☒N [62]
EFS
List
 Juanjo Ferrer Progressivism Senate 1 ☒N [63]
UPN
List
 Alberto Catalán Regionalism
Conservatism
Christian democracy 		New[j] ☒N [64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
Not contesting
CS
List
 Patricia Guasp Liberalism 6.80% 10 0 ☒N [68]
[69]
[70]
PRC
List
 José María Mazón Regionalism
Centrism 		0.28% 1 0 ☒N [71]

Internal disputes emerged within the People's Party (PP) following Isabel Díaz Ayuso's landslide victory in the 2021 Madrilenian election, as the regional president came to be seen by a party sector as a better candidate than Pablo Casado to face off Pedro Sánchez in a general election.[72][73] The conflict came to a head from September 2021 when both sides clashed for the control of the party's regional branch in the Community of Madrid, with Ayuso's possible rise to the presidency of the regional PP being seen by Casado's supporters as an immediate threat to his national leadership.[74][75] Following several months of a leadership that was perceived as poor and erratic, coupled with an erosion of popular support in opinion polls and a disappointing result in the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, the crisis entered a new stage on 16 February 2022 when some media revealed an alleged plot of the party's national leadership to investigate Ayuso's family in search of compromising material—more specifically, alleged influence peddling in the awarding of public contracts to Ayuso's brother. After several days of public infighting between both Casado and Ayuso, Galician president Alberto Núñez Feijóo was reported as having agreed with the latter and other party regional presidents to become the party's new leader and replace Casado, who was said to be willing to hold on until the PP congress scheduled for July.[76][77][78] On 22 February, Casado's resignation was announced after he was abandoned by most of the party's leadership and public officers.[40]

As a result of Pablo Iglesias's farewell from active politics in May 2021, Labour minister—and, from July 2021, second deputy prime minister—Yolanda Díaz, came to be widely regarded as Iglesias's presumptive successor as prime ministerial candidate in the next general election.[42] Díaz expressed her will to shape a new electoral platform transcending political parties, as well as the Unidas Podemos brand,[79][80] aiming to secure the support of ideologically close forces such as En Comú Podem (ECP), Compromís and Más Madrid/Más País while giving a prevalent role to civil society.[81][82][83] The platform saw an advance unity act during an event to be held on 13 November 2021, with the participation of a number of women representative of the various political spaces that could eventually join it: Díaz herself, Barcelona mayor Ada Colau (ECP), Valencian vice-president Mónica Oltra (Compromís), Madrilenian opposition leader Mónica García (Más Madrid) and Ceutan councillor Fatima Hamed (from the Movement for Dignity and Citizenship, MDyC); the absence of Podemos members in the event, most notably of Equality and Social Rights ministers Irene Montero and Ione Belarra, was seen as evidence of the growing diminished role of Unidas Podemos within the platform.[84] Díaz's-led left-wing alliance was also well received by prime minister Pedro Sánchez, who saw it as important for the "progressive space" to be in "top shape" for his government to be able to maintain and expand its majority in the next election.[85] While the term "Broad Front" has been frequently used in the media to refer to Díaz's platform,[86][87] it has been commented that Díaz herself has rejected the use of this name for its connections with similar brandings used by left-wing populist alliances in Latin America.[88] On 18 May 2022, it was announced that Díaz's platform would go under the name "Sumar" (English: Unite).[89]

In September 2021, citizen collectives of the "Empty Spain" (Spanish: España Vacía or España Vaciada), a coined term to refer to Spain's rural and largely unpopulated interior provinces,[90] agreed to look forward to formulas to contest the next elections in Spain, inspired by the success of the Teruel Existe candidacy (Spanish for "Teruel Exists") in the November 2019 general election.[57] By November 2021, it was confirmed that over 160 collectives and associations from about 30 Spanish provinces had committed themselves to finalise the electoral platform before January 2022.[58] It then contested the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, with mixed results: a success for the Soria-based Soria Now! (SY) platform but a disappointment elsewhere.[91]

On 30 May 2023, the national executive of Citizens, which had won 10 seats in 2019, announced that the party would not contest the general election following its poor results in the regional and local elections.[70] This decision was criticised by a number of its elected representatives, including incumbent MP and former party leadership contender Edmundo Bal.[92]

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[14][93]

  • 29 May: The King issues the election decree with the countersign of the Prime Minister after deliberation in the Council of Ministers.[16]
  • 30 May: Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
  • 2 June: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
  • 9 June: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
  • 19 June: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
  • 21 June: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
  • 24 June: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
  • 25 June: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
  • 26 June: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
  • 27 June: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
  • 7 July: Official start of electoral campaigning.[16]
  • 13 July: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
  • 18 July: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
  • 19 July: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes.
  • 21 July: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division[16]
  • 22 July: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
  • 23 July: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.[94]
  • 26 July: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
  • 29 July: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 7 August: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 17 August: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the 2023 election was set for 17 August).[16]
  • 16 September: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

Issues

An Ipsos poll published in July 2023 showed that most of the respondents saw economic issues as most important, followed by unemployment and healthcare.[95] BBC News has reported that LGBT issues have been also distinguished during the campaign period.[96]

During the campaign period, Vox has campaigned on lowering the income tax, reducing public spending, and introducing tougher anti-migration laws.[97][98][99] Vox is also in favour of reducing powers of Spain's autonomous communities, rolling back abortion, LGBT, and women's rights, and pulling Spain out of Paris Agreement.[97][100][101] Sonia Gallego of Al Jazeera has said that Vox's rhetoric "will put it on a collision course with those separatist movements, not just in Basque country but Catalonia as well".[102] Vox received support from Brothers of Italy, led by Giorgia Meloni, during the campaign period.[96]

PP has campaigned on lowering taxes and introducing policies that would boost foreign investments, with Feijóo trying to portray himself as a moderate.[100][103] Feijóo was also faced with criticism from Sumar due to his past ties with drug trafficker Marcial Dorado [es] when he served in the Galician government in the 1990s.[102][104] Feijóo responded by saying that Dorado "had been a smuggler [but] never a drug trafficker" when he knew him.[98] PP and Vox also campaigned on ending "Sanchismo", policies introduced by Sánchez and his coalition government, with Feijóo stating that it his main priority.[102][105] News agencies have noted that in case of a PP victory, it would have to rely on Vox for a parliamentary majority.[98][100][106] Feijóo has however said that he would prefer a minority government instead.[103][107]

PSOE's Sánchez has portrayed the election as a "showdown between the forces of progress and the forces of reactionary conservatism".[98] He has also criticised the relationship between PP and Vox.[98] On the other hand, PP criticised PSOE's sexual assault law that was introduced in August 2022 and PSOE's relationship with minority and separatist parties.[96][98][108] At least 104 convicted sexual offenders were released due to the law; Sánchez apologised for the loopholes in the law.[109]

Sumar campaigned on criticising Vox and focusing on issues regarding climate change and introducing a shorter workweek.[110] In order to challenge social inequality, Díaz has also proposed a €20,000 "universal inheritance" policy for those over 18 years old which could be spent on studies or creating a business.[96][111] As part of its campaign policy, Sumar has also campaigned on increasing taxes on the rich.[111]

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « Adelante. España avanza » "Forward. Spain advances" [112]
PP « Es el momento » "It is time" [113]
Vox « Lo que importa » "What matters" [114]
Sumar Main: « Es por ti »
Sumar–ECP: « A favor teu » 		Main: "It is for you"
Sumar–ECP: "In your favor" 		[115]
ERC « Defensa Catalunya! » "Defend Catalonia!" [116]
Junts « Ja n'hi ha prou » "Enough is enough" [117]
PDeCAT–E–CiU « Ara toca » "Now it's time" [118]
EAJ/PNV « Euskadiren ahotsa. Con voz propia » "Basque Country's voice. With its own voice" [119]
EH Bildu « Berriro. Egingo dugu » "We will do it. Again" [120]
CUP–PR « Plantem cara » "Let's face it" [121]
CCa « Coalición por Canarias » "Coalition for the Canaries" [122]
NC–BC « Elegimos Canarias. Siempre » "We choose the Canaries. Always" [123]
BNG « Que Galiza conte! Con máis forza! » "Make Galicia count! With more strength!" [124]
UPN « No cambies la fiesta por nada » "Don't trade the party for nothing." [125]

Election debates

2023 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[k]    S  Surrogate[l]    NI  Not invited   I  Invited    A  Absent invitee 
PSOE PP Vox Sumar ERC PNV EH Bildu Audience Ref.
10 July Atresmedia Ana Pastor
Vicente Vallés 		P
Sánchez 		P
Feijóo 		NI NI NI NI NI 46.5%
(5,910,000) 		[126]
[127]
13 July RTVE[m] Xabier Fortes P
López 		P
Gamarra 		P
Espinosa 		S
Vidal 		P
Rufián 		P
Esteban 		P
Matute 		18.6%
(1,893,000) 		[128]
[129]
19 July RTVE Xabier Fortes P
Sánchez 		A P
Abascal 		P
Díaz 		NI NI NI 34.6%
(4,155,000) 		[130]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Tie None Question?
10 July 2023 ElectoPanel/Electomanía[131] 35.8 52.5 – – 11.7
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[132] 45.8 54.2 – – –
40dB/Prisa (1st wave)[133] 31.4 31.1 – 18.0 19.4
Sociométrica/El Español[134] 30.4 58.0 11.6 – –
Simple Lógica/elDiario.es[135] 31.2 50.1 – 18.8 –
40dB/Prisa (2nd wave)[136] 21.5 44.2 – 26.3 8.0
Invymark/laSexta[137] 43.8 54.4 – – 1.8

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Spanish general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 10 November 2019 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Polling aggregations

Polling aggregator Last update PSOE PP Vox CS Lead
2023 election 23 Jul 2023 31.7
122 		33.1
136 		12.4
33 		– – [n] [n] 12.3
31 		1.4
El Periódico[138] 23 Jul 2023 28.8
104 		36.0
140 		13.2
37 		– – [n] [n] 13.1
34 		7.2
El País[139] 18 Jul 2023 28.3
108 		34.1
142 		12.8
35 		– – [n] [n] 13.2
34 		5.8
Electocracia[140] 17 Jul 2023 28.2
107/109 		34.7
143/145 		13.0
34/36 		– – [n] [n] 12.6
30/32 		6.5
Electográfica[141] 17 Jul 2023 28.1
105 		34.4
140 		12.7
35 		– – [n] [n] 13.2
37 		6.3
El Electoral[142] 17 Jul 2023 28.5
106 		34.0
138 		12.9
37 		– – [n] [n] 13.1
37 		5.5
El Plural[143] 17 Jul 2023 28.2
109 		33.9
142 		13.1
33 		– – [n] [n] 12.9
34 		5.7
Europe Elects[144] 17 Jul 2023 28.5 34.5 12.9 – – [n] [n] 13.1 6.0
Politico[145] 17 Jul 2023 28.0 34.0 13.0 – – [n] [n] 13.0 6.0
PolitPro[146] 17 Jul 2023 27.9 33.7 13.4 – – [n] [n] 13.3 5.8
Porcentual[147] 17 Jul 2023 28.4
109 		34.0
142 		12.7
34 		– – [n] [n] 13.3
33 		5.6
Electomanía[148] 16 Jul 2023 28.5 34.6 12.8 – – [n] [n] 12.9 5.5
Nov. 2019 election 10 Nov 2019 28.0
120 		20.8
89 		15.1
52 		12.9
35 		6.8
10 		2.4
3 		[o] – 7.2

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region Time
14:00 18:00 20:00
2019 2023 +/– 2019 2023 +/– 2019 2023 +/–
Andalusia 35.80% 42.05% +6.25 54.85% 53.18% –1.67 68.25%
Aragon 41.18% 42.07% +0.89 57.91% 52.56% –5.35 71.50%
Asturias 34.42% 39.04% +4.62 53.50% 54.11% +0.61 65.48%
Balearic Islands 30.95% 37.27% +6.32 47.40% 48.58% +1.18 58.71% 64.81%
Basque Country 40.18% 37.20% –2.98 57.60% 52.43% –5.17 68.91%
Canary Islands 27.08% 28.90% +1.82 44.36% 45.39% +1.03 60.46%
Cantabria 39.12% 42.99% +3.87 59.28% 60.44% +1.16 70.83%
Castile and León 37.29% 41.37% +4.08 56.70% 54.84% –1.86 71.37%
Castilla–La Mancha 38.07% 44.70% +6.63 57.44% 56.28% –1.16 71.36%
Catalonia 40.58% 36.79% –3.79 59.88% 48.72% –11.16 72.17%
Extremadura 37.17% 45.16% +7.99 54.41% 55.81% +1.40 69.12%
Galicia 31.96% 39.01% +7.05 53.26% 55.96% +2.70 66.62%
La Rioja 40.42% 45.75% +5.33 57.45% 57.12% –0.33 71.27% 89.76%
Madrid 40.98% 40.82% –0.16 61.50% 53.69% –7.81 74.54% 77.86%
Murcia 39.01% 44.24% +5.23 57.89% 55.08% –2.81 69.99%
Navarre 39.38% 41.27% +1.89 56.46% 51.76% –4.70 69.21%
Valencian Community 42.51% 46.24% +3.73 59.97% 57.93% –2.04 71.74%
Ceuta 27.27% 27.44% +0.17 43.77% 39.30% –4.47 56.16%
Melilla 24.61% 23.29% –1.32 38.98% 31.93% –7.05 57.12%
Total 37.92% 40.48% +2.56 56.85% 53.13% –3.72 66.23% 70.40% +4.17
Sources:[149]

Results

See also: 15th Cortes Generales

There were 37,466,432 voters in total that had the right to vote in the general election.[150]

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 8,091,840 33.05 +12.25 136 +47
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 7,760,970 31.70 +3.71 122 +2
Vox (Vox) 3,033,744 12.39 –2.68 33 –19
Unite (Sumar) 3,014,006 12.31 31
Unite (Sumar)1
Unite–In Common We Can (Sumar–ECP)2
Commitment–Unite: We Unite to Win (Compromís–Sumar)3
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 462,883 1.89 –1.71 7 –6
Together for Catalonia (Junts)4 392,634 1.60 n/a 7 –1
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 333,362 1.36 +0.22 6 +1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 275,782 1.12 –0.44 5 –1
Catalan European Democratic Party–CiU Space (PDeCAT–E–CiU)4 31,687 0.12 n/a
Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) 98,794 0.40 –0.61 0 –2
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)5 165,768 0.67 –0.27
Canarian Coalition (CCa)6 114,718 0.46 n/a 1
New Canaries–Canarian Bloc (NC–BC)6 45,557 0.18 n/a
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 152,327 0.62 +0.13 1
Navarrese People's Union (UPN)7 51,764 0.21 n/a 1
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 23,254 0.09
For a Fairer World (PUM+J)
Empty Spain (EV)
Exists Coalition (Existe)8
Empty Spain (EV) New
Empty Spain–Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (EV–PCAS–TC) New
Soria Now! (SY) New
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE)
Yes to the Future (GBai)
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 23,010 0.09 +0.05 0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM)
Blank Seats to Leave Empty Seats (EB)
For Ávila (XAV)
Humanist Party (PH)
For My Region (Por Mi Región)9
Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People (ANC–UP–PCPC)10
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE)
United Yes (Unidos SI)
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA)
Walking Together (CJ) New
Aragonese Party (PAR) New
Family and Life Party (PFyV) New
For Huelva (XH) New
Together for Granada–The Party of the Granadexit (JxG) New
Zamora Yes (ZSí) New
Let's Go Palencia (VP) New
Forward Andalusia (Adelante Andalucía) New
Extremaduran Bloc (BQEx) New
Decide–The Eco-pacifist Greens (Decidix–Centro Moderado) New
Popular Resistance (RP) New
Valencian Welfare State (EVB) New
Workers' Front (FO) 46,605 0.19 New
Almerienses–Regionalists for Almería (ALM) New
Left for Almería (IPAL) New
Free (LB) New
State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE) New
Self-employed Party (Partido Autónomos) New
Coalition for the Balearics (CperB) New
Encartaciones Exists (Encartaciones Existe/Enkartazioak Bizirik) New
We Are Cáceres (Somos Cc) New
Feminist Party of Spain (PFE) New
Spanish Christian Democratic Union (UCDE) New
Free Murcia (ML) New
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) New
Seniors in Action (3e en acción) New
Alive Land Palencia Independent Group (GIPTV) New
Citizen Sovereignty. Citizen Self-Government. Citizen State (Autogobernados) New
System Money Referendum (+RDS+) New
Catalonia Among Neighbors (EVR) New
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) n/a n/a –6.80 0 –10
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) n/a n/a –0.28 0 –1
Blank ballots
Total 350 ±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters 37,466,432
Sources:[151] (99% counted)
Footnotes:

Senate

← Summary of the 23 July 2023 Senate of Spain election results
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 120 +37
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 72 –21
Unite (Sumar) 0
Unite (Sumar)2 0
Unite–In Common We Can (Sumar–ECP)3 0
Commitment–Unite: We Unite to Win (Compromís–Sumar)4 0
Vox (Vox) 0 –2
Left for Independence (ERC–EH Bildu)5 7
Together for Catalonia (Junts)6 n/a 1 –2
Catalan European Democratic Party–CiU Space (PDeCAT–E–CiU)6 n/a 0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 4 –5
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)7
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)
Navarrese People's Union (UPN)8 n/a
Canarian Coalition (CCa)9 n/a
New Canaries–Canarian Bloc (NC–BC)9 n/a
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero)
Empty Spain (EV)
Exists Coalition (Existe)10
Empty Spain (EV) New
Empty Spain–Castilian Party–Commoners' Land (EV–PCAS–TC) New
Soria Now! (SY) New
Yes to the Future (GBai)
Leonese People's Union (UPL)
For Ávila (XAV)
Coalition for Melilla (CpM)
Canaries Now–Communist Party of the Canarian People (ANC–UP–PCPC)11
Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)
Ibiza and Formentera in the Senate (PSOE–SMR–EU–Ara Eivissa)12
Walking Together (CJ) New
Zamora Yes (ZSí) New
Let's Go Palencia (VP) New
Forward Andalusia (Adelante Andalucía) New
Extremaduran Bloc (BQEx) New
Decide–The Eco-pacifist Greens (Decidix–Centro Moderado) New
Popular Resistance (RP) New
Valencian Welfare State (EVB) New
Blank ballots[p]
Total 208 ±0
Valid votes
Invalid votes
Votes cast / turnout
Abstentions
Registered voters 37,466,432
Sources
Footnotes:

Notes

  1. ^ a b Results for Unidas Podemos (12.86%, 35 deputies and 0 senators), Más País (2.40%, 3 deputies and 0 senators), Més Esquerra (0.08%, 0 seats) and CHA (0.01%, 0 seats) in the November 2019 election.
  2. ^ ERC–Sobiranistes does not field candidates outside of Catalonia (48 seats) and therefore cannot obtain a majority in parliament.
  3. ^ a b Results for JxCat–Junts in the November 2019 election.
  4. ^ Junts does not field candidates outside of Catalonia (48 seats) and therefore cannot obtain a majority in parliament.
  5. ^ Meri Pita, former Podemos legislator;[34] Pablo Cambronero, former CS legislator.[35]
  6. ^ Ruth Goñi and Emilio Argüeso, former CS legislators.[37]
  7. ^ a b c ERC (11 senators) and EH Bildu (1 senator) joined the II alliance ahead of the 2023 Senate election.
  8. ^ Results for CCa–PNC–NC in the November 2019 election.
  9. ^ Results for ¡Teruel Existe! in the November 2019 election.
  10. ^ UPN (2 deputies and 1 senator) contested the November 2019 election within the NA+ alliance.
  11. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  12. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  13. ^ Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Within Sumar.
  15. ^ Within Unidas Podemos.
  16. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

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