Same-sex union legislation: Difference between revisions
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| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[LGBT rights in New South Wales|New South Wales]] |
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[LGBT rights in New South Wales|New South Wales]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 1999 |
| 1999 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/sessionalview/sessional/TITLE/Property%20(Relationships)%20Legislation%20Amendment%20Act%201999%20No%204.pdf Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1999 No 4]</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/sessionalview/sessional/TITLE/Property%20(Relationships)%20Legislation%20Amendment%20Act%201999%20No%204.pdf Property (Relationships) Legislation Amendment Act 1999 No 4]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |
| {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| August 2001 |
| August 2001 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation |
| Unregistered cohabitation |
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| {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[LGBT rights in Queensland|Queensland]] |
| {{flagicon|Queensland}} [[LGBT rights in Queensland|Queensland]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| December 2002 |
| December 2002 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation |
| Unregistered cohabitation |
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| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 2002 |
| 2002 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/repealed_act/maaa2002427/ MISCELLANEOUS ACTS AMENDMENT (RELATIONSHIPS) ACT 2002]</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/repealed_act/maaa2002427/ MISCELLANEOUS ACTS AMENDMENT (RELATIONSHIPS) ACT 2002]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Western Australia]] |
| {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Western Australia]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 2002 |
| 2002 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/statutes/yrbyyr.nsf/2c010fb704a430a348256865002a4868/d4566b1f7c39391748256ba0002b8a0e?OpenDocument Acts Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002]</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/statutes/yrbyyr.nsf/2c010fb704a430a348256865002a4868/d4566b1f7c39391748256ba0002b8a0e?OpenDocument Acts Amendment (Lesbian and Gay Law Reform) Act 2002]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Domestic partnership in Tasmania|Tasmania]] |
| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Domestic partnership in Tasmania|Tasmania]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| September 2003 |
| September 2003 |
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| Significant relationship<ref>[http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/tocview/index.w3p;cond=;doc_id=44%2B%2B2003%2BAT%40EN%2B20101004000000;histon=;prompt=;rec=-1;term= Relationships Act 2003]</ref> |
| Significant relationship<ref>[http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/tocview/index.w3p;cond=;doc_id=44%2B%2B2003%2BAT%40EN%2B20101004000000;histon=;prompt=;rec=-1;term= Relationships Act 2003]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| January 2004 |
| January 2004 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) |
| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) |
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| {{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Northern Territory]] |
| {{flagicon|Northern Territory}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Northern Territory]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| March 2004 |
| March 2004 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://notes.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislat/legislat.nsf/d989974724db65b1482561cf0017cbd2/74f7147cc40f37fc69256e5b007fd8f2 LAW REFORM (GENDER, SEXUALITY AND DE FACTO RELATIONSHIPS) ACT 2003 (ACT NO. 1 OF 2004)]</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>[http://notes.nt.gov.au/dcm/legislat/legislat.nsf/d989974724db65b1482561cf0017cbd2/74f7147cc40f37fc69256e5b007fd8f2 LAW REFORM (GENDER, SEXUALITY AND DE FACTO RELATIONSHIPS) ACT 2003 (ACT NO. 1 OF 2004)]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[City of Sydney Relationships Declaration|Sydney]] |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[City of Sydney Relationships Declaration|Sydney]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| July 2004 |
| July 2004 |
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| Relationship declaration program |
| Relationship declaration program |
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| {{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Norfolk Island]] |
| {{flagicon|Norfolk Island}} [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia|Norfolk Island]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 2005 |
| 2005 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation |
| Unregistered cohabitation |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| June 2006 |
| June 2006 |
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| Civil union<ref>{{Cite news|last= |first=| title=G-G to disallow civil unions laws|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661737.htm |publisher=ABC |date=(June 13, 2006) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
| Civil union<ref>{{Cite news|last= |first=| title=G-G to disallow civil unions laws|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200606/s1661737.htm |publisher=ABC |date=(June 13, 2006) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|South Australia}} [[LGBT rights in South Australia|South Australia]] |
| {{flagicon|South Australia}} [[LGBT rights in South Australia|South Australia]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| December 2006 |
| December 2006 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>{{Cite news|last= Grew|first=Tony| title=South Australia gays get new rights|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-3200.html |publisher=''Mail & Guardian Online'' |date=(December 06, 2006) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation<ref>{{Cite news|last= Grew|first=Tony| title=South Australia gays get new rights|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/news/articles/2005-3200.html |publisher=''Mail & Guardian Online'' |date=(December 06, 2006) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| February 2007 |
| February 2007 |
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| Civil partnership |
| Civil partnership |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Melbourne]] |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Melbourne]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| April 2007 |
| April 2007 |
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| Relationship declaration register |
| Relationship declaration register |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Yarra]] |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[LGBT rights in Victoria (Australia)|Yarra]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| May 2007 |
| May 2007 |
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| Relationship declaration program<ref>[http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/council/governance/relationship%20declaration%20register.asp Relationship Declaration Register]</ref> |
| Relationship declaration program<ref>[http://www.yarracity.vic.gov.au/council/governance/relationship%20declaration%20register.asp Relationship Declaration Register]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Victoria}} Victoria |
| {{flagicon|Victoria}} Victoria |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| April 2008 |
| April 2008 |
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| Relationship register<ref>[http://mcv.e-p.net.au/news/vic-relationships-registry-soon-to-be-law-2979.html Vic relationships registry soon to be law]</ref> |
| Relationship register<ref>[http://mcv.e-p.net.au/news/vic-relationships-registry-soon-to-be-law-2979.html Vic relationships registry soon to be law]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| May 2008 |
| May 2008 |
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| Civil partnership<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=| title=ACT recognises same sex couples |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/bridal/act-recognises-same-sex-couples/2008/05/20/1211182782436.html |publisher=The Age |date=(May 20, 2008) |accessdate=2009-12-21 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> |
| Civil partnership<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=| title=ACT recognises same sex couples |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/bridal/act-recognises-same-sex-couples/2008/05/20/1211182782436.html |publisher=The Age |date=(May 20, 2008) |accessdate=2009-12-21 | location=Melbourne}}</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| June 2008 |
| June 2008 |
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| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)<ref>[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/nswbills.nsf/0/6190E964D5CF2F57CA257441001D330C?Open&shownotes Miscellaneous Acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Bill 2008]</ref> |
| Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)<ref>[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/nswbills.nsf/0/6190E964D5CF2F57CA257441001D330C?Open&shownotes Miscellaneous Acts Amendment (Same Sex Relationships) Bill 2008]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| September 2009 |
| September 2009 |
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| Significant relationship (expansion)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geen|first=Jessica| title=Tasmania to give gay couples official ceremonies |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/09/30/tasmania-to-give-gay-couples-official-ceremonies/ |publisher=PinkNews |date=(September 30, 2009) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
| Significant relationship (expansion)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geen|first=Jessica| title=Tasmania to give gay couples official ceremonies |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/09/30/tasmania-to-give-gay-couples-official-ceremonies/ |publisher=PinkNews |date=(September 30, 2009) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| November 2009 |
| November 2009 |
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| Civil partnership (expansion)<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=| title=ACT win fight on gay wedding laws|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,,26404183-5005962,00.html |publisher=AdelaideNow |date=(November 26, 2009) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
| Civil partnership (expansion)<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=| title=ACT win fight on gay wedding laws|url=http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,,26404183-5005962,00.html |publisher=AdelaideNow |date=(November 26, 2009) |accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[LGBT rights in New South Wales|Blue Mountains]] |
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[LGBT rights in New South Wales|Blue Mountains]] |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| March 2010 |
| March 2010 |
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| Relationship declaration program<ref>[http://www.bluemountainsgazette.com.au/news/local/news/general/relationship-register-will-protect-legal-rights/1766160.aspx Relationship register will protect legal rights]</ref> |
| Relationship declaration program<ref>[http://www.bluemountainsgazette.com.au/news/local/news/general/relationship-register-will-protect-legal-rights/1766160.aspx Relationship register will protect legal rights]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} New South Wales |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| May 2010 |
| May 2010 |
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| Relationship register<ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2010/05/13/massive-support-for-register/25284 Massive support for register]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/nswbills.nsf/7bd7da67ee5a02c5ca256e67000c8755/57f8af30e6a0d630ca25770d001af7dc?OpenDocument Relationships Register Bill 2010]</ref> |
| Relationship register<ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2010/05/13/massive-support-for-register/25284 Massive support for register]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/nswbills.nsf/7bd7da67ee5a02c5ca256e67000c8755/57f8af30e6a0d630ca25770d001af7dc?OpenDocument Relationships Register Bill 2010]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| October 2010 |
| October 2010 |
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| Out-of-state unions as significant relationship<ref>[http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/bills/Bills2010/pdf/21_of_2010.pdf RELATIONSHIPS AMENDMENT (RECOGNITION OF REGISTERED RELATIONSHIPS) BILL 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/bills/Bills2010/21_of_2010.htm Relationships Amendment (Recognition of Registered Relationships) 21 of 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2010/09/01/tasmania-votes-to-recognise-foreign-same-sex-marriages/30306 Tasmania votes to recognise foreign same-sex marriages]</ref> |
| Out-of-state unions as significant relationship<ref>[http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/bills/Bills2010/pdf/21_of_2010.pdf RELATIONSHIPS AMENDMENT (RECOGNITION OF REGISTERED RELATIONSHIPS) BILL 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/bills/Bills2010/21_of_2010.htm Relationships Amendment (Recognition of Registered Relationships) 21 of 2010]</ref><ref>[http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2010/09/01/tasmania-votes-to-recognise-foreign-same-sex-marriages/30306 Tasmania votes to recognise foreign same-sex marriages]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Queensland}} Queensland |
| {{flagicon|Queensland}} Queensland |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| December 2011 |
| December 2011 |
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| Civil partnership<ref>[http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/53PDF/2011/CivilPartB11_P.pdf Civil Partnerships Bill 2011]</ref><ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/same-sex-civil-union-bill-passes-in-qld-20111201-1o7dv.html Same sex civil union bill passes in Qld]</ref> |
| Civil partnership<ref>[http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/Bills/53PDF/2011/CivilPartB11_P.pdf Civil Partnerships Bill 2011]</ref><ref>[http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-national/same-sex-civil-union-bill-passes-in-qld-20111201-1o7dv.html Same sex civil union bill passes in Qld]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
| {{flagicon|Australian Capital Territory}} Australian Capital Territory |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| September 2012 |
| September 2012 |
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| Civil union<ref>[http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_43642/default.asp Civil Unions Bill 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/assembly-passes-civil-unions-reforms-20120822-24n0u.html Assembly passes civil unions reforms]</ref> |
| Civil union<ref>[http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_43642/default.asp Civil Unions Bill 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/assembly-passes-civil-unions-reforms-20120822-24n0u.html Assembly passes civil unions reforms]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} Tasmania |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| September 2012 |
| September 2012 |
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| Same-sex marriage<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/tasmanias-gay-marriage-bill-clears-first-hurdle-20120830-253ig.html Tasmania's gay marriage bill clears first hurdle]</ref> |
| Same-sex marriage<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/opinion/political-news/tasmanias-gay-marriage-bill-clears-first-hurdle-20120830-253ig.html Tasmania's gay marriage bill clears first hurdle]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|South Australia}} South Australia |
| {{flagicon|South Australia}} South Australia |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 2012 |
| 2012 |
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| Same-sex marriage<ref name="SA">[http://qnews.com.au/article/south-australia-seeks-legalise-gay-marriage SOUTH AUSTRALIA SEEKS TO LEGALISE GAY MARRIAGE]</ref> |
| Same-sex marriage<ref name="SA">[http://qnews.com.au/article/south-australia-seeks-legalise-gay-marriage SOUTH AUSTRALIA SEEKS TO LEGALISE GAY MARRIAGE]</ref> |
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| {{flagicon|Victoria}} Victoria |
| {{flagicon|Victoria}} Victoria |
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| {{flagicon|Australia}} |
| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia |
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| 2012 |
| 2012 |
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| Same-sex marriage<ref>http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/6977-gay-marriage-bill-introduced-in-victoria.html Gay marriage bill introduced in Victoria </ref> |
| Same-sex marriage<ref>http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/6977-gay-marriage-bill-introduced-in-victoria.html Gay marriage bill introduced in Victoria </ref> |
Revision as of 07:05, 11 September 2012
Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties: | |
Prison; death not enforced | |
Death under militias | Prison, with arrests or detention |
Prison, not enforced1 | |
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions: | |
Extraterritorial marriage2 | |
Limited foreign | Optional certification |
None | Restrictions of expression, not enforced |
Restrictions of association with arrests or detention |
1No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
Part of the LGBT rights series |
LGBTQ portal |
Same-sex marriage is authorized throughout eleven countries: the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, Argentina, and Denmark.[1] Six U.S. states and one U.S. district perform same-sex marriages, those being Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York,[2] and the District of Columbia.[1] Mexico City also performs same-sex marriages,[3] and its marriage certificates are recognized in all 31 Mexican states. Same sex marriage is recognised, but not performed, in Israel and some other jurisdictions in the United States and the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Numerous other countries and regions grant some form of recognition to same-sex couples, although they do not authorize same-sex marriage. These laws often provide most if not all the rights that marriage provides.
The issue of same-sex marriage has been controversial throughout the world, and several regions and countries have passed statutory and constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, sometimes also barring any form of recognition.[4]
The issue of granting marriage to same-sex couples is controversial in many jurisdictions, and therefore, many governments tend to opt for creating a civil union or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples. Currently, the debate of legalizing same-sex marriage has been officially proposed in almost a dozen countries, and debates over other forms of recognition continue within several others.
Efforts to enable same-sex unions
International level
Several unsuccessful attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation.
In the case of Joslin vs. New Zealand,[5] the United Nations Human Rights Committee found that,
Article 23, paragraph 2, of the [International] Covenant [on Civil and Political Rights] is the only substantive provision in the Covenant which defines a right by using the term "men and women", rather than "every human being", "everyone" and "all persons". Use of the term "men and women", rather than the general terms used elsewhere in Part III of the Covenant, has been consistently and uniformly understood as indicating that the treaty obligation of States parties stemming from article 23, paragraph 2, of the Covenant is to recognize as marriage only the union between a man and a woman wishing to marry each other.
In Europe, the European Court of Human Rights reached the same conclusion while interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights, in the case of Schalk and Kopf vs. Austria.
National level
The first registered same-sex union bill was passed in Denmark in June 1989. Before this legislation, a number of countries had passed acts recognizing same-sex couples under an unregistered cohabitation, though none of these were registered. Following Denmark, a series of countries, mostly European, passed bills that created various forms of same-sex union.
The first same-sex marriage bill ever voted on was passed in the Netherlands in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003, with Spain (2005), Canada (2005), and South Africa (2006) becoming the next three countries to pass such acts. Same-sex marriage was legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and in Portugal, Iceland, and Argentina in 2010. Denmark legalized same-sex marriage in June 2012.
As of August 2012, legislation to allow same sex marriage is being considered in the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Finland, Australia, France, Uruguay, and New Zealand.
Country | Date | Same-sex union | Upper House | Lower house | Head of State | Final outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
Netherlands | 1979 | Unregistered cohabitation[6][7] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Netherlands | 1981 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[6] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Denmark | 1986 | Unregistered cohabitation[8] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sweden | 1987 | Unregistered cohabitation[9] | — | Passed | n/a1 | Yes | ||
Denmark | June 1989 | Registered partnership[10][11] | — | 71 | 47 | Signed | Yes2 | |
Norway | July 1991 | Unregistered cohabitation[12] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Norway | April 1993 | Registered partnership[13] | 18 | 16 | 58 | 40 | Signed | Yes2 |
Sweden | June 1994 | Registered partnership[14] | — | 171 | 141 | n/a1 | Yes2 | |
Canada | 1995 | Same-sex marriage[15] | - | - | 52 | 124 | - | No |
Hungary | May 1996 | Unregistered cohabitation[16] | — | 207 | 73 | Signed | Yes | |
Iceland | June 1996 | Registered partnership[17][18] | — | 44 | 1 | Signed | Yes2 | |
Netherlands | July 1997 | Registered partnership[6] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Slovakia | 1997 | Registered partnership[19] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Czech Republic | June 1998 | Registered partnership[20] | – | – | Failed | – | No | |
France | October 1998 | Civil solidarity pact[21] | - | - | Failed | – | No | |
Belgium | January 1999 | Registered partnership[22] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Denmark | June 1999 | Registered partnership (expansion)[23] | — | 61 | 48 | Signed | Yes2 | |
France | November 1999 | Civil solidarity pact | Passed | 315 | 249 | Signed | Yes | |
Czech Republic | December 1999 | Registered partnership[24] | – | – | 69 | 91 | – | No |
Germany | November 2000 | Life partnership | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Netherlands | December 2000 | Same-sex marriage | 49 | 26 | 109 | 33 | Signed | Yes |
Canada | 2000 | Unregistered cohabitation[25] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Slovakia | 2000 | Registered partnership[19] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Portugal | March 2001 | Unregistered cohabitation | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New Zealand | April 2001 | Unregistered cohabitation[26] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Finland | September 2001 | Registered partnership[27] | — | 99 | 84 | Signed | Yes | |
Czech Republic | October 2001 | Registered partnership[28] | – | – | Failed | – | No | |
Czech Republic | 2001 | Unregistered cohabitation[29] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Belgium | February 2003 | Same-sex marriage | 46 | 15 | 91 | 22 | Signed | Yes |
Denmark | May 2003 | Registered partnership (expansion)[30] | — | 49 | 60 | – | No | |
Denmark | May 2003 | Registered partnership (expansion)[31] | — | 45 | 60 | – | No | |
Denmark | May 2003 | Registered partnership (expansion)[32] | — | 43 | 61 | – | No | |
Denmark | June 2003 | Registered partnership (expansion)[33] | — | 11 | 94 | – | No | |
Croatia | July 2003 | Unregistered | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Liechtenstein | 2003 | Registered partnership | — | 10 | 15 | – | No | |
Luxembourg | July 2004 | Civil partnership[34] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
United Kingdom | November 2004 | Civil partnership [35] | 251 | 136 | 426 | 29 | Signed | Yes |
Germany | December 2004 | Life partnership (expansion)[36] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New Zealand | December 2004 | Civil union[37] | — | 65 | 55 | Signed | Yes | |
Norway | 2004 | Same-sex marriage[38] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Panama | 2004 | Civil union[39] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Czech Republic | February 2005 | Registered partnership | – | – | Failed | – | No | |
Andorra | March 2005 | Stable union of a couple | n/a | Passed | Signed 3 | Yes | ||
Slovenia | March 2005 | Registered partnership | – | – | Failed | – | No | |
New Zealand | March 2005 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[40][41] | — | 76 | 43 | Signed | Yes | |
Switzerland | June 2005 | Registered partnership[42] | Nationwide referendum (58%) | Yes | ||||
Spain | July 2005 | Same-sex marriage | Vetoed 4 | 183 | 136 | Signed | Yes | |
Canada | July 2005 | Same-sex marriage[43] | 47 | 21 | 158 | 133 | Signed | Yes |
Slovenia | July 2005 | Registered partnership | Passed | 44 | 3 | Signed | Yes | |
Czech Republic | March 2006 | Registered partnership[44] | 65 | 14 | 86 | 54 | Vetoed 5 | Yes |
Denmark | June 2006 | Registered partnership (expansion)[45] | — | 49 | 62 | – | No | |
Iceland | June 2006 | Registered partnership (expansion)[46][47] | — | 41 | 0 | Signed | Yes2 | |
France | June 2006 | Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[48] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
South Africa | November 2006 | Same-sex marriage[49] | 36 | 11 | 230 | 41 | Signed | Yes |
Portugal | December 2006 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) | — | Passed | Vetoed | No | ||
Colombia | June 2007 | Civil union[50] | 29 | 34 | 62 | 43 | – | No |
Luxembourg | July 2007 | Same-sex marriage[51] | — | 22 | 38 | – | No | |
Hungary | December 2007 | Registered partnership[52] | — | 185 | 154 | Signed | No 6 | |
Uruguay | December 2007 | Civil union[53] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Iceland | May 2008 | Registered partnership (expansion)[54][55] | — | 54 | 0 | Signed | Yes2 | |
Norway | June 2008 | Same-sex marriage[56] | 23 | 17 | 84 | 41 | Signed | Yes |
Ecuador | September 2008 | Civil union[57] | Constitutional referendum (63.93%) | Yes | ||||
Portugal | October 2008 | Same-sex marriage[58] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Australia | November 2008 | Unregistered cohabitation[59] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sweden | April 2009 | Same-sex marriage[60] | — | 261 | 22 | n/a1 | Yes | |
Hungary | April 2009 | Registered partnership | — | 199 | 159 | Signed | Yes | |
France | May 2009 | Foreign unions as PACS[61] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Denmark | June 2009 | Registered partnership (expansion)[62] | — | 107 | 2 | Signed | Yes2 | |
Portugal | August 2009 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[63] | — | Passed | Vetoed | No | ||
Austria | December 2009 | Registered partnership[64] | 44 | 8 | 110 | 64 | Signed | Yes |
Portugal | January 2010 | Civil union[65] | — | Failed | – | No | ||
Hungary | February 2010 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[66][67] | — | Passed | Vetoed 5 | Yes | ||
Australia | February 2010 | Same-sex marriage[68] | 5 | 45 | – | – | – | No |
Portugal | May 2010 | Same-sex marriage[69] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Denmark | May 2010 | Registered partnership (expansion)[70] | — | 60 | 54 | Signed | Yes2 | |
Denmark | June 2010 | Same-sex marriage[71] | — | 52 | 57 | – | No | |
Iceland | June 2010 | Same-sex marriage[72][73] | — | 49 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
Ireland | July 2010 | Civil partnership[74][75] | 48 | 4 | Passed | Signed | Yes | |
Argentina | July 2010 | Same-sex marriage[76][77] | 33 | 27 | 125 | 109 | Signed | Yes |
Luxembourg | August 2010 | Civil partnership (expansion)[78] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Portugal | August 2010 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[79][80] | — | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Germany | September 2010 | Same-sex marriage[81] | Failed | - | – | No | ||
Germany | October 2010 | Life partnership (expansion)[82] | - | Failed | – | No | ||
Germany | April 2011 | Life partnership (expansion)[83] | Failed | - | – | No | ||
France | June 2011 | Same-sex marriage[84] | - | - | 222 | 293 | - | No |
Liechtenstein | June 2011 | Registered partnership[85][86] | Nationwide referendum (68%) | Yes | ||||
Germany | June 2011 | Life partnership (expansion)[87] | Failed | - | - | No | ||
Slovenia | March 2012 | Registered partnership (expansion)[88] | Nationwide referendum (45.36%) | No | ||||
Israel | May 2012 | Same-sex marriage[89] | — | 11 | 39 | - | No | |
Denmark | June 2012 | Same-sex marriage[90] | — | 85 | 24 | Signed | Yes | |
Germany | June 2012 | Same-sex marriage[91][92] | - | 260 | 309 | - | No | |
San Marino | June 2012 | Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[93] | — | 33 | 20 | Signed | Yes | |
Switzerland | September 2012 | Registered partnership (expansion)[94] | 21 | 19 | Pending | ... | ||
France | October 2012 | Same-sex marriage[95] | Proposed | ... | ... | |||
Australia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[96] | ... | Pending | ... | |||
Bolivia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[97] | ... | ... | Proposed | ... | ||
Colombia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[98] | ... | ... | Proposed | ... | ||
Finland | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[99][100] | — | Pending | ... | |||
Uruguay | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[101] | ... | Pending | ... | |||
Bolivia | 2012 | Civil union[102] | Proposed | ... | ... | |||
Brazil | 2012 | Civil union[103] | Pending | ... | ... | ... | ||
Chile | 2012 | Civil union[104][105] | ... | ... | Pending | ... | ||
Colombia | 2012 | Civil union[106] | ... | ... | Pending | ... | ||
Costa Rica | 2012 | Civil union | — | Pending | ... | |||
Cuba | 2012 | Civil union[107][108] | — | Proposed | ... | |||
Malta | 2012 | Civil cohabitation partnership[109] | — | Proposed | ... | |||
Poland | 2012 | Partnership agreement[110][111] | ... | Pending | ... | ... | ||
Luxembourg | 2013 | Same-sex marriage[112] | — | Pending | ... | |||
New Zealand | 2013 | Same-sex marriage[113] | — | Pending7 | ... | |||
United Kingdom | 2013 | Same-sex marriage[114][115] | Proposed | ... | ... | |||
Croatia | 2013 | Registered partnership[116] | — | Proposed | ... | |||
Estonia | 2013 | Registered partnership[117][118] | — | Proposed | ... |
Notes:
1According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
2Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
3Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
4The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
5Veto overridden.
6Ruled unconstitutional.
7Passed 80 votes to 40 at first reading
Sub-national level
- For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States
In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions. In Australia, efforts by the Australian capital territory have twice been overturned by the federal government. In December 2009, Mexico City become the first jurisdiction in Latin America to legalize same-sex marriage.
State/Territory | Country | Date | Same-sex union | Upper House | Lower house | Head of State | Final outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||||
Ontario | Canada | June 1994 | Domestic partnership[119] | n/a | 58 | 69 | - | No | |
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | 1994 | Unregistered cohabitation[120] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Greenland | Denmark | April 1996 | Registered partnership[121][122] | n/a | 104 | 1 | Signed | Yes | |
Catalonia | Spain | June 1998 | Stable union of couple[123][124] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Aragon | Spain | March 1999 | Stable couple[123][125] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Quebec | Canada | May 1999 | Unregistered cohabitation[126][127][128] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ontario | Canada | October 1999 | Unregistered cohabitation[126] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New South Wales | Australia | 1999 | Unregistered cohabitation[129] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Navarra | Spain | 2000 | Stable couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Nova Scotia | Canada | November 2000 | Domestic partnership[130][131] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Saskatchewan | Canada | July 2001 | Unregistered cohabitation[126][130] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Victoria | Australia | August 2001 | Unregistered cohabitation | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Valencia | Spain | 2001 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Madrid | Spain | 2001 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Balearic Islands | Spain | 2001 | Stable couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Manitoba | Canada | 2001 | Common-law relationship | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Quebec | Canada | June 2002 | Civil union | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Alberta | Canada | December 2002 | Adult interdependent relationship | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Queensland | Australia | December 2002 | Unregistered cohabitation | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Andalusia | Spain | 2002 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Asturias | Spain | 2002 | Stable couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Buenos Aires | Argentina | 2002 | Civil union | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New South Wales | Australia | 2002 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[132] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Western Australia | Australia | 2002 | Unregistered cohabitation[133] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Extremadura | Spain | 2003 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Basque Country | Spain | 2003 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Canary Islands | Spain | 2003 | De facto couple[123] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Rio Negro | Argentina | 2003 | Civil union[134] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tasmania | Australia | September 2003 | Significant relationship[135] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | January 2004 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion) | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Northern Territory | Australia | March 2004 | Unregistered cohabitation[136] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Sydney | Australia | July 2004 | Relationship declaration program | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Cantabria | Spain | May 2005 | De facto couple[137] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Isle of Man | November 2005 | UK partnership recognition[138] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Norfolk Island | Australia | 2005 | Unregistered cohabitation | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | June 2006 | Civil union[139] | n/a | Passed | Signed | No1 | ||
Mexico City | Mexico | November 2006 | Law for coexistence partnerships[140] | n/a | 43 | 17 | Signed | Yes | |
South Australia | Australia | December 2006 | Unregistered cohabitation[141] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Coahuila | Mexico | January 2007 | Civil pact of solidarity[142] | n/a | 20 | 13 | Signed | Yes | |
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | February 2007 | Civil partnership | n/a | Passed | Signed | No1 | ||
Melbourne | Australia | April 2007 | Relationship declaration register | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Yarra | Australia | May 2007 | Relationship declaration program[143] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Villa Carlos Paz | Argentina | November 2007 | Civil union[144] | n/a | 12 | 6 | Signed | Yes | |
Victoria | Australia | April 2008 | Relationship register[145] | 29 | 10 | 54 | 24 | Signed | Yes |
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | May 2008 | Civil partnership[146] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New South Wales | Australia | June 2008 | Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[147] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New Caledonia | France | April 2009 | Civil solidarity pact[148][149] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Wallis and Futuna | France | April 2009 | Civil solidarity pact[150] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Río Cuarto | Argentina | May 2009 | Civil union | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tasmania | Australia | September 2009 | Significant relationship (expansion)[151] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | November 2009 | Civil partnership (expansion)[152] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Mexico City | Mexico | December 2009 | Same-sex marriage[153] | n/a | 39 | 20 | Signed | Yes | |
Blue Mountains | Australia | March 2010 | Relationship declaration program[154] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
New South Wales | Australia | May 2010 | Relationship register[155][156] | 32 | 5 | 62 | 9 | Signed | Yes |
Vienna | Austria | June 2010 | Registered partnership (expansion)[157][158] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Tasmania | Australia | October 2010 | Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[159][160][161] | Passed | 22 | 3 | Signed | Yes | |
Isle of Man | March 2011 | Civil partnership[162] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Queensland | Australia | December 2011 | Civil partnership[163][164] | n/a | 47 | 40 | Signed | Yes | |
Jersey | December 2011 | Civil partnership[165][166] | n/a | 33 | 0 | Signed | Yes | ||
Milan | Italy | July 2012 | Civil union[167] | n/a | 29 | 7 | Signed | Yes | |
Australian Capital Territory | Australia | September 2012 | Civil union[168][169] | n/a | 11 | 6 | Signed | Yes | |
Tasmania | Australia | September 2012 | Same-sex marriage[170] | Pending | 13 | 11 | ... | ||
South Australia | Australia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[171] | Proposed | ... | ... | |||
Victoria | Australia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[172] | Proposed | ... | ... | |||
Scotland | United Kingdom | 2013 | Same-sex marriage[173] | n/a | Proposed | ... |
Notes: 1Legislation overturned by federal government.
Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions
Sometimes unintentionally but usually in response to legislation providing for marriage or other rights to same-sex couples, some countries and 30 states in the United States have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights". Some prohibit government from authorizing any form of same-sex union, while others invalidate existing and future private contracts, including wills, for same-sex couples. The majority of countries with constitutional amendments prohibiting same-sex marriage passed them via constitutional referendum, with the amendment being one of many within a proposed constitution submitted to the people by the government.
Country | Date | Ban on | Upper House | Lower house | Head of state | Final outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | |||||
Cuba | February 1976 | Same-sex marriage[174] | Constitutional referendum (97.7%) | Yes | ||||
Burkina Faso | June 1991 | Same-sex marriage[175] | Constitutional referendum (77.1%) | Yes | ||||
Bulgaria | July 1991 | Same-sex marriage[176] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Vietnam | April 1992 | Same-sex marriage[177] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Paraguay | June 1992 | Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[178] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Lithuania | October 1992 | Same-sex marriage[179][180] | Constitutional referendum (75.42%) | Yes | ||||
Cambodia | September 1993 | Same-sex marriage[181] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Belarus | March 1994 | Same-sex marriage[182] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Moldova | July 1994 | Same-sex marriage[183] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ukraine | June 1996 | Same-sex marriage[184] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Poland | April 1997 | Same-sex marriage[185] | Constitutional referendum (52.71%) | Yes | ||||
Venezuela | December 1999 | Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[186][187] | Constitutional referendum (71.78%) | Yes | ||||
Rwanda | May 2003 | Same-sex marriage[188] | Constitutional referendum (93.42%) | Yes | ||||
United States | July 2004 | Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[189] | 48 | 50 | 227 | 186 | – | No |
Burundi | February 2005 | Same-sex marriage[190] | Constitutional referendum (92.02%) | Yes | ||||
Honduras | March 2005 | Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[191][192] | n/a | 128 | 0 | Signed | Yes | |
Uganda | September 2005 | Same-sex marriage[193] | n/a | 111 | 17 | Signed | Yes | |
Latvia | December 2005 | Same-sex marriage[194] | n/a | 65 | 5 | Signed | Yes | |
DR Congo | December 2005 | Same-sex marriage[195][196] | Constitutional referendum (84.31%) | Yes | ||||
United States | July 2006 | Same-sex marriage and equivalent/similar union[197] | 49 | 48 | 236 | 187 | – | No |
Serbia | October 2006 | Same-sex marriage[198] | Constitutional referendum (53%) | Yes | ||||
Montenegro | October 2007 | Same-sex marriage[199][200] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Ecuador | September 2008 | Same-sex marriage[201] | Constitutional referendum (63.93%) | Yes | ||||
Bolivia | January 2009 | Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[202] | Constitutional referendum (61.43%) | Yes | ||||
Cayman Islands | June 2009 | Same-sex marriage[203] | n/a | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
El Salvador | October 2009 | Same-sex marriage[204][205][206] | n/a | 46 | 38 | – | No1 | |
Dominican Republic | January 2010 | Same-sex marriage and unregistered cohabitation[207] | Passed | Passed | Signed | Yes | ||
Kenya | August 2010 | Same-sex marriage[208] | Constitutional referendum (68.55%) | Yes | ||||
Zambia | March 2011 | Same-sex marriage[209][210] | n/a | Failed | - | No | ||
Hungary | April 2011 | Same-sex marriage[211][212][213] | n/a | 262 | 44 | Signed | Yes | |
South Sudan | July 2011 | Same-sex marriage[214][215][216] | Passed | Signed | Yes | |||
Liberia | 2012 | Same-sex marriage[217] | Passed | Pending | ... |
Note:
1 The amendment was initially passed in April 2009, but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.[206]
Court challenges to enable same-sex unions
Country | Year | Description | Restrictions unconstitutional? |
---|---|---|---|
United States | 1972 | The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed Baker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question".[218] | No |
Israel | 1994 | An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples. | Yes |
Israel | 1995 | An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to further benefits. | Yes |
Israel | 1996 | An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to even further benefits. | Yes |
New Zealand | December 1997 | The Court of Appeal of New Zealand ruled in Quilter v Attorney-General that the common law ban on same-sex marriage was not discriminatory under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. | No |
Canada | 1999 | The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M. v. H. that cohabitating same-sex partners in a common-law marriage were entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabitating opposite-sex partners.[219] | Yes |
South Africa | December 1999 | The Constitutional Court ruled in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs that foreign same-sex partners of South Africans are entitled to the same immigration benefits as foreign spouses.[220] | Yes |
Israel | 2000 | An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to pension benefits. | Yes |
Israel | 2001 | Common-law status is once again expanded to allow a partner to claim guardianship of the other's child. | Yes |
South Africa | July 2002 | The Constitutional Court ruled in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa that pensions and other financial benefits provided by an employer to spouses must also be provided to same-sex life partners who have undertaken a reciprocal duty of support.[221] | Yes |
South Africa | September 2002 | The Constitutional Court ruled in Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development that same-sex partners are entitled to adopt children jointly and to adopt each other's children as if they were married.[222] | Yes |
Canada | 2002-5 | A series of court decisions progressively legalized same-sex marriage in Canada's provinces and territories prior to the passage of the Civil Marriage Act. Decisions in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia found that not permitting same-sex marriage violated the Charter of Rights. Those decisions were subsequently given immediate effect in later decisions, and further decisions in Yukon, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick extended the decisions to those jurisdictions. | Yes |
Venezuela | 2003 | The Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that the government is free to introduce measures that provide for economic benefits to same-sex couples, though it is not bound by law to do so.[223] | No |
South Africa | March 2003 | The Constitutional Court ruled in J v Director General, Department of Home Affairs that children born to lesbian life-partners through artificial insemination are to be regarded as legitimate in law and that both partners must be registered as the legal parents.[224] | Yes |
Austria | 2003 | The European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples must be recognized under common-law status equal to opposite-sex couples. | Yes |
South Korea | 2004 | The Democratic Labor Party of South Korea led a challenge to the government's exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage in 2004. | No developments |
Israel | January 2005 | The Supreme Court expanded the common-law status to include for adoption of a partner's child. | Yes |
South Africa | December 2005 | The Constitutional Court ruled in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was unconstitutional. The ruling was suspended for one year to allow Parliament to rectify the inequality by legislation.[225] | Yes |
Costa Rica | May 2006 | The Supreme Court of Costa Rica ruled 5–2 that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was not unconstitutional.[226] | No |
United States | July 2006 | Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning unsuccesfully challenged the validity under the United States Constitution of Initiative Measure 416, Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. | No[227] |
United Kingdom | July 2006 | The High Court ruled that recognizing same-sex marriages performed abroad as "civil partnerships" over marriages was not discriminatory.[228] | No |
Israel | November 2006 | The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the government must recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad on par with opposite-sex marriages that have been performed abroad.[229] | Yes |
South Africa | November 2006 | Days before same-sex marriage became legal, the Constitutional Court ruled in Gory v Kolver NO that a same-sex life partner is entitled to inherit automatically when the other partner dies without a will.[230] | |
Brazil | 2006 | A 2006 decision issued by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça stated that same-sex couples qualify as de facto partners. | Yes |
Colombia | February 2007 | A Colombian court ruled that some common law benefits must be extended to same-sex couples.[231] | Yes |
Aruba | April 2007 | The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that Aruba must recognize all Dutch marriages, including same-sex marriages.[232] | Yes |
Netherlands Antilles | April 2007 | The Supreme Court of the Netherlands's ruling applied to the Netherlands Antilles in addition to Aruba. | Yes |
Colombia | January 2009 | The Constitutional Court of Colombia later ruled that benefits for cohabitating same-sex couples must be expanded to give them equality with cohabitating opposite-sex couples.[233] | Yes |
Slovenia | July 2009 | The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the registered partnership law excluding registered partners from inheritance rights was discriminatory and gave the Parliament six months to respond to the ruling.[234] | Yes |
Portugal | July 2009 | The Constitutional Court of Portugal ruled 3–2 that the statutory ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Portuguese constitutional provision that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.[235][236] | No |
Russia | January 2010 | Two lesbians who recently married in Canada have announced their intention to push for its recognition within Russia.[237][238] Russian courts have ruled that the two are not legally able to marry, and thus the two women are seeking to use a loophole for recognition only.[239] | No[240] |
Poland | March 2010 | The European Court of Human Rights ruled that homosexuals have the right to inherit from their partners.[241] | Yes |
Italy | April 2010 | The constitutionality of Italy's refusal to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was questioned before the Constitutional Court.[242][243] In April 2010, the court rejected the bids from Italian couples.[244] | No |
Austria | June 2010 | Schalk and Kopf v. Austria challenges the validity of Austria's marriage laws in the European Court of Human Rights.[245][246] | No |
Mexico | August 2010 | After affirming the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law, the Supreme Court affirmed its constitutionality and ruled that all Mexican states are required to recognize the marriages. | Yes[247] |
Germany | August 2010 | A court[which?] ruled that the twenty-point higher inheritance tax for registered partners as opposed to married opposite-sex couples violated the constitution. The government had until 2011 to amend the law. | Yes |
Colombia | November 2010 | Marriage law under challenge in the Constitutional Court of Colombia.[248] | No developments |
France | January 2011 | France's highest court of appeal, the Court of Cassation, on November 17, 2010, asked the Constitutional Council to decide whether Articles 75 and 144 of the Civil Code are inconsistent with the preamble and Article 66 of the French constitution.[249][250][251] On January 28, 2011, the Council ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is constitutional.[252] | No |
Brazil | May 2011 | On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court ruled 10-0 (with one abstention) that same-sex civil unions must be recognized.[253] | Yes |
Brazil | June 2011 | A judge in São Paulo converted a civil union into a civil marriage.[254] | Yes |
Colombia | July 2011 | The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples are at a legal disadvantage by being excluded from marriage and ordered Congress to rectify this issue by June 20, 2013. If the deadline is not met, same-sex couples would thenceforth be able to get married by a judge or a notary.[255] | Yes |
Brazil | October 2011 | Brazil's Superior Court ruled that two women can legally be married. It's the highest court in Brazil to uphold a gay marriage. It overturned two lower courts' rulings against the women.[256] | Yes |
Chile | December 2011 | A Court of Appeals in Santiago asked the Constitutional Court about the validity of Article 102 of the Civil Code that defines marriages only between a man and a woman, after three couples challenged the article.[257] The Constitutional Court rejected their bids in a 9-1 vote,[258] and subsequently, the Court of Appeals rejected the challenges.[259] | No |
Italy | March 2012 | The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples.[260] | Yes |
France | 2012 | A same-sex couple, in Chapin and Charpentier v. France, filled a challenge in the European Court of Human Rights to a French law that prevents same-sex marriage.[261] | |
Ireland | 2012 | Marriage law under challenge.[262] | |
Cyprus | 2012 | A Cypriot couple is taking the Republic of Cyprus to the European Court of Human Rights for not giving them the right to enter into a same-sex marriage.[263] | |
United States | 2012 | Several concurrent lawsuits are challenging various portions of the federal Defense of Marriage Act. See here. | |
United States | 2012 | Perry v. Brown challenges the validity under the United States Constitution of California Proposition 8, the state's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage.[264][265] | |
United Kingdom | 2012 | Eight couples from the United Kingdom have filed a challenge against the UK's bans on gay marriage and straight civil partnerships at the European Court of Human Rights.[266] | |
Costa Rica | 2012 | Two gay couples asked a Costa Rican court on May 16 to be married in a civil union.[267] The request of one couple was declined, but they said they have the intention to appeal the judgement.[268] |
See also
References
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{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Template:It "A marzo la Corte Costituzionale dirĂ la sua sui matrimoni gay". Queerblog.it. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ Italian court rebuffs gay marriage bid
- ^ European Court Rules Gay Marriage Not a Universal Human Right
- ^ Same-sex marriage ban upheld by court
- ^ Agren, David (2010-08-10). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^ Template:Es Corte Constitucional aplazó discusión sobre el matrimonio gay
- ^ Template:FrQuestions posed by the Court of Cassation to the Constitutional Council
- ^ Court to look at gay marriage ban
- ^ Gay marriage to be debated in French Constitutional Council
- ^ France's Constitutional Council nixes gay marriage
- ^ The Telegraph http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/brazil/8496808/Brazils-top-court-approves-civil-unions-for-same-sex-couples.html.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/06/27/general-lt-brazil-gay-marriage_8537969.html.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) [dead link] - ^ Template:Es"Corte da dos años al Congreso para legalizar matrimonio gay", Terra, 26 July 2011
- ^ Chicago Sun-Times http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/8419812-418/brazil-appellate-court-says-gay-marriage-is-legal.html.
{{cite news}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Template:Es La Tercera (2010-01-04). "Tribunal Constitucional acogió a tramitación recurso por matrimonio homosexual". Retrieved 2010-01-10.
- ^ Pope, Anna (2011-10-30). "Chile's constitutional court rejects gay marriage in 9-1 vote". Santiago Times. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ "Corte de Apelaciones rechaza recurso presentado por parejas homosexuales contra Registro Civil". La Tercera. 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ La Cassazione sulle coppie gay "Hanno diritto a una vita familiare"
- ^ Template:Fr "ECHR Portal HTML View". Cmiskp.echr.coe.int. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ "Gay couple in new court challenge", Irish Times, 6 June 2012
- ^ 'I just want to get married in Cyprus and have my union recognised'
- ^ "Judge strikes down Prop. 8, allows gay marriage in California". L.A. Times. 2010-08-04. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
- ^ California gay marriages on hold again
- ^ UK gay marriage challenge goes to European Court
- ^ http://www.ticotimes.net/News/News-Briefs/Chinchilla-says-she-would-not-oppose-legalization-of-gay-marriage-in-Costa-Rica_Tuesday-May-17-2011
- ^ http://noticias.universogay.com/en-costa-rica-es-legalmente-imposible-el-matrimonio-entre-personas-del-mismo-sexo__24052011.html