Bihari languages: Difference between revisions
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| '''[[Vajjika language|Vajjika]]''' || || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]] |
| '''[[Vajjika language|Vajjika]]''' || || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]] |
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| '''[[Majhi language| |
| '''[[Majhi language|Majhi]]''' ||mjz || N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]] |
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| '''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' ||smm|| N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]] |
| '''[[Musasa language|Musasa]]''' ||smm|| N.A || N.A || Eastern [[Bihar]] |
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Revision as of 07:35, 19 March 2009
| Bihari | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Bihar |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | bih |
Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Bhojpuri and Maithili are spoken in Nepal as well. The Bhojpuri and Maithili speaking population form more than 20% of Nepalese population. Despite of large number of speakers of these languages, they have not been constitutionally recognized in India. Even in Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[1] These languages were legally absorbed under the subordinate lebel of HINDI in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[2] Nalanda Open University offers various courses on Bihari Languages (Magahi, Bhojpuri, Maithili)[3]. The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region - Magahi, Bhojpuri and Maithili were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950. [4]
Speakers of Bihari Languages
The number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language. [5]
The relationship of Maithili community with Bhojpuri and Magahi communities – the immediate neighbors have been neither very pleasant nor very hostile. These two groups have rather been very envious of the series of achievements – both literary and socio-political. But Maithili has been the only one among them which has been trying to constantly deny superimposition of Hindi over her identity. The other two have given up their claims and have resigned to accept the status of dialects of Hindi.
Languages included in Bihari group
| Language [6] | ISO 639-3 | Scripts | No. of Speakers [5] | Geographical Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhojpuri | bho | Kaithi, Devanagari | 29,384,562 | Western Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh |
| Magahi | mag | Kaithi, Devanagari | 11,362,000 | Southern Bihar |
| Maithili | mai | Maithili, Devanagari | 7,500,000 | Northern Bihar |
| Angika | anp | Anga, Kaithi, Devanagari | 700,000 | Eastern Bihar |
| Sadri, Oraon | sdr | N.A. | 1,965,000 | Jharkhand and Bangladesh |
| Fiji Hindi[7] | Roman and Devanagari | 460,000 | Fiji Inlands | |
| Kudmali | kyw | N.A. | 37,000 | N.A. |
| Panchpargania | tdb | N.A. | 274,000 | N.A. |
| Sarnami Hindustani[8] | hns | N.A. | 150,000 | Suriname |
| Surajpuri | sjp | N.A. | 273,000 | Kishanganj, katihar & Araria. |
| Vajjika | N.A | N.A | Eastern Bihar | |
| Majhi | mjz | N.A | N.A | Eastern Bihar |
| Musasa | smm | N.A | N.A | Eastern Bihar |
| Sadri | sdr | N.A. | N.A. | Jharkhand Bihar and Bangladesh |
References and footnotes
- ^ http://www.diehardindian.com/demogrph/moredemo/histlang.htm
- ^ Verma, Mahandra K. "Language Endangerment and Indian languages : An exploration and a critique". Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia.
{{cite conference}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help); Unknown parameter|booktitle=ignored (|book-title=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.nalandaopenuniversity.com/courses.html
- ^ Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 183
- ^ a b Jain Dhanesh, Cardona George, The Indo-Aryan Languages, pp500, "..the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness. The uneducated and the rural population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language."
- ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90424 Bihari Languages
- ^ "Form of Bihari and Awadhi, spoken by Fiji Indians"
- ^ "Form of Bihari with Awadhi influence spoken by Surinamers of Indian descent"