Korea: Difference between revisions

Korea
Korea
Largest conurbation (population)	Seoul
Official languages	Korean
Area
• Total	223,170 km2 (86,170 sq mi) (84th if reunified)
• Water (%)	2.8
Population
• 2007 estimate	72,285,392 (17th if reunified)
• Density	328.48/km2 (850.8/sq mi)
Currency	Won (₩) (N/S)
Time zone	UTC+9 (KST)

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Korea (Korean: 한국 (pronounced hankook) or 조선 (pronounced chosun)) is a civilization and formerly unified nation currently divided into two states. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it borders China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait.

Korea was united until 1948; at that time it was split into South Korea and North Korea. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a capitalistic, democratic developed country with memberships in the United Nations, WTO, OECD and G-20 major economies, and home to such global brands as Samsung, LG Electronics, Hyundai and Kia. North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a single-party communist state founded by Kim Il-sung and currently led by his son Kim-Jong-il, who has maintained relations with the People's Republic of China and Russia. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the origins of the Korean people were in Altaic language-speaking migrants from south-central Siberia,^[1] who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age.^[2] The adoption of the Chinese writing system ("Hanja" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC, and Buddhism in the 4th century AD, had profound effects on the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Baekje later passed on a modified version of these cultural advances to Japan.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

To sum up the Korean political history,it was always China's protectorate until the Treaty of Shimonosekiin 1895,ending the First Sino-Japanese War.

Since the Goryeo Dynasty, Korea was ruled by a single local government until the 13th century, despite the Mongol invasions of the Goryeo Dynasty in the 13th century and Japanese invasions of the Joseon Dynasty in the 16th century. In 1377, Korea produced the Jikji, the world's oldest existing document printed with movable metal type.^[7] In the 15th century, the turtle ships were deployed, and King Sejong the Great promulgated the Korean alphabet Hangul.

During the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname the "Hermit Kingdom". By the late 19th century, the country fell into ruin,derived from internal strife, power struggles, international pressure,rebellions at home, and extravagance of Empress Myeongseong.It became the object of the colonial designs of Japan and Europe. In 1910, Korea selected to be a part of Japan annexed by Japan to let the Koreans survive.It lasted until the end of World War II in August 1945.

In 1945, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender and disarming of Japanese troops in Korea; the Soviet Union accepting the surrender of Japanese weaponry north of the 38th parallel and the United States taking the surrender south of it. This minor decision by allied armies soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. The two Cold War rivals then established governments sympathetic to their own ideologies, leading to Korea's current division into two political entities: North Korea and South Korea.

Names of Korea

The name "Korea" derives from the Goryeo period of Korean history, which in turn referred to the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo. Merchants of the Middle East called it Cauli (from the Chinese pronunciation), which then came to be spelled Corea and Korea. Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. A K is often used in Germanic languages, while a C is preferred in Romance languages.

In the Korean language, Korea as a whole is referred to as Han-guk in South Korea, and Chosŏn in North Korea. The latter name, also Romanized Joseon, is from the Joseon Dynasty and the earlier Gojoseon. "The Land of the Morning Calm" is an English language nickname loosely derived from the hanja characters for Joseon.

History

Prehistory and Gojoseon

Korean Academy of Social Sciences discovered ancient human fossils originating from about 100,000 BC in the lava at a stone city site in Korea. Fluorescent and high-magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 300,000 BC.^[8] The best preserved Korean pottery goes back to the paleolithic times around 10,000 BC, and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BC.

Gojoseon's founding legend describes Dangun, a descendent of heaven, as establishing the kingdom in 2333 BC.^[9] Archaeological and contemporary written records indicate it developed from a federation of walled cities into a centralized kingdom sometime between the 7th and 4th centuries BC.

The original capital may have been at the Manchuria-Korea border, but was later moved to what is today Pyongyang, North Korea. In 108 BC, the Chinese Han Dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in the area of Liaoning and the northern Korean peninsula. By 75 BC, three of those commanderies had fallen, but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties until 313, when it fell to Goguryeo.

Proto-Three Kingdoms

The Proto-Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Several States Period, is the earlier part of what is commonly called the Three Kingdoms Period, following the fall of Gojoseon but before Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla fully developed into kingdoms.

This time period saw numerous states spring up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Buyeo arose in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria, from about the 2nd century BC to 494. Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje, two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, considered themselves its successor. Okjeo and Dongye of northern Korea were eventually absorbed into the growing Goguryeo.

Located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, Samhan refers to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan was the largest and consisted of 54 states. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya.

Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms of Korea (Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje) dominated the peninsula and parts of Manchuria during the early Common Era. They competed with each other both economically and militarily.

Goguryeo united Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye and other states in the former Gojoseon territory, in addition to destroying the last Chinese commandery.^[10] Goguryeo was the most dominant power, Goguryeo reached its zenith in the fifth century, when reign of the Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, Jangsu expanded territory into almost all of Manchuria and part of inner Mongolia, and took the Seoul region from Baekje. Gwanggaeto and Jangsu subdued Baekje and Silla during their times. After the 7th Century, Goguryeo was constantly at war with the Sui and Tang dynasties of China.

Founded around modern day Seoul, the southwestern kingdom Baekje expanded far beyond Pyongyang during the peak of its powers in the 4th century. It had absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla, as well as part of Hwanghae and Gangwon) to a centralized government. Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through contacts with the Southern Dynasties during the expansion of its territory. Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture, art, and language was strongly influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself. Archeological findings have further confirmed many of these hypotheses but extensive investigation is often restricted by the Japanese government and is usually conducted by government-appointed groups.^{[citation needed]}

Although later records claim that Silla, in the southeast, was the oldest of the three kingdoms, it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city states. Silla began to gain power when it annexed the Gaya confederacy in 562 AD. The Gaya confederacy was located between Baekje and Silla. The three kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla often faced pressure from Baekje and Goguryeo but at various times Silla also allied with Baekje and Goguryeo in order to gain dominance over the peninsula.

In 660, King Muyeol of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin(Gim Yu-sin), aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje. In 661, Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.

North South States Period

In the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries, Silla's power gradually extended across the Korean Peninsula. Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy. By the 660s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. After repelling Chinese forces, Silla partially unified the Peninsula, beginning a period often called Unified Silla.

In the north, former Goguryeo General Dae Joyeong led a group of Goguryeo refugees to the Jilin area in Manchuria and founded Balhae (698 AD - 926 AD) as the successor to Goguryeo. At its height, Balhae's territory extended from northern Manchuria down to the northern provinces of modern-day Korea. Balhae was destroyed by the Khitans in 926.

Unified Silla fell apart in the late 9th century, giving way to the tumultuous Later Three Kingdoms period (892-935). Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and absorbed Balhae refugees.

Goryeo

The country Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea. ("Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the source of the English name "Korea.") The dynasty lasted until 1392.

During this period laws were codified, and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished, and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon industry flourished in 12th and 13th century. The publication of Tripitaka Koreana onto 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world's first movable-metal-type printing press in 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.

Their dynasty was threatened by Mongol invasion from the 1230s into the 1270s, but the dynastic line continued to survive until 1392 since they negotiated a treaty with the Mongols that kept its sovereign power.

In 1350s, King Gongmin was free at last to reform a Goryeo government. Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars.

Joseon Dynasty

In 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) with a largely bloodless coup. He named it the Joseon Dynasty in honor of the previous Joseon before (Gojoseon is the first Joseon. "Go", meaning "old", was added to distinguish between the two).

King Taejo moved the capital to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace. In 1394 he adopted Confucianism as the country's official religion, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. The prevailing philosophy was Neo-Confucianism.

Joseon experienced advances in science and culture. King Sejong the Great (1418-1450) promulgated hangul, the Korean alphabet. The period saw various other cultural and technological advances as well as the dominance of neo-Confucianism over the entire peninsula. Slaves, nobi, are estimated to have accounted for about one third of the population of Joseon Korea.^[11]

Between 1592 and 1598, the Japanese invaded Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi ordered the forces and tried to invade the Asian continent through Korea, but was eventually repelled by a Righteous army, Admiral Yi Sun-sin and assistance from Ming China. This war also saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-sin with the "turtle ship". In the 1620s and 1630s Joseon suffered invasions by the Manchu.

After invasions from Manchuria, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. King Yeongjo and King Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty.

However, during the last years of the Joseon Dynasty, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the name the "Hermit Kingdom", primarily for protection against Western imperialism before it was forced to open trade beginning an era leading into Japanese colonial rule.

Korean Empire

The earliest surviving depiction of the Korean / South Korean flag was printed in a US Navy book *Flags of Maritime Nations* in July 1889.

Beginning in the 1870s, Japan began to force Korea out of the Manchu Qing Dynasty's sphere of the traditional influence into its own. As a result of the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), the Qing Dynasty had to give up such a position according to Article 1 of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was concluded between Qing and Japan in 1895. The same year, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by Japanese agents.^[12]

In 1897, the Joseon dynasty proclaimed the Korean Empire (1897-1910), and King Gojong became Emperor Gojong. This brief period saw the partially successful modernization of the military, economy, real property laws, education system, and various industries, influenced by the political encroachment into Korea of Russia, Japan, France, and the United States.

In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War pushed the Russians out of the fight for Korea. In Manchuria on 1909, An Jung-geun assassinated the former Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi for his role in trying to force Korea into occupation.

Japanese occupation

In 1910, an already militarily occupied Korea was a forced party to the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty. The treaty was signed by Lee Wan-Yong, who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor. However, the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae-jin.^[13] There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal.

Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation^[14]^[15]^[16] was manifested in the nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919, where 7,000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military.^[17] The Korean liberation movement also spread to neighboring Manchuria and Siberia.

Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939,^[18] and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military.^[19] Approximately 200,000 girls and women,^[20] mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.^[21] In 1993, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named "comfort women".^[22]^[23]

During the Japanese Colonial rule, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei.^[24] Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed^[25] or taken to Japan.^[26] To this day, valuable Korean artifacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections.^[27] One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artifacts actually remain in Japan.^[26]^[28] Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties, but to date^[26] this has not occurred.^[28] Korea and Japan still dispute the ownership of Liancourt Rocks, a small island located east of the Korean peninsula.^[29]

There was a significant level of emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese colonial period, including Korea.^[30] By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea.^[31] After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan.

Korean War

With the surrender of Japan in 1945 the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south. The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments, North Korea and South Korea.

In June 1950 North Korea invaded the South, using Soviet tanks and weaponry. During the Korean War (1950-1953) millions of civilians died and the three years of fighting throughout the nation effectively destroyed most cities.^[32] Around 125,000 POWs were captured and held by the Americans and South Koreans on Geojedo (an island in the south).^[33] The war ended in a ceasefire agreement at approximately the Military Demarcation Line.

Division of Korea

File:Teheran Ave night.jpg

South Korea is one of Four Asian Tigers and described as the Miracle on the Han.

The aftermath of World War II left Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel, with the north under Soviet occupation and the south under the occupation of other allied countries. Consequently, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a Soviet-style socialist regime, was established in the north while the Republic of Korea, a Western-style republic, was established in the south.^[34] The Korean War broke out when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea, though neither side gained much territory as a result. The Korean peninsula remains divided, the Korean Demilitarized Zone being the de facto border between the two states.

The North Korean famine began in 1995 and peaked in 1997. According to a report by North Korea's Public Security Ministry, the North estimates its losses at about 2.5 million to 3 million from 1995 to March 1998.^[35]

Geography

Korea is located on the Korean Peninsula in North-East Asia. To the northwest, the Amnok River (Yalu River) separates Korea from China and to the northeast, the Duman River (Tumen River) separates Korea from China and Russia. The Yellow Sea is to the west, the East China Sea is to the south, and the East Sea is to the east of Korea.^[36] Notable islands include Jeju Island(Jejudo), Ulleung Island(Ulleungdo), and Dokdo Island.

The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well-developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is Mount Paektu or Paektusan (2744 m), through which runs the border with China. The southern extension of Paektusan is a highland called Gaema Heights. This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This mountain range is named Baekdudaegan. Some significant mountains include Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan (1,439 m), Mount Kumgang or Kumgangsan (1,638 m), Mount Seorak or Seoraksan(1,708 m), Mount Taebaek or Taebaeksan (1,567 m), and Mount Jiri or Jirisan(1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdudaegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest.

Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju Island, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain Mount Halla or Hallasan (1950 m) is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the East Sea, whose composition is more felsic than Jeju-do. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.

Because the mountainous region is mostly on the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow westwards. Two exceptions are the southward-flowing Nakdong River(Nakdonggang) and Seomjin River(Seomjingang). Important rivers running westward include the Amnok River (Yalu), the Chongchon River(Chongchongang), the Taedong River(Taedonggang), the Han River(Hangang), the Geum River(Geumgang), and the Yeongsan River(Yeongsangang). These rivers have vast flood plains and provide an ideal environment for wet-rice cultivation.

The southern and southwestern coastlines of Korea form a well-developed ria coastline, known as Dadohae-jin in Korean. Its convoluted coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean Peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at Incheon, around the middle of the western coast. It can get as high as 9 m). Vast tidal flats have been developing on the south and west coastlines

Demographics

The combined population of the Koreas is about 73 million (North Korea: 23 million, South Korea: 50 million). Korea is chiefly populated by a highly homogeneous ethnic group, the Koreans, who speak the Korean language.^[37] The number of foreigners living in Korea has also steadily increased since the late 20th century, particularly in South Korea, where more than 1 million foreigners currently reside.^[38] It is estimated that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea.^[39] However, in recent years, immigration from mainland China has increased; 624,994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea, including 443,566 of ethnic Korean descent.^[40] Small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are also found in North Korea.^[41]

Language

Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea, and (along with Mandarin) of Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture in Manchuria area of China. Worldwide, there are up to 80 million speakers of the Korean language. South Korea has around 50 million speakers while North Korea around 23 million. Other large groups of Korean speakers are found in the United States (around 0.9 million speakers), China (around 1.8 million speakers), the former Soviet Union (around 350,000), Japan (around 700,000), Canada (100,000), Philippines (70,000) and Australia (150,000). It is estimated that there are around 700,000 people scattered across the world who are able to speak Korean because of job requirements (for example, salespersons or businessmen with Korean contacts), marriages to Koreans or out of pure interest in the language. ^{[citation needed]}

The genealogical classification of Korean is debated. Some linguists place it in the Altaic language family; others consider it to be a language isolate. Korean is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. Like Japanese and Vietnamese, Korean has borrowed much vocabulary from the genetically unrelated Chinese or created vocabulary on Chinese models.

Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the hangul script, which was invented in the 15th century. While hangul may appear logographic, it is actually a phonemic alphabet organized into syllabic blocks. Each block consists of at least two of the 24 hangul letters (jamo): at least one each of the 14 consonants and 10 vowels. Historically, the alphabet had several additional letters (see obsolete jamo). For a phonological description of the letters, see Korean phonology. Hanja (Chinese characters) and Latin alphabets are sometimes included within hangul texts, particularly in South Korea.

Culture and arts

In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (금수강산, 錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (동방예의지국, 東方禮儀之國).^[42] During the 7th and 8th centuries, the silk road connected Korea to Arabia. In 845, Arab traders wrote, "Beyond China is a land where gold abounds and which is named Silla. The Muslims who have gone there have been charmed by the country and tend to settle there and abandon all idea of leaving.^[43]"

Korean festivities often showcase vibrant colors, which have been attributed to Mongolian influences: bright red, yellow, and green often mark traditional Korean motifs.^[44] These bright colors are sometimes seen in the traditional dress known as hanbok.

One peculiarity of Korean culture is its age reckoning system. Individuals are regarded as one year old when they are born, and their age increments on New Year's Day rather than on the anniversary of their birthday. Thus, one born on December the 31st would be aged two on the day after they were born. Accordingly, a Korean person's stated age will be one or two years more than their age expressed in the Western tradition.

Literature

Korean literature written before the end of the Joseon Dynasty is called "Classical" or "Traditional." Literature, written in Chinese characters (hanja), was established at the same time as the Chinese script arrived on the peninsula. Korean scholars were writing poetry in the classical Korean style as early as the 2nd century BC, reflecting Korean thoughts and experiences of that time. Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the peninsula, strongly influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Modern literature is often linked with the development of hangul, which helped spread literacy from the aristocracy to the common people and women. Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. Sinsoseol, for instance, are novels written in hangul.

The Korean War led to the development of literature centered around the wounds and chaos of war. Much of the post-war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people, and their struggles with national pain. The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time.

Religion

Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by Buddhism, Taoism, and Korean Shamanism. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism in South Korea, while religious practice has been suppressed in North Korea. Throughout Korean history and culture, regardless of separation; the influence of traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism have remained an underlying religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture; all these traditions have coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years up to today despite strong Westernization from Christian missionary conversions in the South^[45]^[46]^[47] or the pressure from Communism's atheist government in the North.^[48]^[49]

According to 2005 statistics compiled by the South Korean government, about 46% of citizens profess to follow no particular religion. Christians account for 29.2% of the population (of which are Protestants 18.3% and Catholics 10.9%) and Buddhists 22.8%.^[50]

Koreans valued scholarship and rewarded education and study of Chinese classic texts; Yangban boys were highly educated in hanja. In Silla, the bone rank system defined a person's social status, and a similar system persisted through the end of the Joseon Dynasty. In addition, the gwageo civil service examination provided paths of upward mobility.

Islam in South Korea is comprised of about 45,000 in addition to some 100,000 foreign workers from Muslim countries.^[51]

Cuisine

Korean cuisine is probably best known for kimchi, which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables, most commonly cabbage. Gochujang is also commonly used, often as pepper (chilli) powder, earning the cuisine a reputation for being spicy.

Bulgogi (roasted marinated meat, usually beef), galbi (marinated grilled short ribs), and samgyeopsal (pork belly) are popular meat entrees. Meals are usually accompanied by a soup or stew, such as galbitang (stewed ribs) and doenjang jjigae (fermented bean paste stew). The center of the table is filled with a shared collection of sidedishes called banchan. It is also usually accompanied by Soju, a popular Korean alcoholic drink made from rice.

Other popular dishes include bibimbap which literally means "mixed rice" (rice mixed with meat, vegetables, and pepper paste) and naengmyeon (cold noodles).

Also, an instant noodle snack called ramyeon is popular. Koreans also enjoy food from pojangmachas (street vendors), where one can buy fish cake, Tteokbokki (rice cake and fish cake with a spicy gochujang sauce), and fried foods including squid, sweet potato, peppers, potato, lettuce. Sundae, a sausage made of bean curd and green-bean sprouts stuffed in pig intestine, is widely eaten.

Education

The modern Korean school system consists of 6 years in elementary school, 3 years in middle school, and 3 years in high school. Students are supposed to go to elementary and middle school, and do not have to pay for the education, except for a small fee called "School Operation Support Fee" that differs from school to school. (The teachers are paid from taxes) The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks South Korea's science education as the 3rd best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.^[52]

Korea also ranks 2nd on Maths and literature and 1st in problem solving. Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative tests, the education system is sometimes criticized for its emphasis on passive learning and memorization. The Korean education system is much more strict and structured than most western societies and Korean students rarely have free time to spend enjoying themselves as they are under a lot of pressure to perform and gain entrance to a university.^{[citation needed]}. Also high cost and dependence on non-school private institution (Hakwon) is criticized as one of the major social problem.

Science and technology

One of the best known artifacts of Korea's history of science and technology is Cheomseongdae (첨성대, 瞻星臺), a 9.4-meter high observatory built in 634. It is considered to be one of the world's oldest surviving astronomical observatories.

The world's first metal mechanical movable type printing was developed in Korea in 1234 by Choe Yun-ui during the Goryeo Dynasty, modeled after widespread Chinese clay (Bi Sheng in 1041), several hundred years before Johann Gutenberg developed his metal letterset type (Cumings 1997: 65). Though the block printing was used much earlier, metal movable type printing press marked a significant development in printing allowing the same tools to be used for more diverse printings. The Jikji is the world's earliest remaining movable metal printed book, printed in Korea in 1377.

The world's earliest known surviving example of woodblock printing is the Mugujeonggwang Great Dharani Sutra.^[53] It is believed to have been printed in Korea in 750-751 AD which, if correct, would make it older than the Diamond Sutra. Goryeo silk was highly regarded by China, and Korean pottery made with blue-green celadon was of the highest quality and sought after by even Arabian merchants. Goryeo had a bustling economy with a capital that was frequented by merchants from all over the known world.

During the Joseon period the Geobukseon (Turtle Ship) were invented, which were covered by a wooden deck and iron with thorns, ^[54]^[55]^[56] as well as other weapons such as the Bigyeokjincheolloe (비격진천뢰, 飛擊震天雷) and the hwacha. It is also considered to be the world first ship that is partly made of iron.

The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by Sejong the Great.

Notes

^ The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, pp. 165
^ 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, pp. 44-45
^ "Yayoi Period History Summary," BookRags.com; Jared Diamond, "Japanese Roots," Discover 19:6 (June 1998); Thayer Watkins, "The Genetic Origins of the Japanese"; "Shinto - History to 1900," Encyclopædia Britannica; "The Yayoi period (c. 250 BC–c. 250 AD)," Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ "Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism," Seoul Times, September 18, 2006; "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," JapanGuide.com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor.com.
^ Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2
^ From Paekche to Origin of Yamato
^ World's oldest printed Doc
^ http://www.pureinsight.org/pi/index.php?news=1065
^ Go-Choson
^ Koguryo
^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Slavery
^ Murder of Empress Myeongseong
^ "서울대이태진교수의동경대생들에게들려준한국사 : 메이지일본의한국침략사", Yi Tae-jin (2005) ISBN 89-7626-999-3
^ 4. Korea, 1910-1945. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
^ Korea - MSN Encarta
^ Asia Times Online :: Japan News and Japanese Business and Economy
^ March 1st Movement
^ Statistics Of Japanese Genocide And Mass Murder
^ 山脇啓造 Yamawaki, Keizo. 近代日本と外国人労働者―1890年代後半と1920年代前半における中国人・朝鮮人労働者問題 Modern Japan and Foreign Laborers: Chinese and Korean Laborers in the late 1890s and early 1920s, 明石書店 Akashi-shoten, 1994, et al. ISBN 9784750305684
^ Yoshimi Yoshiaki, Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II. Translated by Suzanne O'Brien. Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12032-X, originally published by 岩波書店, 1995. ISBN 978-4004303848
^ CNN.com - Japanese comfort women ruling overturned - March 29, 2001
^ Comfort-Women.org
^ MOFA: Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono on the result of the study on the issue of "comfort women"
^ HAN: "Koreans in Japan: Past and Present"
^ Gyeongbok Palace | Seoul City | South Korea
^ ^a ^b ^c Kay Itoi (2007-10-17). "KOREA: A TUSSLE OVER TREASURES - Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan?". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-06-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Newsweek.com. Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan?
^ ^a ^b http://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=001&article_id=0001429084
^ 日독도 영유권 교육강화 방침, 2005년에 이미 발표 :: 한국의 대표 진보언론 민중의소리
^ Japanese Periodicals in Colonial Korea
^ The Life Instability of Intermarried Japanese Women in Korea
^ Korean War (1950–53). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
^ (Cumings 1997: 298)
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea
^ "North Korea 'loses 3 million to famine'", CNN, February 17, 1999
^ Korean Map, The People's Korea, 1998.
^ Korea's ethnic nationalism is a source of both pride and prejudice, according to Gi-Wook Shin
^ Trying to teach South Korea about discrimination. Los Angeles Times. February 24, 2009.
^ Kim, Hyung-jin (2006-08-29). "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes". Yonhap News. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
^ "More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea". Chosun Ilbo. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Korea, North
^ "대한민국의 국호". Naver Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
^ The kingdom of Silla and the treasures of Nara (ancient Korea kingdom; Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan)
^ http://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/calendar/kcostumes.htm
^ About Korea - Religion
^ Every Culture - South Koreans
^ Every Culture - Culture of SOUTH KOREA
^ Every Culture - Culture of NORTH KOREA
^ CIA The World Factbook -- North Korea
^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Korea, Republic of
^ http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/KoreaSouth/ks_news002.html The Korea Times:Islam takes root and blooms
^ http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf
^ Cultural Heritage, the source for Koreans' Strength and Dream
^ Hawley, Samuel: The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.195f.
^ Turnbull, Stephen: Samurai Invasion. Japan’s Korean War 1592-98 (London, 2002), Cassell & Co ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244
^ Roh, Young-koo: "Yi Sun-shin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth", The Review of Korean Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2004), p.13

References

Cumings, Bruce. Korea's Place in the Sun, Norton, 1997. ISBN 0-393-31681-5
Kim, et al. Women of Korea: A History from Ancient Times to 1945, Ewha Womans University Press, 1976. ISBN 89-7300-116-7.
Asian Info website
Park's Associates
sjtu.edu.cn
umsl.edu
diamond-dilemma.com
Mitchell, Richard H. (1997), "George Hicks. The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War.", The American Historical Review, 102 (2): 503, doi:10.2307/2170934 {{citation}}: External link in |issue= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) (Review of Hicks 1997).

External links

38°19′N 127°14′E / 38.317°N 127.233°E / 38.317; 127.233

[1] The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan, pp. 165

[2] 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국, pp. 44-45

[3] "Yayoi Period History Summary," BookRags.com; Jared Diamond, "Japanese Roots," Discover 19:6 (June 1998); Thayer Watkins, "The Genetic Origins of the Japanese"; "Shinto - History to 1900," Encyclopædia Britannica; "The Yayoi period (c. 250 BC–c. 250 AD)," Encyclopædia Britannica.

[4] "Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism," Seoul Times, September 18, 2006; "Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan," Asia Society Museum; "Kanji," JapanGuide.com; "Pottery," MSN Encarta; "History of Japan," JapanVisitor.com.

[5] Delmer M. Brown (ed.), ed. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–149. {{cite book}}: |editor= has generic name (help); George Sansom, A History of Japan to 1334, Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2

[6] From Paekche to Origin of Yamato

[7] World's oldest printed Doc

[8] ttp://www.pureinsight.org/pi/index.php?news=1065

[9] Go-Choson

[10] Koguryo

[11] Encyclopædia Britannica - Slavery

[autogenerated3-12] Murder of Empress Myeongseong

[13] "서울대이태진교수의동경대생들에게들려준한국사 : 메이지일본의한국침략사", Yi Tae-jin (2005) ISBN 89-7626-999-3

[14] 4. Korea, 1910-1945. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History

[15] Korea - MSN Encarta

[16] Asia Times Online :: Japan News and Japanese Business and Economy

[17] March 1st Movement

[18] Statistics Of Japanese Genocide And Mass Murder

[19] 山脇啓造 Yamawaki, Keizo. 近代日本と外国人労働者―1890年代後半と1920年代前半における中国人・朝鮮人労働者問題 Modern Japan and Foreign Laborers: Chinese and Korean Laborers in the late 1890s and early 1920s, 明石書店 Akashi-shoten, 1994, et al. ISBN 9784750305684

[20] Yoshimi Yoshiaki, Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II. Translated by Suzanne O'Brien. Columbia University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-231-12032-X, originally published by 岩波書店, 1995. ISBN 978-4004303848

[21] CNN.com - Japanese comfort women ruling overturned - March 29, 2001

[22] Comfort-Women.org

[23] MOFA: Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono on the result of the study on the issue of "comfort women"

[24] HAN: "Koreans in Japan: Past and Present"

[25] Gyeongbok Palace | Seoul City | South Korea

[Newsweek-26] Kay Itoi (2007-10-17). "KOREA: A TUSSLE OVER TREASURES - Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan?". Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-06-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[27] Newsweek.com. Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan?

[naver-28] ttp://news.naver.com/news/read.php?mode=LSD&office_id=001&article_id=0001429084

[29] 日독도 영유권 교육강화 방침, 2005년에 이미 발표 :: 한국의 대표 진보언론 민중의소리

[30] Japanese Periodicals in Colonial Korea

[31] The Life Instability of Intermarried Japanese Women in Korea

[32] Korean War (1950–53). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.

[33] (Cumings 1997: 298)

[34] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea

[35] "North Korea 'loses 3 million to famine'", CNN, February 17, 1999

[36] Korean Map, The People's Korea, 1998.

[37] Korea's ethnic nationalism is a source of both pride and prejudice, according to Gi-Wook Shin

[38] Trying to teach South Korea about discrimination. Los Angeles Times. February 24, 2009.

[39] Kim, Hyung-jin (2006-08-29). "No 'real' Chinatown in S. Korea, the result of xenophobic attitudes". Yonhap News. Retrieved 2006-12-08.

[million-40] "More Than 1 Million Foreigners Live in Korea". Chosun Ilbo. 2009-08-06. Retrieved 2009-08-16.

[41] CIA - The World Factbook - Korea, North

[42] "대한민국의 국호". Naver Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-08-14.

[43] The kingdom of Silla and the treasures of Nara (ancient Korea kingdom; Buddhist temple in Nara, Japan)

[44] ttp://www.pacificasiamuseum.org/calendar/kcostumes.htm

[45] About Korea - Religion

[46] Every Culture - South Koreans

[47] Every Culture - Culture of SOUTH KOREA

[48] Every Culture - Culture of NORTH KOREA

[49] CIA The World Factbook -- North Korea

[50] International Religious Freedom Report 2008 - Korea, Republic of

[51] ttp://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/KoreaSouth/ks_news002.html The Korea Times:Islam takes root and blooms

[52] ttp://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/42/8/39700724.pdf

[53] Cultural Heritage, the source for Koreans' Strength and Dream

[Hawley_2005,_195f.-54] Hawley, Samuel: The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul 2005, ISBN 89-954424-2-5, p.195f.

[Turnbull_2002,_244-55] Turnbull, Stephen: Samurai Invasion. Japan’s Korean War 1592-98 (London, 2002), Cassell & Co ISBN 0-304-35948-3, p.244

[Roh_2004,_13-56] Roh, Young-koo: "Yi Sun-shin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth", The Review of Korean Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2004), p.13

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@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest the origins of the [[Koreans|Korean people]] were in [[Altaic language]]-speaking migrants from south-central [[Siberia]],<ref>''The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan'', pp. 165</ref> who populated [[History of Korea|ancient Korea]] in successive waves from the [[Neolithic]] age to the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>''뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국'', pp. 44-45</ref> The adoption of the [[Chinese writing system]] ("[[Hanja]]" in Korean) in the 2nd century BC, and [[Buddhism]] in the 4th century AD, had profound effects on the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]]. [[Baekje]] later passed on a modified version of these cultural advances to [[Japan]].<ref>"[http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/yayoi-period-ema-06/ Yayoi Period History Summary]," BookRags.com; Jared Diamond, "[http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html Japanese Roots]," ''Discover'' 19:6 (June 1998); Thayer Watkins, "[http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm The Genetic Origins of the Japanese]"; "[http://cache.britannica.com/eb/article-8481 Shinto - History to 1900]," ''Encyclopædia Britannica''; "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23121?query=Yayoi&ct=%20 The Yayoi period (c. 250 BC–c. 250 AD)]," ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref><ref>"[http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=580 Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism]," ''Seoul Times'', September 18, 2006; "[http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/buddhist_trade/koreajapan.html Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan]," Asia Society Museum; "[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html Kanji]," JapanGuide.com; "[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html Pottery]," MSN Encarta; "[http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=359&pID=334&cName=Japanese History of Japan]," JapanVisitor.com.</ref><ref>{{cite book | editor = Delmer M. Brown (ed.) | year = 1993 | title = The Cambridge History of Japan | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 140–149 | url = http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0521223520&id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&pg=PA159&lpg=PA159&vq=buddhism&dq=Paekche+hostage+japan&sig=dwsfsmf80GCVdVXe90a5s9Tkq34}}; George Sansom, ''A History of Japan to 1334'', Stanford University Press, 1958. p. 47. ISBN 0-8047-0523-2</ref><ref>[http://gias.snu.ac.kr/wthong/publication/paekche/eng/paekch_e.html From Paekche to Origin of Yamato]</ref>
+To sum up the Korean political history,it was always China's protectorate until the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]in 1895,ending the [[First Sino-Japanese War]].
-Since the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], Korea was ruled by a single government and maintained political and cultural independence until the 13th century, despite the [[Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasions]] of the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty in the 13th century and [[Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea|Japanese invasions]] of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] in the 16th century. In 1377, Korea produced the [[Jikji]], the world's oldest existing document printed with movable metal type.<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3946&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html World's oldest printed Doc]</ref>  In the 15th century, the [[turtle ship]]s were deployed, and King [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|Sejong the Great]] promulgated the Korean alphabet [[Hangul]].
+Since the [[Goryeo Dynasty]], Korea was ruled by a single local government until the 13th century, despite the [[Mongol invasions of Korea|Mongol invasions]] of the [[Goryeo]] Dynasty in the 13th century and [[Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea|Japanese invasions]] of the [[Joseon Dynasty]] in the 16th century. In 1377, Korea produced the [[Jikji]], the world's oldest existing document printed with movable metal type.<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3946&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html World's oldest printed Doc]</ref>  In the 15th century, the [[turtle ship]]s were deployed, and King [[Sejong the Great of Joseon|Sejong the Great]] promulgated the Korean alphabet [[Hangul]].
-During the latter part of the [[Joseon Dynasty]], Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname the "[[Hermit Kingdom]]". By the late 19th century, the country became the object of the colonial designs of [[Japan]] and [[Europe]]. In 1910, Korea was forcibly [[Korea under Japanese rule|annexed by Japan]] and remained occupied until the end of [[World War II]] in August 1945.
+During the latter part of the [[Joseon Dynasty]], Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname the "[[Hermit Kingdom]]". By the late 19th century, the country fell into ruin,derived from internal strife, power struggles, international pressure,rebellions at home, and extravagance of [[Empress Myeongseong]].It became the object of the colonial designs of [[Japan]] and [[Europe]]. In 1910, Korea selected to be a part of Japan [[Korea under Japanese rule|annexed by Japan]] to let the Koreans survive.It lasted until the end of [[World War II]] in August 1945.
 In 1945, the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] agreed on the [[surrender of Japan|surrender]] and disarming of Japanese troops in Korea; the Soviet Union accepting the surrender of Japanese weaponry [[38th parallel north#Korea|north of the 38th parallel]] and the United States taking the surrender south of it.  This minor decision by allied armies soon became the basis for the [[division of Korea]] by the two [[superpower]]s, exacerbated by their inability to agree on the terms of Korean independence.  The two [[Cold War]] rivals then established governments sympathetic to their own ideologies, leading to Korea's current division into two political entities: [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]].