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But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately-owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park."}}</ref> About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."<ref name=evict-idea>[http://occupywallst.org/article/you-cant-evict-idea-whose-time-has-come "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."]- official statement of Occupy Wall Street Media Team, posted November 15, 2011, 1:36 a.m. EST</ref>
But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately-owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park."}}</ref> About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."<ref name=evict-idea>[http://occupywallst.org/article/you-cant-evict-idea-whose-time-has-come "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."]- official statement of Occupy Wall Street Media Team, posted November 15, 2011, 1:36 a.m. EST</ref>


On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park ">{{cite web|title=Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/yup-back-protesters-occupy-year-article-1.999412|accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activist entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were push back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 a.m. after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 a.m. According to New York Times, the park was cleared out by police by 2:30 a.m. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park">{{cite web|title=OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> [[File:Police stuggle with barricades.jpg|thumb|Police struggling to hold barricades away from protesters]]
On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.<ref name="Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park ">{{cite web|title=Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/yup-back-protesters-occupy-year-article-1.999412|accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were push back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 a.m. after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 a.m. According to New York Times, the park was cleared out by police by 2:30 a.m. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.<ref name="OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park">{{cite web|title=OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park|url=http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/news/ows-clash-with-police-at-zuccotti-park-20120101-ncx|accessdate=1 January 2012}}</ref> [[File:Police stuggle with barricades.jpg|thumb|Police struggling to hold barricades away from protesters]]


Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park Occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the police raid, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |title=After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-30}}</ref>
Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park Occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the police raid, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/12/occupy-wall-street-after-encampment-protesters-nomads_n_1201542.html |title=After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-30}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:56, 15 February 2012

This article is about the protests in New York City. For the wider movement, see Occupy movement.

Occupy Wall Street
Part of the Occupy movement
Poster depicting a female ballerina pirouetting on the back of the Charging Bull statue on Wall Street; on the street behind her, a line of gas-masked rioters struggle through smoke. Text on the poster reads: "What is our one demand? #OCCUPYWALLSTREET September 17th. Bring Tent."
Adbusters poster for the start date of the occupation, September 17, 2011.
DateSeptember 17, 2011 (2011-09-17) – ongoing
(12 years, 9 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location
New York City
Caused byWealth inequality, Corporate influence of government, Populism, (in support of) Social Democracy, inter alia.
Methods
StatusOngoing
Number
Zuccotti Park

Other activity in NYC:

  • 2,000+ marchers
    (march on police headquarters, October 2, 2011)[1]
  • 700+ marchers arrested
    (crossing Brooklyn Bridge, October 3, 2011)[2]
  • 15,000+ marchers
    (Lower Manhattan solidarity march, October 5, 2011)[3]
  • 6,000+ marchers
    (Times Square recruitment center march, October 15, 2011)[4]

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is a protest movement that began September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district. The protests are against social and economic inequality, high unemployment, greed, corruption and the undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The protesters' slogan We are the 99% refers to the growing income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. OWS was initiated by the Canadian activist group Adbusters and has led to Occupy protests and movements around the world.

Overview

Origin

In a blog post from July 13 of 2011, the Canadian-based Adbusters Media Foundation, best known for its advertisement-free anti-consumerist magazine Adbusters, proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the absence of legal repercussions for those behind the recent global financial crisis, and a growing disparity in wealth.[5] Adbusters' senior editor, Micah White, said they had suggested the protest via their email list and it "was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world.”[5] The intention was to combine aspects of the 2011 protests in Tahrir Square, which used a symbolic location, with the consensus decision making of general assemblies from the 2011 Spanish protests.[6] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue.[7][8][9] Adbuster's July 13 blog post was titled with the hashtag "#OccupyWallStreet." The tag slowly started seeing use on social networks, beginning with Twitter.[10] After no more than a day it amounted to nearly one in every 500 hashtags used, [10] although large-scale use of the tag was not seen until September 16, at 11:00pm.

The group "New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts" began promoting[when?] a “People’s General Assembly” to be held at Bowling Green. Anarchist activist and anthropologist, David Graeber and his friends, who attended the meeting/rally were angered by the “verticals”—top-down organizations—rather than “horizontals” and began their own separate General Assembly which lasted well into the evening and eventually included the original organizing group as well. Over the next month and a half meetings were held to discuss such things as demands.[11]

The internet group Anonymous encouraged its readers to take part in the protests.[12] Other groups began joining to assist in organization, including the U.S. Day of Rage.[13] and the NYC General Assembly.[14] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[15]

September 17, 2011-first day demonstrators receiving donated peanut butter

The original location of choice by the protesters was 1 Chase Plaza, the site of the "Charging Bull" sculpture. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off the location. Nearby Zuccotti Park was then chosen. Since the park was private property police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[16] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[14]

A good portion of Occupy Wall Street was inspired by Egyptian activists and the 'The Arab Spring' - the feeling that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been wrong in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.[17] Kalle Lasn, co-founder of Adbusters, said that after the election of President Barack Obama there was a feeling that "Wow, things are going to change" "And then slowly this feeling that he's a bit of a gutless wonder slowly crept in, and now we're despondent again." "On the Egyptian side, even though their techniques were very inspiring, in the beginning there was this feeling that this doesn't apply to us. This applies to nations who have monsters like Mubarak...".[9]

Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States and around the world.[18][19] The phrase "The 99%" is a political slogan of "Occupy" protesters.[20] It was originally launched as a Tumblr blog page in late August 2011.[21] It refers to the vast concentration of wealth among the top 1% of income earners compared to the other 99 percent, and indicates that most people are paying the price for the mistakes of a tiny minority.[citation needed] Paul Taylor, executive vice president of the Pew Research Center told NPR that the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,' going back to the Vietnam era." According to Taylor, majorities of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as a cause of friction in the United States.[22]

Background

Template:Infobox/OWS Wealth chart

According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report,"Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007 "-the top 1 percent of income earners have more than doubled their income over the last thirty years.[23] The report was released just as concerns of the Occupy Wall Street movement were beginning to enter the national political debate.[24]

CBO chart of income after Federal Taxes from 1979 to 2007

In 2007 the wealthiest 1% of the American population owned 34.6% of the country's total wealth, and the next 19% owned 50.5%. Thus, the top 20% of Americans owned 85% of the country's wealth and the bottom 80% of the population owned 15%. Financial inequality (total net worth minus the value of one's home)[25] was greater than inequality in total wealth, with the top 1% of the population owning 42.7%, the next 19% of Americans owning 50.3%, and the bottom 80% owning 7%.[26] However, after the Great Recession which started in 2007, the share of total wealth owned by the top 1% of the population grew from 34.6% to 37.1%, and that owned by the top 20% of Americans grew from 85% to 87.7%. The Great Recession also caused a drop of 36.1% in median household wealth but a drop of only 11.1% for the top 1%, further widening the gap between the 1% and the 99%.[26][27][28] During the economic expansion between 2002 and 2007, the income of the top 1% grew 10 times faster than the income of the bottom 90%. In this period 66% of total income gains went to the 1%, who in 2007 had a larger share of total income than at any time since 1928.[29] This is in stark contrast with surveys of US populations that indicate an "ideal" distribution that is much more equal, and a widespread ignorance of the true income and wealth inequality.[30]

According to professor Noam Chomsky, "The leading factor in the astonishing inequality to which the Occupy movement has finally drawn attention actually lies in a fraction of 1 percent of the population, maybe 0.1 percent. It's mostly hedge fund managers, CEOs of financial corporations, and the like."[31]

Goals

Some protesters say they want, in part, more and better jobs, more equal distribution of income, bank reform, and a reduction of the influence of corporations on politics.[32][33] Adbusters co-founder Kalle Lasn has compared the protests to the Situationists and the Protests of 1968 movements[34][35] and addresses critics saying that while no one person can speak for the movement, he believes that the goal of the protests is economic justice, specifically, a "transaction tax" on international financial speculation, the reinstatement of the Glass-Stegall Act and the revocation of corporate personhood.[6] Naomi Wolf interviewed OWS protesters in late November and wrote that protesters expressed three main demands: get the money out of politics; reinstate the Glass–Steagall Act; and draft laws against the little-known loophole that currently allows members of Congress to pass legislation affecting Delaware corporations in which they themselves are investors;[36] Wolf's claims have however been strongly criticized for their factual inaccuracy.[37]

Some journalists have criticized the protests saying it is hard to discern a unified aim for the movement, while other commentators, such as Douglas Rushkoff, have said that although the movement is not in complete agreement on its message and goals, it does center on the problem that "investment bankers working on Wall Street [are] getting richer while things for most of the rest of us are getting tougher". According to Rushkoff, "... we are witnessing America's first true Internet-era movement, which -- unlike civil rights protests, labor marches, or even the Obama campaign -- does not take its cue from a charismatic leader, express itself in bumper-sticker-length goals and understand itself as having a particular endpoint".[32]

Involvement

The General Assembly, the governing body of the OWS movement, has adopted a “Declaration of the Occupation of New York City,” which includes a list of grievances against corporations,[38] and to many protesters a general statement is enough. However, saying, "‘Power concedes nothing without a demand' " others within the movement have favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[39] One group has written an unofficial document, "The 99 Percent Declaration”, that calls for a national general assembly of representatives from all 435 congressional districts to gather on July 4, 2012, to assemble a list of grievances and solutions.[40] OWS protesters preferring a looser set of goals have written another document, the Liberty Square Blueprint; an early version read: "Demands cannot reflect inevitable success. Demands imply condition, and we will never stop. Demands cannot reflect the time scale that we are working with."[41] The demand for demands itself has been criticized by figures like Judith Butler and David Graeber, who argue that issuing demands is counterproductive for the Occupy movement, as this legitimizes the very structures the movement seeks to challenge.[42][43]

Demographic analysis

Early on the protesters were mostly young, in part due to their pronounced use of social networks through which they promoted the protests.[44][45] As the protest grew, older protesters also became involved.[46] On October 10 the Associated Press reported that "there’s a diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.[46] Various religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.[47][48] Rabbi Chaim Gruber,[49] however, is the only known clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park. [50][51][52] Some news organizations have compared the protest to a left-leaning version of the Tea Party protests.[53]

According to a survey of occupywallst.org website visitors[54] by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, 1/3 were older than 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of Democrat, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats, 2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%, called themselves independents.[55] A survey by Fordham University Department of Political Science confirmed and detailed this with political affiliations 25% Democrats, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 12% Other, and 39% who reported no party affiliation.[56] Ideologically the Fordham survey found 80% self-identifying as slightly to extremely liberal, 15% as moderate, and 6% as slightly to extremely conservative.

Racially, the majority of participants are White, with one study based on survey responses at OccupyWallStreet.org reporting 81.2% White, 7.6% Other, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, and 1.6% Black.[57][58]

Main demonstration

Protesters engaging in the 'human microphone'

The New York City General Assembly (NYCGA), held every evening at seven, is the main OWS decision-making body and provides much of the leadership and executive function for the protesters.[59] At its meetings the various OWS committees discuss their thoughts and needs, and the meetings are open to the public for both attendance and speaking. [60] The meetings are without formal leadership, although certain members routinely act as moderators. Meeting participants comment upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York uses what is called a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, with facilitators, or stack-keepers, urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of the line, while white men must often wait for a turn to speak.[61] Volunteers take minutes of the meetings so that organizers who are not in attendance can be kept up-to-date.[62][63] In addition to the over 70 working groups[64] that perform much of the daily work and planning of Occupy Wall Street, the organizational structure also includes "spokes councils," at which every working group can participate.[65]

Even with the perception of a movement with no leaders, leaders have emerged. A facilitator of some of the movement's more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty, says “Usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here,” - “People lead by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.”[66] According to Fordham University communications professor Paul Levinson, Occupy Wall Street and similar movements symbolize another rise of direct democracy that has not actually been seen since ancient times.[67][68]

Critics of the General Assembly believe that consensus-based democracy cannot work in a group that is larger than a couple hundred people because it requires excessive amounts of monitoring in order to prevent free-riding, and works best with like-minded individuals. They also suggest that there is a higher chance of groupthink among consensus-based groups because there is pressure to conform in order to maintain consensus.[69]

Funding

During the beginning weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from middle-class donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22.[70] According to finance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.[71] During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, members of the OWS finance committee said they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or restructure some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis. Presently the movement continues to organize out of donated office space and give money to other "occupations." [72]

As of late October it was reported that the OWS Finance Committee was working with a lawyer and an accountant to track finances; the group had a substantial amount of money deposited at the Amalgamated Bank nearby, after first making deposits at the Lower East Side People's Federal Credit Union.[73] In late October, the Alliance for Global Justice, a Washington-based nonprofit, offered to sponsor Occupy Wall Street and lend it its tax-exempt status so donors could write off contributions. The Alliance for Global Justice's board have the final say on spending, though they said that they would not be involved in decisions and would only step in if the protesters wanted to spend money on something that might violate their tax-exempt status."[74][74][75]

Zuccotti Park occupation

Zuccotti Park with the "Occupy" encampment's 'People's Library'

Prior to being closed to overnight use, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[76] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day; while some visitors ate at nearby restaurants[77] according to the New York Post local vendors fared badly[78] and many businesses surrounding the park were adversely affected.[79] Other Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from around the country.[77] Eric Smith, a local chef who was laid off at the Sheraton in Midtown, said that he was running a five-star restaurant in the park.[80] In late-October kitchen volunteers complained about working 18 hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and potato chips for three days.[81]

The protesters constructed a greywater treatment system to recycle dishwater contaminants. The filtered water was used for the park's plants and flowers. Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[82]

New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound," including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street does not have a permit, the protesters have created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this has provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.[83][84]

During the weeks that overnight use of the park was allowed, a separate area was set aside for an information area which contained laptop computers and several wireless routers.[85][86] The items were powered with gas generators until the New York Fire Department removed them on October 28, saying they were a fire hazard.[87] Protesters then used bicycles rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge batteries to power the protesters' laptops and other electronics.[88] According to the Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, runs websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, and Tumblr" as well as Skype sessions with other demonstrators.[89]

In October a makeshift tent was erected, formally calling itself The People's Library, and began offering free wi-fi internet to protesters and containing over 5,000 books. The library operated 24/7 and used an honor system to manage returns. It offered weekly poetry readings on Friday nights, provided a reference serviced frequently staffed by professional librarians, and procured materials available through the interlibrary loan system.[90] However, the library was removed on November 15 when the park was closed to overnight use and it was reported that many of the books were destroyed. The library's cataloging system is accessible online at LibraryThing, which donated a free lifetime membership.

Zuccotti Park, cleared and cleaned on November 15, 2011

On October 6, Brookfield Office Properties, which owns Zuccotti Park, issued a statement that "Sanitation is a growing concern... Normally the park is cleaned and inspected every weeknight[, but] because the protesters refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions have reached unacceptable levels."[91][92]

On October 13, New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[93] However, protesters vowed to "defend the occupation" after police said they wouldn’t allow them to return with sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning, under rules set by the private park’s owner—and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.[94][95] The next morning, the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[94] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[93]

Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner (Brookfield Office Properties) to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[96][97] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."[98]

On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.[99] Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were push back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 a.m. after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 a.m. According to New York Times, the park was cleared out by police by 2:30 a.m. Sixty-eight people were arrested in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.[100]

File:Police stuggle with barricades.jpg
Police struggling to hold barricades away from protesters

Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park Occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the police raid, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.[101]

Crime

On October 11, it was reported that OWS protesters staying in Zuccotti Park were dealing with a worsening security problem with reports of multiple incidents of assault, drug dealing and use, and sexual assault.[102] A Crown Heights man was charged with sexually assaulting a protester at the park raising the level of public discussion of lawlessness at the demonstrations. Protesters used de-escalation techniques such as talking down and body-blocking of people throwing punches. In more tense situations, protesters encircled troublemakers and ushered them out. But many times, those kicked out or arrested returned.[103] But most protesters said that the most serious concern was the risk of assault, especially for women and at night. Demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[104] On October 10, a "methadone-addled man freeloading off the Wall Street protest" was arrested for groping a woman.[102] On Nov 10, 2011, a man was arrested at OWS for breaking an EMT's leg.[105]

Police Commissioner Paul Browne complained that protesters delayed reporting crime. He stated that it's OWS protocol not to report such incidents to the police until there were three complaints against the same individual.[106] The protesters denied a "three strikes policy", and one protester told the New York Daily News that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".[107]

After several weeks of occupation, Occupy Wall Street protesters had made enough allegations of sexual assault and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[108] One man was arrested for a sexual assault that occurred in Zuccotti Park on October 8. At the time of the incident, he had numerous warrants for his arrests. A kitchen helper was charged with an October 24 sexual assault of an 18-year-old fellow protester. Prosecutors believe he is responsible for an assault of another 18-year-old woman.[109][110][111] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm.”[112] A protester was arrest for making terrorist threats, after appearing on video say "On the 17th, we going to burn New York City to the fucking ground. In a few days they’re going to see what a Molotov cocktail can do to Macy’s. They got guns! We got bottles!" Fellow protesters jeered police as the individual was being arrested. The same individual was arrested weeks earlier for allegedly assaulting a police officer that was issuing him a summons.[113]

Reaction

Main article: Reactions to Occupy Wall Street

The general public, opinion of OWS have has not been uniform, nor has the data collected by various polling agencies, some of which is contradictory. Also lacking uniformity has been the criticism and praise of OWS from many prominent politicians, academics, and public figures.

Chronology

Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Protesters near New York police headquarters

September

On 17 September 2011, 1,000 protesters marched through the streets, with an estimated 100 to 200 staying overnight in cardboard boxes. By September 19, seven people had been arrested.[114][115] At least 80 arrests were made on September 24,[116] after protesters started marching uptown and forcing the closure of several streets.[117][118]

October

On October 1, 2011, protesters set out to march across the Brooklyn Bridge. The New York Times reported that more than 700 arrests were made.[119] On October 5, thousands of union workers joined protesters marching through the Financial District, resulting in about 200 arrests later in the same evening when dozens of protesters stormed barricades blocking them from Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. Police responded with pepper spray and penned the protesters in with orange netting.[120][121] On October 15, thousands of Occupy Wall Street protesters gathered in Times Square in New York City and protested for several hours in support of worldwide rallies in over 900 cities.

November

After midnight on November 15, police delivered notices that protesters had to temporarily vacate the park to allow cleaning/sanitation crews access. Police moved in around 1:00 AM on November 15 and arrested about 200. Several journalists were arrested by the New York police as well, as well as the confiscation of an NBC reporter's press pass. [122][123] A week later, six media outlets joined in a letter written by New York Times General Council George Freeman criticizing the New York Police Department's actions as inexcusable.[124]

See also

 

References

  1. ^ "Hundreds of Occupy Wall Street protesters arrested". BBC News. October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
  2. ^ "700 Arrested After Wall Street Protest on N.Y.'s Brooklyn Bridge". Fox News Channel. October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  3. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: protests and reaction Thursday 6 October". Guardian. London. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  4. ^ “Wall Street protests span continents, arrests climb“, Crain's New York Business, October 17, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Fleming, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S". The Vancouver Courier. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "Sira Lazar "Occupy Wall Street: Interview With Micah White From Adbusters", Huffington Post, October 7, 2011, at 3:40 in interview". Huffingtonpost.com. October 7, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  7. ^ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'". The Link. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  8. ^ Schneider, Nathan (September 29, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: FAQ". The Nation. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  9. ^ a b "The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet". Thetyee.ca. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  10. ^ a b "From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world". Brisbanetimes.com.au. October 19, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  11. ^ Bennett, Drake (October 26, 2011). "David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street". Business Week. Retrieved February 13, 2012.: "While there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that"
  12. ^ Saba, Michael (September 17, 2011). "Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran". CNN tech. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
  13. ^ "Assange can still Occupy centre stage". Smh.com.au. October 29, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
  14. ^ a b "'Occupy Wall Street' to Turn Manhattan into 'Tahrir Square'". IBTimes New York. September 17, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
  15. ^ "From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world". Brisbanetimes.com.au. October 19, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
  16. ^ Batchelor, Laura (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street lands on private property". CNNMoney. Retrieved October 7, 2011. Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan
  17. ^ Apps, Peter (October 11, 2011). "Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring?". Reuters. Retrieved November 24, 2011. "What they all share in common is a feeling that the youth and middle class are paying a high price for mismanagement and malfeasance by an out-of-touch corporate, financial and political elite...they took on slogans from U.S. protesters who describe themselves as the "99 percent" paying the price for mistakes by a tiny minority."
  18. ^ In the City and Wall Street, protest has occupied the mainstream By Polly Toynbee in The Guardian, Monday 17 October 2011 "From Santiago to Tokyo, Ottawa, Sarajevo and Berlin, spontaneous groups have been inspired by Occupy Wall Street."
  19. ^ "Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline". theweek.com. Retrieved October 2, 2012.
  20. ^ "Occupy Prescott protesters call for more infrastructure investment". Western News&Info, Inc. Retrieved 11-17-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  21. ^ ""We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed". Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. Retrieved 11-17-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  22. ^ "The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous?". National Public Radio. Retrieved November 2, 2012.
  23. ^ Pear, Robert (October 25, 2011). "Top Earners Doubled Share of Nation's Income, Study Finds". The New York Times Company. Retrieved 11-17-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  24. ^ "CBO: Incomes of top earners grow at a pace far faster than everyone else's". The Washington Post. October 26, 2011. Retrieved 11-17-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  25. ^ "Financial wealth" is defined by economists as "total net worth minus the value of one's home," including investments and other liquid assets.
  26. ^ a b Occupy Wall Street And The Rhetoric of Equality Forbes November 1, 2011 by Deborah L. Jacobs
  27. ^ Recent Trends in Household Wealth in the United States: Rising Debt and the Middle-Class Squeeze—an Update to 2007 by Edward N. Wolff, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, March 2010
  28. ^ Wealth, Income, and Power by G. William Domhoff of the UC-Santa Barbara Sociology Department
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference autogenerated1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Norton, M. I., & Ariely, D. Building a Better America—One Wealth Quintile at a Time Perspectives on Psychological Science January 2011 6: 9-12
  31. ^ Noam Chomsky (2012) Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours, speech at the University of Maryland, Friday, January 27, 2012. TRNN. Accessed: 15 February 2012.
  32. ^ a b Think Occupy Wall St. is a phase? You don't get it By Douglas Rushkoff, Special to CNN October 5, 2011 "...there are a wide array of complaints, demands, and goals from the Wall Street protesters: the collapsing environment, labor standards, housing policy, government corruption, World Bank lending practices, unemployment, increasing wealth disparity and so on...they believe they are symptoms of the same core problem. Are they ready to articulate exactly what that problem is and how to address it? No, not yet. But neither are Congress or the president..."
  33. ^ Occupy Wall Street: It’s Not a Hippie Thing By Roger Lowenstein, Bloomberg Businessweek October 27, 2011
  34. ^ Top 5 targets of Occupy Wall Street The Christian Science Monitor by Maud Dillingham
  35. ^ Ben Piven (October 7, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: All day, all week". Aljazeera. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  36. ^ Naomi Wolf. The shocking truth about the crackdown on Occupy guardian.co.uk, Friday 25 November 2011 12.25 EST
  37. ^ Robin, Corey (November 29, 2011). "Why Naomi Wolf got it wrong". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved February 13, 2012.; Holland, Joshua. "Naomi Wolf's 'Shocking Truth' About the 'Occupy Crackdowns' Offers Anything but the Truth". AlterNet. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  38. ^ "Forum Post: First OFFICIAL Release from OCCUPY WALL STREET". OccupyWallSt.org. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  39. ^ New York Times
  40. ^ Walsh, Joan (October 20, 2011). "Do we know what OWS wants yet?". Salon.com. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  41. ^ Cite error: The named reference motherjones1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  42. ^ Butler, Judith. "Occupy as Form". ARC Muses. Retrieved February 13, 2012.: "So articulating demands that can be satisfied depends fundamentally on the attribution of legitimacy to those who have the power to satisfy the demands. And when one ceases to direct demands to those authorities, as happens in the general strike, then it is the illegitimacy of those authorities that is exposed."
  43. ^ Graeber, David. "Occupy Wall Street's Anarchist Roots". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  44. ^ Kleinfield, N.R.; Buckley, Cara (September 30, 2011). "Wall Street Occupiers, Protesting Till Whenever". New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
  45. ^ Protesters 'Occupy Wall Street' to Rally Against Corporate America, Ray Downs, Christian Post, September 18, 2011
  46. ^ a b Protesters Want World to Know They’re Just Like Us, Jocelyn Noveck, Associated Press via the Long Island Press, October 10, 2011
  47. ^ "Religion claims its place in Occupy Wall Street". Boston University. 2011. Inside, a Buddha statue sits near a picture of Jesus, while a hand-lettered sign in the corner points toward Mecca. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |= ignored (help)
  48. ^ Vitchers, Tracey (September 26, 2011). "Occupying—Not Rioting—Wall Street". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  49. ^ [www.rabbichaimgruber.com The rabbi's personal website, including links to various media reports of his activity with Occupy Wall Street]
  50. ^ Letter to Occupy Wall Street from www.nycga.net (Can someone please html edit this reference to make it more exact? Ideally, it should automatically open at the start of the "Therefore, as I felt a large enough portion of the movement..." paragraph on the linked page. Otherwise, someone has to scroll down quite a bit to find the exact source.)
  51. ^ Rabbi Gruber widely quoted in media reports about the 11/15/12 police raid on Zuccotti Park from www.haaretz.com
  52. ^ Photo of Rabbi Gruber at Foley Sq., immediately following NYPD clearing of Zuccotti Park on Nov. 15, 2012. From www2.macleans.ca
  53. ^ "As Occupy Wall Street explodes, the movement is being pegged as a left-wing Tea Party John Avlon on the key differences between the protests—and why they both miss the mark" "Tea Party for the Left?", The Daily Beast, posted October 10, 2011, accessed October 11, 2011
  54. ^ [1] By Occupywallst, OccupyWallSt.org 19 OCT 2011
  55. ^ The Demographics Of Occupy Wall Street BY Sean Captain, Fast Company, Oct 19, 2011
  56. ^ [2] By Professor Costas Panagopoulos, Fordham University, October 2011
  57. ^ "Infographic: Who Is Occupy Wall Street?". FastCompany.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  58. ^ Parker, Kathleen (November 26, 2011). "Why African Americans aren't embracing Occupy Wall Street". Washington Post. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
  59. ^ "Jonah Goldberg: Occupy Wall Street protesters are the extremists, not the tea party - Baltimore Sun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  60. ^ Westfeldt, Amy (December 15, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's center shows some cracks". BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  61. ^ Penny, Laura (October 16, 2011). "Protest By Consensus". New Statesman. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
  62. ^ Occupy Wall Street Expands, Tensions Mount Over Structure International Business Times by Jeremy B. White, October 25, 2011
  63. ^ "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
  64. ^ New York City General Assembly website, last visited 20 Nov. 2011
  65. ^ The New York Observer, 8 Nov. 2011, Occupy Wall Street Moves Indoors With Spokes Council
  66. ^ "Occupy Wall Street takes a new direction". Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved 11-13-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  67. ^ "Does 'Occupy Wall Street' have leaders? Does it need any?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
  68. ^ Astor, Maggie (October 4, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Protests: A Fordham University Professor Analyzes the Movement". International Business Times. Retrieved October 7, 2011. Fordham University Sociologist Heather Gautney in an interview with the International Business Times 'the movement doesn't have leaders, but it certainly has organizers, and there are certainly people providing a human structure to this thing. There might not be these kinds of public leaders, but there are people running it, and I think that's inevitable.'
  69. ^ "Leaderless, consensus-based participatory democracy and its discontents". The Economist. October 19, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
  70. ^ Cite error: The named reference CSMprofile was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  71. ^ Giove, Candice (2012-1-8). "OWS has money to burn". nypost.com. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  72. ^ Cite error: The named reference burruss1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  73. ^ Frank, Robert (October 22, 2011). "Goldman Sachs Sends Its Regrets to This Awkward Dinner Invitation". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  74. ^ a b "Protest's Money Problem. Occupy Wall Street May Have to Appoint Leaders to Deal With Its Donations" by Andrew Grossman. The Wall Street Journal. October 27, 2011
  75. ^ Grossman, Andrew (October 27, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Money Problem — WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  76. ^ "Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park...." "Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am" Wall Street functions like a small city, Associated Press, October 7, 2011
  77. ^ a b The Occupy Economy, by Anne Kadet, Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2011
  78. ^ Oloffson, Kristi (October 12, 2011). "Food Vendors Find Few Customers During Protest". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
  79. ^ GIOVE, CANDICE (November 13, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street costs local businesses $479,400!". New York Post. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
  80. ^ Protest mob is enjoying rich diet By REBECCA ROSENBERG, New York Post, October 19, 2011
  81. ^ Occupy Wall Street kitchen staff protesting fixing food for freeloaders By Selim Algar and Bob Fredricks, New York Post, October 27, 2011
  82. ^ Kadet, Anne (October 15, 2011). "The Occupy Economy". The Wall Street Journal.
  83. ^ Richard Kim on October 3, 2011 – 7:19 pm ET (October 3, 2011). "We Are All Human Microphones Now". The Nation. Retrieved October 13, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  84. ^ "A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of hand symbols. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. "Wall Street functions like a small city, Associated Press, October 7, 2011
  85. ^ "Behind the sign marked “info” sat computers, , generators, wireless routers, and lots of electrical cords. This is the media center, where the protesters group and distribute their messages. Those who count themselves among the media team for Occupy Wall Street are self appointed; the same goes with all teams within this community." ""I later learned that power comes from a gas-powered generator which runs, among other things, multiple 4G wireless Internet hotspots that provide Internet access to the scrappy collection of laptops." "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
  86. ^ The Technology Propelling #OccupyWallStreet , the Daily Beast , October 6, 2011
  87. ^ New York Authorities Remove Fuel, Generators From Occupy Wall Street Site, Esmé E. Deprez and Charles Mead, Bloomberg News, Oct 28, 2011; accessed November 2, 2011
  88. ^ With Generators Gone, Wall Street Protesters Try Bicycle Power, Colin Moynihan, New York Times, October 30, 2011; accessed November 2, 2011
  89. ^ "as the protest has grown, the media team has been busy coordinating, notably through the “unofficial,” Occupytogether.org. It’s a hub for all Occupy-inspired happenings and updates, a key part of the internal communications network for the Occupy demonstrations. While sitting in the media tent I saw several Skype sessions with other demonstrators. At one point a bunch of people gathered around a computer shouting, “Hey Scotland!” Members of the media team also maintain a livestream, and keep a steady flow of updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr." "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
  90. ^ "Voices from Zuccotti: Steve Syrek, 33". The New York Daily News. YouTube. Retrieved November 20, 2011. I've even got one guy who wants to help us procure any materials we want from the interlibrary loan system, which means we are a legitimate, fully functioning research library. Someone could come here and request an article of any kind and we could theoretically get it for free and give it to them.
  91. ^ Kelly: Protesters To Be ‘Met With Force’ If They Target Officers, CBS News, October 6, 2011
  92. ^ Grossman, Andrew (September 26, 2011). "Protest Has Unlikely Host". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  93. ^ a b Allison Kilkenny on October 14, 2011 – 8:46 am ET. "Occupy Wall Street Protesters Win Showdown With Bloomberg". The Nation. Retrieved October 16, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  94. ^ a b "Cleanup Canceled", BusinessWeek, 2011-10-14.
  95. ^ Deprez, Esmé E., Joel Stonington and Chris Dolmetsch, "Occupy Wall Street Park Cleaning Postponed", Bloomberg, Oct 14, 2011 11:37 AM EDT.
  96. ^ Walker, Jade (November 15, 2011). "Zuccotti Park Eviction: NYPD Orders Occupy Wall Street Protesters To Temporarily Evacuate Park [LATEST UPDATES]". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
  97. ^ CNN Wire Staff (November 15, 2011). "New York court upholds eviction of "Occupy" protesters". www.cnn.com. Retrieved November 15, 2011. A New York Supreme Court has ruled not to extend a temporary restraining order that prevented the eviction of "Occupy" protesters who were encamped at Zuccotti Park, considered a home-base for demonstrators. Police in riot gear cleared out the protesters early Tuesday morning, a move that attorneys for the loosely defined group say was unlawful. But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately-owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park." {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 208 (help)
  98. ^ "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."- official statement of Occupy Wall Street Media Team, posted November 15, 2011, 1:36 a.m. EST
  99. ^ "Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park". Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  100. ^ "OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park". Retrieved January 1, 2012.
  101. ^ "After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
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  103. ^ Buckley, Cara; Flegenheimer, Matt (November 8, 2011). "At Scene of Wall St. Protest, Rising Concerns About Crime". New York Times. Retrieved 11-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  104. ^ Celona, Larry (October 18, 2011). "Thieves preying on fellow protesters". www.nypost.com.
  105. ^ Siegal, Ida. "Man Arrested for Breaking EMT's Leg at Occupy Wall Street". NBC New York. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
  106. ^ "Michael Bloomberg: Crime at Occupy Wall Street goes unreported". Free Daily News Group Inc. Retrieved 11-11-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  107. ^ "Occupy Wall Street protesters at odds with Mayor Bloomberg, NYPD over crime in Zuccotti Park". New York: NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved 11-11-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  108. ^ "Occupy Wall Street Erects Women-Only Tent After Reports Of Sexual Assaults". The Gothamist News. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  109. ^ Schram, Jamie (November 3, 2011). "Protester busted in tent grope, suspected in rape of another demonstrator". NY POST. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  110. ^ "Man Arrested For Groping Protester Also Eyed In Zuccotti Park Rape Case". WPIX. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  111. ^ Dejohn, Irving; Kemp, Joe. "Arrest made in Occupy Wall St. sex attack; Suspect eyed in another Zuccotti gropingCase". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  112. ^ "Occupy Protests Plagued by Reports of Sex Attacks, Violent Crime". NY Daily News. November 9, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
  113. ^ "OWS protester busted for allegedly threatening to hurl Molotov cocktails at Macy's". NY Post. November 16, 2011.
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  116. ^ Smith, Candice. "Occupy Wall Street Movement Reports 80 Arrested Today in Protests". abc. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  117. ^ "Police Arrest 80 During 'Occupy Wall Street' Protest". Fox New.com. September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  118. ^ Moynihan, Colin (September 24, 2011). "80 Arrested as Financial District Protest Moves North". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
  119. ^ Al Baker, Colin Moynihan and Sarah Maslin Nir (October 1, 2011). "Police Arrest More Than 700 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge". New York Times.
  120. ^ "Occupy Wall Street protests: Police make arrests, use pepper spray as some activists storm barricade". Daily News. New York. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
  121. ^ Matt Wells and Karen McVeigh (October 5, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: thousands march in New York | World news | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  122. ^ Johnston, Garth (November 15, 2011). "Police Arrest OWS Reporter As He Pleads "I'm A Reporter!"". Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  123. ^ Atlantic Wire
  124. ^ 11/21/11. "Media upset at NYPD for treatment of reporters at OWS — am New York". Amny.com. Retrieved November 24, 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)

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