Occupy Wall Street: Difference between revisions
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Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,<ref name="Auto1Y-7"/> and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States. Writing for CNN, Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Peñalver have said "A straight line runs from the 1930s [[Flint Sit-Down Strike|sit-down strikes in Flint, Michigan]], to the [[Greensboro sit-ins|1960 lunch counter sit-ins]] to the [[Occupation of Alcatraz|occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists in 1969]] to Occupy Wall Street. Occupations employ physical possession to communicate intense dissent, exhibited by a willingness to break the law and to suffer the—occasionally violent—consequences."<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as [[Coxey's Army]] in 1894, the [[Bonus Marchers]] in 1932, and the [[1971 May Day Protests|May Day protesters]] in 1971.<ref name="Auto1Y-8"/><ref name="Auto1Y-9"/> |
Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,<ref name="Auto1Y-7"/> and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States. Writing for CNN, Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Peñalver have said "A straight line runs from the 1930s [[Flint Sit-Down Strike|sit-down strikes in Flint, Michigan]], to the [[Greensboro sit-ins|1960 lunch counter sit-ins]] to the [[Occupation of Alcatraz|occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists in 1969]] to Occupy Wall Street. Occupations employ physical possession to communicate intense dissent, exhibited by a willingness to break the law and to suffer the—occasionally violent—consequences."<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as [[Coxey's Army]] in 1894, the [[Bonus Marchers]] in 1932, and the [[1971 May Day Protests|May Day protesters]] in 1971.<ref name="Auto1Y-8"/><ref name="Auto1Y-9"/> |
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More immediate prototypes for OWS may include from the [[Demonstrations_against_the_World_Trade_Organization_in_Seattle | Demonstrations against the WTO in Seattle ]] to the [[2010_UK_student_protests | British student protests of 2010]], although the more recent movements that match more accurately would be [[Arab_Spring | Arab Spring protests]]<ref name="Wall Street action part of global "Arab Spring"?"> {{Cite News | last=Apps |first=Peter | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | title=Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? | publisher=Reuters | date= October 11, 2011 | accessdate=2011-11-24}}</ref>, and, closer, [[2010–2011_Greek_protests | Greece's]] and [[2011–2012_Spanish_protests | Spain's ]] 'Real Democracy Now' or 'Take the Square' Movement, by the 'Indignados' ('Indignants'), who demonstrate and camp asking for a bigger citizenship participation in Democracy decreased by the Economic matters |
More immediate prototypes for OWS may include from the [[Demonstrations_against_the_World_Trade_Organization_in_Seattle | Demonstrations against the WTO in Seattle ]] to the [[2010_UK_student_protests | British student protests of 2010]], although the more recent movements that match more accurately would be [[Arab_Spring | Arab Spring protests]]<ref name="Wall Street action part of global "Arab Spring"?"> {{Cite News | last=Apps |first=Peter | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/11/uk-global-politics-protest-idUSLNE79A03Z20111011 | title=Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring? | publisher=Reuters | date= October 11, 2011 | accessdate=2011-11-24}}</ref>, and, closer, [[2010–2011_Greek_protests | Greece's]] and [[2011–2012_Spanish_protests | Spain's ]] 'Real Democracy Now' or 'Take the Square' Movement, by the 'Indignados' ('Indignants'), who demonstrate and camp asking for a bigger citizenship participation in Democracy decreased by the Economic matters. "What they all share in common is a feeling that the youth and middle class are paying a high price for mismanagement and malfeasance by an out-of-touch corporate, financial and political elite... they took on slogans from U.S. protesters who describe themselves as the "99 percent" paying the price for mistakes by a tiny minority."</ref> These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging to circumvent the authorities, as well as the feeling that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been [[wikt:malfeasant|malfeasant]] in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.<ref name="Reutersmalfeasant"/><ref name="ArabSpring"/> Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the [[Occupy movement]] in the United States.<ref name="Auto1Y-10"/><ref name="Auto1Y-11"/><ref name="top5"/> David Graeber has argued that the Occupy movement, in its anti-hierarchical and anti-authoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of [[prefigurative politics]], has roots in an [[Anarchism|anarchist]] political tradition.<ref name="Auto1Y-4"/> Sociologist Dana Williams has likewise argued that "the most immediate inspiration for Occupy is anarchism", and the ''[[LA Times]]'' has identified the "controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style" as one of the hallmarks of OWS.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Dana|title=The anarchist DNA of Occupy|journal=Contexts|year=2012|volume=11|issue=2|pages=19|doi=10.1177/1536504212446455|accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=Pearce>{{cite news|last=Pearce|first=Matt|title=Could the end be near for Occupy Wall Street movement?|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-the-end-of-occupy-wall-street-20120610,0,7439790.story|accessdate=12 June 2012|newspaper=LA Times|date=11 June 2012}}</ref> |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
Revision as of 22:40, 17 September 2012
Template:Infobox Occupy movement/protest Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is the name given to a protest movement that began on September 17, 2011 in Zuccotti Park, located in New York City's Wall Street financial district.
The Canadian activist group Adbusters initiated the protest, partly inspired by the Arab Spring,[1][2] especially Cairo's Tahrir Square protests, and Spanish 'Indignants' ('Indignados') Movement in 15 May, 2011[3][4][5][6], also called 'Take the Square' ('Toma la plaza') and many other names. This was the first peace, encampment and assembly based movement and first in a Democratic Country (thus the first not against dictatorship but aiming for real democracy) which spread to an already uprisen Greece, and then to other European Countries and led to Occupy protests and movements around the Western Countries to get it´s climax, due to its symbolism, in Wall Street.
The main issues for the protesters are social and economic inequality, as well as what they perceive to be greed, corruption and undue influence of corporations on government—particularly from the financial services sector. The OWS slogan, We are the 99%, addresses the growing income inequality and wealth distribution in the U.S. between the wealthiest 1% and the rest of the population. To achieve their goals, protesters act on consensus-based decision made in general assemblies which emphasize direct action over petitioning authorities for redress.[7][nb 1]
Protesters were forced out of Zuccotti Park on November 15, 2011. While there have been unsuccessful attempts to re-occupy the original location, protesters have turned their focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, college and university campuses, along with Wall Street itself.
Origins
OWS was initiated by Kalle Lasn and Micah White of Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, who conceived of a September 17 occupation in lower Manhattan. Lasn registered the OccupyWallStreet.org web address on June 9.[8] That same month, Adbusters emailed its subscribers saying “America needs its own Tahrir”. White said the reception of the idea "snowballed from there".[8][9] In a blog post on July 13 of 2011,[10] Adbusters proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, the lack of legal consequences for those who brought about the global crisis of monetary insolvency, and an increasing disparity in wealth.[9] The protest was promoted with an image featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull statue [11][12][13]
A group called New Yorkers Against Budget Cuts (NYAB), promoted a "sleep in" in lower Manhattan called "Bloombergville" that took place in July, preceding OWS and provided a number of activists to begin organising.[14] Formation of the New York General Assembly (NYGA) began on August 2 when the NYAB met in Bowling Green Park for the “People’s General Assembly” to “Oppose Cutbacks And Austerity Of Any Kind”. Activist, anarchist and anthropologist David Graeber and several of his associates attended the NYAB meeting, but grew frustrated when they discovered the event was not a "general assembly" that rules by consensus resulting from group discussions. Rather, the event was intended to be a precursor to marching on Wall Street with a corpus of predetermined demands such as "An end to oppression and war!" In response, Graeber and his small group created their own general assembly, which eventually drew all remaining attendees from the NYAB meeting and developed into the New York General Assembly. The group began holding weekly meetings to work out issues and the movement's direction, such as whether or not to have a set of demands, forming working groups and whether or not to have leaders.[8][15][16][nb 2] The Internet group Anonymous created a video encouraging its supporters to take part in the protests.[17] The U.S. Day of Rage, a group that organized to protest "corporate influence [that] corrupts our political parties, our elections, and the institutions of government", also joined the movement.[18][19] The protest itself began on September 17; a Facebook page for the demonstrations began two days later on September 19 featuring a YouTube video of earlier events. By mid-October, Facebook listed 125 Occupy-related pages.[20]
The original location for the protest was One Chase Manhattan Plaza with Bowling Green Park, the site of the "Charging Bull", and Zuccotti Park as alternate choices. Police discovered this before the protest began and fenced off two locations but left Zucotti Park, the groups second choice, open. Since the park was private property police could not legally force protesters to leave without being requested to do so by the property owner.[21][22] At a press conference held the same day the protests began, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg explained, "people have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[19]
Because of its connection to the financial system, lower Manhattan has seen many riots and protests since the 1800s,[23] and OWS has been compared to other historical protests in the United States. Writing for CNN, Sonia Katyal and Eduardo Peñalver have said "A straight line runs from the 1930s sit-down strikes in Flint, Michigan, to the 1960 lunch counter sit-ins to the occupation of Alcatraz by Native American activists in 1969 to Occupy Wall Street. Occupations employ physical possession to communicate intense dissent, exhibited by a willingness to break the law and to suffer the—occasionally violent—consequences."[24] Commentators have put OWS within the political tradition of other movements which made themselves known by occupation of public spaces, such as Coxey's Army in 1894, the Bonus Marchers in 1932, and the May Day protesters in 1971.[25][26]
More immediate prototypes for OWS may include from the Demonstrations against the WTO in Seattle to the British student protests of 2010, although the more recent movements that match more accurately would be Arab Spring protestsCite error: The <ref>
tag has too many names (see the help page)., and, closer, Greece's and Spain's 'Real Democracy Now' or 'Take the Square' Movement, by the 'Indignados' ('Indignants'), who demonstrate and camp asking for a bigger citizenship participation in Democracy decreased by the Economic matters. "What they all share in common is a feeling that the youth and middle class are paying a high price for mismanagement and malfeasance by an out-of-touch corporate, financial and political elite... they took on slogans from U.S. protesters who describe themselves as the "99 percent" paying the price for mistakes by a tiny minority."</ref> These antecedents have in common with OWS a reliance on social media and electronic messaging to circumvent the authorities, as well as the feeling that financial institutions, corporations, and the political elite have been malfeasant in their behavior toward youth and the middle class.[27][28] Occupy Wall Street, in turn, gave rise to the Occupy movement in the United States.[29][30][31] David Graeber has argued that the Occupy movement, in its anti-hierarchical and anti-authoritarian consensus-based politics, its refusal to accept the legitimacy of the existing legal and political order, and its embrace of prefigurative politics, has roots in an anarchist political tradition.[32] Sociologist Dana Williams has likewise argued that "the most immediate inspiration for Occupy is anarchism", and the LA Times has identified the "controversial, anarchist-inspired organizational style" as one of the hallmarks of OWS.[33][34]
Overview
"We are the 99%"
"Occupy" protesters' slogan We are the 99% is a protest slogan that refers to income disparity in the US, a main issue for OWS. It derives from a We the 99% flyer calling for OWS's second General Assembly in August 2011. The variation "We are the 99%" originated from a tumblr page of the same name.[35][36] Huffington Post reporter, Paul Taylor said the slogan is "arguably the most successful slogan since 'Hell no, we won't go,'" of Vietnam war era, and that the majority of Democrats, independents and Republicans see the income gap as causing social friction.[35] The slogan was boosted by statistics which were confirmed by a Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report released in October 2011.[37]
Income inequality
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2008_Top1percentUSA.png/275px-2008_Top1percentUSA.png)
Income inequality has increased over the last three decades with economic stagnation and unequal distribution of the wealth undermining some goals of working people.[43] It is a focal point of the Occupy Wall Street protests[44][45][46] Simon Rogers and the Guardian UK, in their piece "Occupy protestors say it is 99% v 1%. Are they right?" state:
"Now, one in every seven Americans lives below the poverty line - that's a record 46.2 million people (although it might actually be higher). One in six Americans have no health insurance - 50 million people, a population twice the size of Texas (27m people). Of every 17 Americans, at least one will be earning below the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. 14.5% of Americans households are defined as "food insecure". That means for every seven households, one will have trouble putting enough food on the table".[47]
Rogers also shows how executive pay in the largest US companies has quadrupled since the 1970s, but the average non-supervisory employee is paid 10% less and that between the 1940s and the 1970s, the income of the median American household doubled, but since then incomes have risen only 5% for the bottom 90% of Americans.[47][48][49][50] During the 1990s, economists began to release studies which showed the increasing income inequality in the United States. Although these were cited by liberal activists and Democrats, this information did not fully become a center of national attention until it was used as one of the ideas behind the OWS movement.[51] OWS protests were particularly concerned with income inequality in America, in addition to corporate greed and the corrosive power of major banks and multinational corporations.[52]
Goals
OWS's goals include a reduction in the influence of corporations on politics,[53] more balanced distribution of income,[53] more and better jobs,[53] bank reform[31] (especially to curtail speculative trading by banks), forgiveness of student loan debt[53][54] or other relief for indebted students,[55][56] and alleviation of the foreclosure situation.[57] Some media label the protests "anti-capitalist",[58] while others dispute the relevance of this label.[59] Nicholas Kristof of The New York Times noted "while alarmists seem to think that the movement is a 'mob' trying to overthrow capitalism, one can make a case that, on the contrary, it highlights the need to restore basic capitalist principles like accountability."[60] Rolling Stone writer Matt Taibbi asserted, "These people aren't protesting money. They're not protesting banking. They're protesting corruption on Wall Street."[61] In contradiction to such views, academic Slavoj Zizek wrote, "capitalism is now clearly re-emerging as the name of the problem."[62]
Some protestors have favored a fairly concrete set of national policy proposals.[63][64] One OWS group that favored specific demands created a document entitled the 99 Percent Declaration,[65] but this was regarded as an attempt to "co-opt" the "Occupy" name,[66] and the document and group were rejected by the General Assemblies of Occupy Wall Street and Occupy Philadelphia.[66] However others, such as those who issued the Liberty Square Blueprint, are opposed to setting demands, saying they would limit the movement by implying conditions and limiting the duration of the movement.[67] David Graeber, an OWS participant, has also criticized the idea that the movement must have clearly defined demands, arguing that it would be a counterproductive legitimization of the very power structures the movement seeks to challenge.[68] In a similar vein, scholar and activist Judith Butler has challenged the assertion that OWS should make concrete demands: "So what are the demands that all these people are making? Either they say there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused. Or they say that demands for social equality, that demands for economic justice are impossible demands and impossible demands are just not practical. But we disagree. If hope is an impossible demand then we demand the impossible."[69]
In an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, pollster Douglas Schoen wrote that polling of the protesters revealed "a deep commitment to left-wing policies: opposition to free-market capitalism and support for radical redistribution of wealth, intense regulation of the private sector, and protectionist policies to keep American jobs from going overseas."[70]
Protester demographics
Early on the protesters were mostly young, partly because social networks through which they promoted the protests are primarily used by young people.[71][72] As the protest grew, older protesters also became involved.[73] The average age of the protesters was 33, with people in their 20s balanced by people in their 40s.[74] Various religious faiths have been represented at the protest including Muslims, Jews, and Christians.[75] Rabbi Chaim Gruber,[76] however, is reportedly the only clergy member to have actually camped at Zuccotti Park.[77][78][79] The Associated Press reported in October that there was "diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.[73] A study based on survey responses at OccupyWallSt.org reported that the protesters were 81.2% White, 6.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, 1.6% Black, and 7.6% identifying as "other".[80][81]
According to a survey of occupywallst.org website visitors[82] by the Baruch College School of Public Affairs published on October 19, of 1,619 web respondents, one-third were older than 35, half were employed full-time, 13% were unemployed and 13% earned over $75,000. When given the option of identifying themselves as Democrat, Republican or Independent/Other 27.3% of the respondents called themselves Democrats, 2.4% called themselves Republicans, while the rest, 70%, called themselves independents.[83] A survey of 301 respondents by a Fordham University political science professor identified the protester's political affiliations as 25% Democrat, 2% Republican, 11% Socialist, 11% Green Party, 0% Tea Party, and 12% "Other"; meanwhile, 39% of the respondents said they did not identify with any political party.[84] Ideologically the Fordham survey found 80% self-identifying as slightly to extremely liberal, 15% as moderate, and 6% as slightly to extremely conservative.[84]
Main organization
The New York City General Assembly (NYCGA) is the main OWS decision-making body and provides much of the leadership and executive function for the protesters.[85] At its meetings the various OWS committees discuss their thoughts and needs, and the meetings are open to the public for both attendance and speaking.[86] The meetings are without formal leadership, although certain members routinely act as moderators. Meeting participants comment upon committee proposals using a process called a "stack", which is a queue of speakers that anyone can join. New York uses what is called a progressive stack, in which people from marginalized groups are sometimes allowed to speak before people from dominant groups, with facilitators, or "stack-keepers", urging speakers to "step forward, or step back" based on which group they belong to, meaning that women and minorities may move to the front of the line, while white men must often wait for a turn to speak.[87][88] Volunteers take minutes of the meetings so that organizers who are not in attendance can be kept up-to-date.[89][90] In addition to the over 70 working groups[91] that perform much of the daily work and planning of Occupy Wall Street, the organizational structure also includes "spokes councils," at which every working group can participate.[92]
Even with the perception of a movement with no leaders, leaders have emerged. A facilitator of some of the movement's more contentious discussions, Nicole Carty, says “Usually when we think of leadership, we think of authority, but nobody has authority here,” - “People lead by example, stepping up when they need to and stepping back when they need to.”[93] According to Fordham University communications professor Paul Levinson, Occupy Wall Street and similar movements symbolize another rise of direct democracy that has not actually been seen since ancient times.[94][95]
Funding
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During the beginning weeks of the park encampment it was reported that most of OWS funding was coming from donors with incomes in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, and the median donation was $22.[74] According to finance group member Pete Dutro, OWS had accumulated over $700,000.[96] During the period that protesters were encamped in the park the funds were being used to purchase food and other necessities and to bail out fellow protesters. With the closure of the park to overnight camping on November 15, members of the OWS finance committee stated they would initiate a process to streamline the movement and re-evaluate their budget and eliminate or merge some of the "working groups" they no longer needed on a day-to-day basis.[97][98]
Met with increasing costs and significant overhead expenses in order to sustain the movement, an internal audit from the fiscal management team known as the "accounting working group" revealed on March 2, 2012 that only $44,000 of the several hundred thousand dollars raised still remained available. The report warned that if current revenues and expenses were maintained at current levels, then funds would run out in three weeks.[99][100] Some of the movement's biggest costs include ground-level activities such as food kitchens, street medics, bus tickets, subway passes, and printing expenses.[101][102] In late February 2012 it was reported that a group of business leaders including Ben Cohen, Jerry Greenfield, Danny Goldberg, Norman Lear, and Terri Gardner[103] created a new working group, the Movement Resource Group, and with it have pledged $300,000 with plans to add $1,500,000 more.[104][105] The money would be made available in the form of grants of up to $25,000 for eligible recipients.
Zuccotti Park encampment
Prior to being closed to overnight use, somewhere between 100 and 200 people slept in Zuccotti Park. Initially tents were not allowed and protesters slept in sleeping bags or under blankets.[106] Meal service started at a total cost of about $1,000 per day. While some visitors ate at nearby restaurants, according to the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post many businesses surrounding the park were adversely affected.[107][108][109] Contribution boxes collected about $5,000 a day, and supplies came in from around the country.[107] Eric Smith, a local chef who was laid off at the Sheraton in Midtown, said that he was running a five-star restaurant in the park.[110] In late October kitchen volunteers complained about working 18 hour days to feed people who were not part of the movement and served only brown rice, simple sandwiches, and potato chips for three days.[111]
Many protesters used the bathrooms of nearby business establishments. Some supporters donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[112]
New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound," including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street did not have a permit, the protesters created the "human microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeat the phrase in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.[113][114]
During the weeks that overnight use of the park was allowed, a separate area was set aside for an information area which contained laptop computers and several wireless routers.[115][116] The items were powered with gas generators until the New York City Fire Department removed them on October 28, saying they were a fire hazard.[117] Protesters then used bicycles rigged with an electricity-generating apparatus to charge batteries to power the protesters' laptops and other electronics.[118] According to the Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, ran websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, and Tumblr" as well as Skype sessions with other demonstrators.[119]
On October 6, Brookfield Office Properties, which owns Zuccotti Park, issued a statement saying: "Sanitation is a growing concern... Normally the park is cleaned and inspected every weeknight [but] because the protesters refuse to cooperate ... the park has not been cleaned since Friday, September 16 and as a result, sanitary conditions have reached unacceptable levels."[120][121]
On October 13, New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Brookfield announced that the park must be vacated for cleaning the following morning at 7 am.[122] However, protesters vowed to "defend the occupation" after police said they wouldn’t allow them to return with sleeping bags and other gear following the cleaning, and many protesters spent the night sweeping and mopping the park.[123][124] The next morning the property owner postponed its cleaning effort.[123] Having prepared for a confrontation with the authorities to prevent the cleaning effort from proceeding, some protesters clashed with police in riot gear outside City Hall after it was canceled.[122]
On October 20, residents at a community board meeting complained about inadequate sanitation, verbal taunts and harassment by protesters, noise, and related issues. One resident angrily complained that the protesters "[a]re defecating on our doorsteps"; board member Tricia Joyce said, "They have to have some parameters. That doesn't mean the protests have to stop. I'm hoping we can strike a balance on parameters because this could be a long term stay."[125]
Shortly after midnight on November 15, 2011, the New York City Police Department gave protesters notice from the park's owner (Brookfield Office Properties) to leave Zuccotti Park due to its purportedly unsanitary and hazardous conditions. The notice stated that they could return without sleeping bags, tarps or tents.[126][127] About an hour later, police in riot gear began removing protesters from the park, arresting some 200 people in the process, including a number of journalists. While the police raid was in progress, the Occupy Wall Street Media Team issued an official response under the heading, "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."[128]
On December 31, 2011, Protesters started to re-occupy the park. At one point, protesters started to push police barricades into the streets. Police quickly put the barricades back up. Occupiers then started to take down barricades from all sides of the park and stored them in a pile in the middle of Zuccotti Park.[129] Police called in re-enforcements while at the same time more activists entered the park. Police tried to enter the park, but were pushed back by protesters. There were reports of pepper-spray being used by the police. About 12:40 a.m. after the group celebrated New Years in the park, They exited the park and marched down Broadway. Police, in riot gear, started to clear out the park around 1:30 a.m. Sixty-eight people were arrested—including one accused of stabbing a police officer in the hand with a pair of scissors—in connection with the event, which was over within several hours.[130]
Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, some former campers have been allowed to sleep in local churches, but how much longer they will be welcomed is in question and even former park occupiers debate whether or not they can continue to provide funds and meals for homeless protesters. Since the removal, New York protesters have been divided in their opinion as to the importance of the occupation of a space with some believing that actual encampment is unnecessary, and even a burden.[131] Since the closure of the Zuccotti Park encampment, the movement has turned its focus on occupying banks, corporate headquarters, board meetings, college and university campuses, and Wall Street itself. Since its inception, the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City have cost the city an estimated $17 million in overtime fees to provide policing of protests and encampment inside Zuccotti Park.[132][133][134]
On March 17, 2012, Occupy Wall Street demonstrators attempted to mark the movement's six month anniversary by reoccupying Zuccotti Park. Protestors were soon cleared away by Police, who made over 70 arrests. Veteran protesters said the force used by police was the most violent they had witnessed and a Guardian reporter witnessed a protester being slammed into a glass door by a police officer.[135][136] On March 24, hundreds of OWS protesters marched from Zuccotti Park to Union Square in a demonstration against police violence.[137]
Fades away
The movement began to fizzle in January and February of 2012. Weekly meetings in New York by the protestors were marked with fistfights and arguments. After objects were hurled at session moderators, the moderators stopped showing up and the weekly meetings stopped. An effort to generate a reunion event on May Day 2012 fizzled and fewer and fewer protestors continued to be present in the park or at the New York Stock Exchange.[138]
Security, crime and legal issues
OWS Demonstrators complained of thefts of assorted items such as cell phones and laptops; thieves also stole $2500 of donations that were stored in a makeshift kitchen.[139] In November, a man was arrested for breaking an EMT's leg.[140]
NYPD spokesman Paul Browne said protesters delayed reporting crime until three complaints were made against the same individual.[141] The protesters denied a "three strikes policy", and one protester told the New York Daily News that he had heard police respond to an unspecified complaint by saying, "You need to deal with that yourselves".[142]
After several weeks of occupation, protesters had made enough allegations of sexual assault and gropings that women-only sleeping tents were set up.[143][144][145][146] Occupy Wall Street organizers released a statement regarding the sexual assaults stating, "As individuals and as a community, we have the responsibility and the opportunity to create an alternative to this culture of violence, We are working for an OWS and a world in which survivors are respected and supported unconditionally... We are redoubling our efforts to raise awareness about sexual violence. This includes taking preventative measures such as encouraging healthy relationship dynamics and consent practices that can help to limit harm.”[147]
It was revealed that an internal Department of Homeland Security report warned that Occupy Wall Street protests were a potential source of violence; the report stated that "mass gatherings associated with public protest movements can have disruptive effects on transportation, commercial, and government services, especially when staged in major metropolitan areas". The DHS keeps a file on the movement and monitors social media for information, according to leaked emails released by Wikileaks.[148][149]
Brooklyn Bridge arrests
On October 1, 2011, a large group of protesters set out to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge resulting in 700 arrests. Some said the police had tricked protesters, allowing them onto the bridge, and even escorting them partway across.[150][151] Jesse A. Myerson, a media coordinator for Occupy Wall Street said, “The cops watched and did nothing, indeed, seemed to guide us onto the roadway.”[152] However, some statements by protesters supported descriptions of the event given by police: for example, one protester Tweeted that "The police didn't lead us on to the bridge. They were backing the [expletive] up."[153] A spokesman for the New York Police Department, Paul Browne, said that protesters were given multiple warnings to stay on the sidewalk and not block the street, and were arrested when they refused.[154] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons.[155] On October 4, a group of protesters who were arrested on the bridge filed a lawsuit against the city, alleging that officers had violated their constitutional rights by luring them into a trap and then arresting them; Mayor Bloomberg, commenting previously on the incident, had said that "[t]he police did exactly what they were supposed to do."[156]
In June 2012, a federal judge ruled that the protesters had not received sufficient warning that they would be arrested if they entered the roadway. While the police had argued that the protesters had received adequate warning, after reviewing video evidence, Judge Jed S. Rakoff sided with protesters saying, "a reasonable officer in the noisy environment defendants occupied would have known that a single bull horn could not reasonably communicate a message to 700 demonstrators".[157]
Court cases
In May, 2012, three cases in a row were thrown out of court, the most recent one for "insufficient summons".[158] In another case, photographer Alexander Arbuckle was charged with blocking traffic for standing in the middle of the street, according to NYPD Officer Elisheba Vera. However, according to Village Voice staff writer Nick Pinto, this account was not corroborated by photographic and video evidence taken by protesters and the NYPD.[159] In yet another case, Sgt. Michael Soldo, the arresting officer, said Jessica Hall was blocking traffic. But under cross-examination Soldo admitted, it was actually the NYPD metal barricades which blocked traffic. This was also corroborated by the NYPD's video documentation.[160]
Eight men associated with Occupy were found guilty of misdemeanors stemming from a criminal trespass arrest on December 17, 2011. One of them, Mark Adams, was also convicted of attempted criminal mischief and attempted criminal possession of burglar’s tools for trying to slice a lock on a chain-link fence with bolt cutters. Adams was sentenced to 45 days imprisonment; the other seven were convicted of criminal trespass and sentenced to community service.[161][162]
Notable responses
![]() | The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (May 2012) |
During an October 6 news conference, President Barack Obama said, "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[163][164]
Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney said that while there were "bad actors" that needed to be "found and plucked out", he believes that targeting one industry or region of America is a mistake and views encouraging the Occupy Wall Street protests as "dangerous" and inciting "class warfare".[165][166] Romney later expressed sympathy for the movement, saying, "I look at what's happening on Wall Street and my view is, boy, I understand how those people feel."[167]
House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi said she supports the Occupy Wall Street movement.[168] In September, various labor unions, including the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 and the New York Metro 32BJ Service Employees International Union, pledged their support for demonstrators.[169]
Five days into the protest, political commentator Keith Olbermann, formerly of CurrentTV, vocally criticized mainstream media outlets for failing to cover the initial Wall Street protests and demonstrations adequately.[170][171]
The Internet Archive and the Occupy Archive, a project at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, has been collecting material from Occupy sites beyond New York.[172]
See also
Occupy articles
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Similar historical protests
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Related articles
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Related portals:
Notes
- ^ Author Dan Berrett writes: "But Occupy Wall Street's most defining characteristics—its decentralized nature and its intensive process of participatory, consensus-based decision-making—are rooted in other precincts of academe and activism: in the scholarship of anarchism and, specifically, in an ethnography of central Madagascar." [7]
- ^ The Huffington Post reports that Graeber and friends discovered that the "General Assembly" had been "taken over by a veteran protest group called the Worker's World Party". Graeber, his companions and others went off on their own to begin their own assembly. Eventually both factions came together. Matt Sledge of the Huffington Post writes: "As the meetings evolved, they became forums for people to air their grievances." There were about 200 activists who organised the ground rules 47 days before the protest began.[16]
References
- ^ "Where now for the Occupy protesters?". Channel 4 News. November 4, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ Shenker, Jack; Gabbatt, Adam (October 25, 2011). "Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street". London: The Guardian. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ "'#OCCUPYWALLSTREET". Adbusters.org.
- ^ "'Occupy Wall Street'it all started in Spain". spanishaustralia.org.
- ^ "Spain's 'Indignados' Mark One Year Of Protest". NPR News.
- ^ "Spain's 'Indignants' lead international protest day". BBC.
- ^ a b "Intellectual Roots of Wall St. Protest Lie in Academe — Movement's principles arise from scholarship on anarchy". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2012-23-2.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ a b c Schwartz, Mattathias (November 28, 2011). "Pre-Occupied". Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ^ a b Fleming, Andrew (September 27, 2011). "Adbusters sparks Wall Street protest Vancouver-based activists behind street actions in the U.S". The Vancouver Courier. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
- ^ "#OCCUPYWALLSTREET: A shift in revolutionary tactics". Adbusters. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
- ^ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'". The Link. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Schneider, Nathan (September 29, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: FAQ". The Nation. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "The Tyee – Adbusters' Kalle Lasn Talks About OccupyWallStreet". Thetyee.ca. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
- ^ "How a Canadian Culture Magazine Helped Spark Occupy Wall Street". Website publisher's name. Retrieved 2012-26-7.
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(help) - ^ Bennett, Drake (October 26, 2011). "David Graeber, the Anti-Leader of Occupy Wall Street". Business Week. Retrieved February 13, 2012.: "While there were weeks of planning yet to go, the important battle had been won. The show would be run by horizontals, and the choices that would follow—the decision not to have leaders or even designated police liaisons, the daily GAs and myriad working-group meetings that still form the heart of the protests in Zuccotti Park—all flowed from that"
- ^ a b "Reawakening The Radical Imagination: The Origins Of Occupy Wall Street". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-25-7.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Saba, Michael (September 17, 2011). "Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran". CNN tech. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
- ^ "Assange can still Occupy centre stage". Smh.com.au. October 29, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
- ^ a b "'Occupy Wall Street' to Turn Manhattan into 'Tahrir Square'". IBTimes New York. September 17, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
- ^ "From a single hashtag, a protest circled the world". Brisbanetimes.com.au. October 19, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ^ Batchelor, Laura (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street lands on private property". CNNMoney. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Many of the Occupy Wall Street protesters might not realize it, but they got really lucky when they elected to gather at Zuccotti Park in downtown Manhattan
- ^ Schwartz, Mattathias (November 21, 2011). "Map: How Occupy Wall Street Chose Zuccotti Park". The New Yorker Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ Wall Street: 300 Years of Protests OCTOBER 11, 2011 - By History.com Staff
- ^ Occupy's new tactic has a powerful past By Sonia K. Katyal and Eduardo M. Peñalver, Special to CNN December 16, 2011
- ^ Wall Street protest's long historical roots By Nicolaus Mills, Special to CNN October 11, 2011
- ^ A historical precedent that might prove a bonus for Occupy Wall Street by Nicolaus Mills in The Guardian, Saturday 19 November 2011 "The Great Depression offers a striking parallel to this week's attack on Occupy Wall Street."
- ^ Apps, Peter (October 11, 2011). "Wall Street action part of global Arab Spring?". Reuters. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
- ^ Tahrir Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street by Jack Shenker and Adam Gabbatt The Guardian, Tuesday 25 October 2011 "Much of the tactics, rhetoric and imagery deployed by protesters has clearly been inspired by this year's political upheavals in the Middle East..."
- ^ In the City and Wall Street, protest has occupied the mainstream By Polly Toynbee in The Guardian, Monday 17 October 2011 "From Santiago to Tokyo, Ottawa, Sarajevo and Berlin, spontaneous groups have been inspired by Occupy Wall Street."
- ^ Occupy Wall Street: A protest timeline "A relatively small gathering of young anarchists and aging hippies in lower Manhattan has spawned a national movement. What happened?"
- ^ a b What's next for Occupy Wall Street? Activists target foreclosure crisis. The Christian Science Monitor January 29, 2012 By Kara Bloomgarden-Smoke Cite error: The named reference "top5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street's anarchist roots". Aljazeera. Retrieved 2012-23-2.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) "It was only on August 2, when a small group of anarchists and other anti-authoritarians showed up at a meeting called by one such group and effectively wooed everyone away from the planned march and rally to create a genuine democratic assembly, on basically anarchist principles, that the stage was set for a movement that Americans from Portland to Tuscaloosa were willing to embrace." - ^ Williams, Dana (2012). "The anarchist DNA of Occupy". Contexts. 11 (2): 19. doi:10.1177/1536504212446455.
{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Pearce, Matt (June 11, 2012). "Could the end be near for Occupy Wall Street movement?". LA Times. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
- ^ a b The Income Gap: Unfair, Or Are We Just Jealous? by Scott Horsley National Public Radia January 14, 2012
- ^ ""We Are the 99 Percent" Creators Revealed". Mother Jones and the Foundation for National Progress. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ^ Sponsored by. "Income inequality in America: The 99 percent". The Economist. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ "Tax Data Show Richest 1 Percent Took a Hit in 2008, But Income Remained Highly Concentrated at the Top. Recent Gains of Bottom 90 Percent Wiped Out." Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Accessed October 2011.
- ^ “By the Numbers.” Demos.org. Accessed October 2011.
- ^ Alessi, Christopher (October). "Occupy Wall Street's Global Echo". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
The Occupy Wall Street protests that began in New York City a month ago gained worldwide momentum over the weekend, as hundreds of thousands of demonstrators in nine hundred cities protested corporate greed and wealth inequality.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Jones, Clarence (October 17, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street and the King Memorial Ceremonies". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
The reality is that 'Occupy Wall Street' is raising the consciousness of the country on the fundamental issues of poverty, income inequality, economic justice, and the Obama administration's apparent double standard in dealing with Wall Street and the urgent problems of Main Street: unemployment, housing foreclosures, no bank credit to small business in spite of nearly three trillion of cash reserves made possible by taxpayers funding of TARP.
- ^ Chrystia Freeland (October 14, 2011). "Wall Street protesters need to find their 'sound bite'". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ^ ael Hiltzik (December 31, 2011). "Presidential campaign needs to get real on salvaging middle class". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 25, 2012.
- ^ David R. Francis (January 24, 2012). "Thanks to Occupy, rich-poor gap is front and center. See Mitt Romney's tax return". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ "Six in 10 Support Policies Addressing Income Inequality - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. November 9, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Seitz, Alex (October 31, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Success: Even Republicans Are Talking About Income Inequality". ThinkProgress. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Occupy protestors say it is 99% v 1%. Are they right? The Guardian Data Blog, by Simon Rogers, Wednesday 16 November
- ^ You Say You Want a Revolution by Andrew Sullivan The Daily Beast Oct 22, 2011
- ^ Cozy relationships and ‘peer benchmarking’ send CEOs’ pay soaring The Washington Post with Bloomberg, special report on Breakaway Wealth, By Peter Whoriskey, October 3, 2011
- ^ Ratcheting up pay with peer comparison The Washington Post with Bloomberg, October 3, 2011.
- ^ Leonhardt, David; Fabrikant, Geraldine (March 22, 2012). "Income Inequality". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
- ^ Income Inequality The New York Times March 22, 2012
- ^ a b c d Occupy Wall Street: It’s Not a Hippie Thing By Roger Lowenstein, Bloomberg Businessweek October 27, 2011
- ^ Another idea for student loan debt: Make it go away By Petra Cahill Reporting for MSNBC, updated 10/26/2011
- ^ Student loans add to angst at Occupy Wall Street Los Angeles Times By Geraldine Baum, October 25, 2011
- ^ Occupy Wall Street vows to carry on after arrests San Francisco Chronicle, Associated Press Monday, March 19, 2012
- ^ Valdes, Manuel (Associated Press) (December 6, 2011). "Occupy protests move to foreclosed homes". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ Townsend, Mark; O'Carroll, Lisa; Gabbatt, Adam (October 15, 2011). "Occupy protests against capitalism spread around world". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Linkins, Jason (October 27, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: Not Here To Destroy Capitalism, But To Remind Us Who Saved It". Huffington Post.
- ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (October 26, 2011). "Crony Capitalism Comes Home". The New York Times.
- ^ Taibbi, Matt (October 25, 2011). "Wall Street Isn't Winning – It's Cheating". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ Zizek, Slavoj (October 26, 2011). "Occupy first. Demands come later". The Guardian.
- ^ New York Times
- ^ Walsh, Joan (October 20, 2011). "Do we know what OWS wants yet?". Salon.com. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Mike Dunn, (City Hall Bureau Chief) KYW Newsradio (October 19, 2011). "'Occupy' May Hold National Assembly In Philadelphia". CBS Philly. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Peralta, Eyder (February 24, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street Doesn't Endorse Philly Conference". npr.org. National Public Radio. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ "Occupy Protesters' One Demand: A New New Deal—Well, Maybe". Mother Jones. October 18, 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
- ^ Graeber, David. "Occupy Wall Street's Anarchist Roots". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- ^ Elliott, Justin (October 24, 2011). "Judith Butler at Occupy Wall Street". Salon. Retrieved May 20, 2012.; transcript of Butler's talk at http://occupywriters.com/works/by-judith-butler
- ^ Schoen, Douglas (18). "Polling the Occupy Wall Street Crowd". The Wall Street Journal.
Last week, senior White House adviser David Plouffe said that "the protests you're seeing are the same conversations people are having in living rooms and kitchens all across America. . . . People are frustrated by an economy that does not reward hard work and responsibility, where Wall Street and Main Street don't seem to play by the same set of rules." Nancy Pelosi and others have echoed the message. Yet the Occupy Wall Street movement reflects values that are dangerously out of touch with the broad mass of the American people—and particularly with swing voters who are largely independent and have been trending away from the president since the debate over health-care reform. The protesters have a distinct ideology and are bound by a deep commitment to radical left-wing policies. On Oct. 10 and 11, Arielle Alter Confino, a senior researcher at my polling firm, interviewed nearly 200 protesters in New York's Zuccotti Park. Our findings probably represent the first systematic random sample of Occupy Wall Street opinion.
{{cite news}}
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and|year=
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ignored (help) - ^ Kleinfield, N.R.; Buckley, Cara (September 30, 2011). "Wall Street Occupiers, Protesting Till Whenever". New York Times. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
- ^ Protesters 'Occupy Wall Street' to Rally Against Corporate America, Ray Downs, Christian Post, September 18, 2011
- ^ a b Protesters Want World to Know They’re Just Like Us, Jocelyn Noveck, Associated Press via the Long Island Press, October 10, 2011
- ^ a b Who is Occupy Wall Street? After six weeks, a profile finally emerges. The Christian Science Monitor By Gloria Goodale, November 1, 2011
- ^ "Religion claims its place in Occupy Wall Street". Boston University. 2011.
Inside, a Buddha statue sits near a picture of Jesus, while a hand-lettered sign in the corner points toward Mecca.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|=
ignored (help) - ^ [www.rabbichaimgruber.com The rabbi's personal website, including links to various media reports of his activity with Occupy Wall Street]
- ^ Letter to Occupy Wall Street from www.nycga.net
- ^ Rabbi Gruber widely quoted in media reports about the 11/15/12 police raid on Zuccotti Park from www.haaretz.com
- ^ Photo of Rabbi Gruber at Foley Sq., immediately following NYPD clearing of Zuccotti Park on Nov. 15, 2012. From www2.macleans.ca
- ^ "Infographic: Who Is Occupy Wall Street?". FastCompany.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ Parker, Kathleen (November 26, 2011). "Why African Americans aren't embracing Occupy Wall Street". Washington Post. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- ^ [1] By Occupywallst, OccupyWallSt.org 19 OCT 2011
- ^ The Demographics Of Occupy Wall Street BY Sean Captain, Fast Company, Oct 19, 2011
- ^ a b [2] By Professor Costas Panagopoulos, Fordham University, October 2011
- ^ "Jonah Goldberg: Occupy Wall Street protesters are the extremists, not the tea party — Baltimore Sun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ Westfeldt, Amy (December 15, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's center shows some cracks". BusinessWeek. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ^ Hinkle, A. Barton (November 4, 2011). "OWS protesters have strange ideas about fairness". Richmond Times Dispatch. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Penny, Laura (October 16, 2011). "Protest By Consensus". New Statesman. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ Occupy Wall Street Expands, Tensions Mount Over Structure International Business Times by Jeremy B. White, October 25, 2011
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
- ^ New York City General Assembly website, last visited 20 Nov. 2011
- ^ The New York Observer, 8 Nov. 2011, Occupy Wall Street Moves Indoors With Spokes Council
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street takes a new direction". Crain Communications Inc. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ "Does 'Occupy Wall Street' have leaders? Does it need any?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
- ^ Astor, Maggie (October 4, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street Protests: A Fordham University Professor Analyzes the Movement". International Business Times. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Fordham University Sociologist Heather Gautney in an interview with the International Business Times 'the movement doesn't have leaders, but it certainly has organizers, and there are certainly people providing a human structure to this thing. There might not be these kinds of public leaders, but there are people running it, and I think that's inevitable.'
- ^ Giove, Candice (January 8, 2012). "OWS has money to burn". nypost.com.
- ^ Burruss, Logan (November 21, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street has money to burn". CNN.com. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ "Expenditures | Accounting". Accounting.nycga.net. October 15, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ Firger, Jessica (February 28, 2012). "Occupy Groups Get Funding". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle (March 9, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street in New York running low on cash". Reuters.
- ^ Cabrera, Claudio. "Is Occupy Wall Street Running Out of Money?".
- ^ Nichols, Michelle (March 9, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street in New York running out of cash". Reuters.
- ^ Firger, Jessica (February 28, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street Movement Gets Corporate Support - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ Simon, Scott. "Ben And Jerry Raise Dough For Occupy Movement". NPR.
- ^ Farnham, Alan. "Springtime for Occupy: Movement's Plans For Coming Weeks and Months". ABC News.
- ^ "Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park...." "Many occupiers were still in their sleeping bags at 9 or 10 am" Wall Street functions like a small city, Associated Press, October 7, 2011
- ^ a b The Occupy Economy, by Anne Kadet, Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2011
- ^ Oloffson, Kristi (October 12, 2011). "Food Vendors Find Few Customers During Protest". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
- ^ GIOVE, CANDICE (November 13, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street costs local businesses $479,400!". New York Post. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ Protest mob is enjoying rich diet By REBECCA ROSENBERG, New York Post, October 19, 2011
- ^ Occupy Wall Street kitchen staff protesting fixing food for freeloaders By Selim Algar and Bob Fredricks, New York Post, October 27, 2011
- ^ Kadet, Anne (October 15, 2011). "The Occupy Economy". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ Richard Kim on October 3, 2011 – 7:19 pm ET (October 3, 2011). "We Are All Human Microphones Now". The Nation. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "A general assembly of anyone who wants to attend meets twice daily. Because it's hard to be heard above the din of lower Manhattan and because the city is not allowing bullhorns or microphones, the protesters have devised a system of hand symbols. Fingers downward means you disagree. Arms crossed means you strongly disagree. Announcements are made via the "people's mic... you say it and the people immediately around you repeat it and pass the word along. "Wall Street functions like a small city, Associated Press, October 7, 2011
- ^ "Behind the sign marked “info” sat computers, , generators, wireless routers, and lots of electrical cords. This is the media center, where the protesters group and distribute their messages. Those who count themselves among the media team for Occupy Wall Street are self appointed; the same goes with all teams within this community." ""I later learned that power comes from a gas-powered generator which runs, among other things, multiple 4G wireless Internet hotspots that provide Internet access to the scrappy collection of laptops." "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
- ^ The Technology Propelling #OccupyWallStreet , the Daily Beast , October 6, 2011
- ^ New York Authorities Remove Fuel, Generators From Occupy Wall Street Site, Esmé E. Deprez and Charles Mead, Bloomberg News, Oct 28, 2011; accessed November 2, 2011
- ^ With Generators Gone, Wall Street Protesters Try Bicycle Power, Colin Moynihan, New York Times, October 30, 2011; accessed November 2, 2011
- ^ "as the protest has grown, the media team has been busy coordinating, notably through the “unofficial,” Occupytogether.org. It’s a hub for all Occupy-inspired happenings and updates, a key part of the internal communications network for the Occupy demonstrations. While sitting in the media tent I saw several Skype sessions with other demonstrators. At one point a bunch of people gathered around a computer shouting, “Hey Scotland!” Members of the media team also maintain a livestream, and keep a steady flow of updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr." "Occupy Wall Street’s Media Team, Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, October 5, 2011
- ^ Kelly: Protesters To Be ‘Met With Force’ If They Target Officers, CBS News, October 6, 2011
- ^ Grossman, Andrew (September 26, 2011). "Protest Has Unlikely Host". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ a b Allison Kilkenny on October 14, 2011 – 8:46 am ET. "Occupy Wall Street Protesters Win Showdown With Bloomberg". The Nation. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Cleanup Canceled", BusinessWeek, 2011-10-14.
- ^ Deprez, Esmé E., Joel Stonington and Chris Dolmetsch, "Occupy Wall Street Park Cleaning Postponed", Bloomberg, Oct 14, 2011 11:37 AM EDT.
- ^ Saul, Josh (October 21, 2011). "Angry Manhattan residents lambast Zuccotti Park protesters". The New York Post. Retrieved June 2, 2012.
- ^ Walker, Jade (November 15, 2011). "Zuccotti Park Eviction: NYPD Orders Occupy Wall Street Protesters To Temporarily Evacuate Park [LATEST UPDATES]". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved November 17, 2011.
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (November 15, 2011). "New York court upholds eviction of "Occupy" protesters". www.cnn.com. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
A New York Supreme Court has ruled not to extend a temporary restraining order that prevented the eviction of "Occupy" protesters who were encamped at Zuccotti Park, considered a home-base for demonstrators. Police in riot gear cleared out the protesters early Tuesday morning, a move that attorneys for the loosely defined group say was unlawful. But Justice Michael Stallman later ruled in favor of New York city officials and Brookfield properties, owners and developers of the privately-owned park in Lower Manhattan. The order does not prevent protesters from gathering in the park, but says their First Amendment rights not do include remaining there, "along with their tents, structures, generators, and other installations to the exclusion of the owner's reasonable rights and duties to maintain Zuccotti Park."
{{cite news}}
:|author=
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at position 208 (help) - ^ "You can't evict an idea whose time has come."- official statement of Occupy Wall Street Media Team, posted November 15, 2011, 1:36 a.m. EST
- ^ Paddock, Barry; Mcshane, Larry (January 1, 2012). "Protesters Occupy New Year in Zuccotti Park". Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ^ "OWS Clash With Police At Zuccotti Park". Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- ^ Mathias, Christopher (January 12, 2012). "After Occupy Wall Street Encampment Ends, NYC Protesters Become Nomads". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
- ^ Colvin, Jill. "Occupy Wall Street Cost NYPD $17 Million in Overtime". Retrieved March 24, 2012.
- ^ Goldenberg, Sally (March 16, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street cost the NYPD $17 million in overtime, Ray Kelly said". NYPOST.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Joe Kemp (March 16, 2012). "OWS protests cost city $17M in OT — Kelly - New York Daily News". Articles.nydailynews.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Moynihan, Colin (March 17, 2012). "Scores Arrested as the Police Clear Zuccotti Park - NYTimes.com". Zuccotti Park (NYC): Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
- ^ Ryan Devereaux (March 18, 2012). "Dozens arrested as Occupy Wall Street marks anniversary with fresh protests". London: The Guardian. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- ^ Occupy Wall Street demonstrators march to protest against police violence The Guardian Saturday 24 March 2012
- ^ Barr, Meghan, "Occupy marks tumultuous anniversary", Associated Press, Japan Times, 18 September 2012, p. 8
- ^ Celona, Larry (October 18, 2011). "Thieves preying on fellow protesters". www.nypost.com.
- ^ Siegal, Ida. "Man Arrested for Breaking EMT's Leg at Occupy Wall Street". NBC New York. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ "Michael Bloomberg: Crime at Occupy Wall Street goes unreported". Free Daily News Group Inc. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street protesters at odds with Mayor Bloomberg, NYPD over crime in Zuccotti Park". New York: NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street Erects Women-Only Tent After Reports Of Sexual Assaults". The Gothamist News. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ Schram, Jamie (November 3, 2011). "Protester busted in tent grope, suspected in rape of another demonstrator". NY POST. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ "Man Arrested For Groping Protester Also Eyed In Zuccotti Park Rape Case". WPIX. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ Dejohn, Irving; Kemp, Joe (November 2, 2011). "Arrest made in Occupy Wall St. sex attack; Suspect eyed in another Zuccotti gropingCase". New York: NY Daily News. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ "Occupy Protests Plagued by Reports of Sex Attacks, Violent Crime". NY Daily News. November 9, 2011. Retrieved November 21, 2011.
- ^ Michael Hastings (November 16, 2011). "Exclusive: Homeland Security Kept Tabs on Occupy Wall Street | Michael Hastings | Politics News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
- ^ Leopold, Jason (March 20, 2012). "DHS Turns Over Occupy Wall Street Documents to Truthout". Truth-out.org. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ "700 arrested at Brooklyn Bridge protest". CBS News.
- ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. October 2, 2011.
- ^ Baker, Al (October 1, 2011). "Police Arrest More Than 400 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed (Oct. 2). "Occupy Wall Street protest: NYPD accused of heavy-handed tactics". London: Guardian.co.uk.
{{cite news}}
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mismatch (help) - ^ "700 Arrested After Wall Street Protest on N.Y.'s Brooklyn Bridge". Fox News Channel. October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
- ^ "Hundreds freed after New York Wall Street protest". BBC News. BBC. October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
- ^ ELIZABETH A. HARRIS (October 5, 2011). "Citing Police Trap, Protesters File Suit". The New York Times. p. A25. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
- ^ Devereaux, Ryan (June 8, 2012). "Occupy Wall Street protesters win legal victory in Brooklyn bridge arrests". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Kilkenny, Allison (May 25, 2012). "Third Case Against Occupy Wall Street Protester Is Thrown Out". The Nation Magazine. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
- ^ Pinto, Nick (May 16, 2012). "In The First Occupy Wall Street Protest Trial, Acquittal". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Pinto, Nick (May 17, 2012). "In Second Occupy Wall Street Protest Trial, Police Claims Again Rejected". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
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(help) - ^ "Occupy trespassers guilty". New York Post. June 19, 2012. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Pinto, Nick (June 19, 2012). "Eight Occupy Wall Street Protesters Found Guilty of Trespassing, One Sentenced To 45 Days In Jail". The Village Voice. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
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(help) - ^ Memoli, Michael A. (July 13, 2011). "Obama news conference: Obama: Occupy Wall Street protests show Americans' frustration". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ Salazar, Cristian (October 6, 2011). "Obama acknowledges Wall Street protests as a sign". BusinessWeek. Associated Press. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
- ^ WCVBtv. "Romney On Occupy Wall Street Protests". YouTube. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ Boxer, Sarah (October 5, 2011). "Romney: Wall Street Protests 'Class Warfare'". National Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
- ^ Geiger, Kim (October 11, 2011). "Mitt Romney sympathizes with Wall Street protesters". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ "Pelosi Supports Occupy Wall Street Movement". ABC news. October 9, 2011.
- ^ "Occupy Wall Street gets union support". United Press International. September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
- ^ Stoeffel, Kat (September 26, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street's Media Problems". The New York Observer. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ^ "Will Bunch on mainstream media's failure to cover Occupy Wall Street protests". Countdown with Keith Olberann. current.com. September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
- ^ Occupy Wall Street: From the Streets to the Archives May 2, 2012
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Further reading
- Graeber, David (May 7, 2012). "Occupy's liberation from liberalism: the real meaning of May Day". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
- Janet Byrne, ed. (2012). The Occupy Handbook. Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0316220217.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png)
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- Occupy websites
- Adbusters 13 Jul 2011 blog post which started the movement
- OccupyWallSt.org – The primary website, produced outside of Adbusters on July 14
- NYC General Assembly – The official website of the General Assembly at #OccupyWallStreet
- Adbusters page – A listing of websites and updates
- Related websites