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Revision as of 13:49, 10 January 2015

Paris attacks
Charlie Hebdo shooting is located in Paris
Montrouge shooting
Montrouge shooting
Porte de Vincennes siege
Porte de Vincennes siege
Charlie Hebdo shooting
Charlie Hebdo shooting
Locations of attacks in Paris.
LocationCharlie Hebdo shooting: 10 Rue Nicolas-Appert, 11th arrondissement of Paris, France[1]
Montrouge shooting: Corner of Avenue Pierre Brossolette and Avenue de la Paix in Montrouge, France
Porte de Vincennes siege: Dammartin-en-Goële, Île-de-France, France; Hypercacher kosher supermarket in Porte de Vincennes, Paris, France
Date7 January 2015 (2015-01-07) 11:30 CET –9 January 2015 (2015-01-09) 18:35 CET (UTC+01:00)
TargetCharlie Hebdo shooting: Charlie Hebdo employees
Montrouge shooting: Municipal Police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe
Porte de Vincennes siege: Jewish supermarket patrons
Attack type
Mass shooting, terrorism
WeaponsCharlie Hebdo shooting: Montrouge shooting: Gun
Porte de Vincennes siege: Two Kalashnikov rifles
DeathsAt least 20 total:
  • 12 victims at Charlie Hebdo shooting (8 employees, 2 police officers, and 2 others)
  • 1 police officer at Montrouge shooting
  • 2 suspects at Dammartin-en-Goële siege
  • 4 hostages and 1 suspect at Porte de Vincennes siege
InjuredAt least 21 total:
  • 11 employees and police officers at Charlie Hebdo shooting
  • 1 bystander at Montrouge shooting
  • 6 hostages and 3 police officers at Porte de Vincennes siege
PerpetratorsSaïd Kouachi, Chérif Kouachi,[8][9] Amedy Coulibaly[10]

On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 CET (10:30 UTC), two masked gunmen armed with AK-47 rifles, a shotgun, and an RPG launcher forced their way into the offices of the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris. The gunmen fired up to 50 shots with automatic weapons, while shouting "Allahu Akbar", Arabic for "God is great".[11][12] They killed twelve people, including the editor Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier, seven other Charlie Hebdo employees, and two National Police officers, and wounded eleven others.[13][14][15] The newspaper has attracted worldwide attention for its regular depictions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[16][17]

Several people were detained by the police in connection with the attack during the manhunt for the two main suspects. Initially, a third suspect was identified by the police and gave himself up. The assailants were described by police as "armed and dangerous", and the threat level in Île-de-France and Picardy was raised to its highest possible status. On 9 January, the assailants were tracked down by police to an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële, where they took a hostage.[18] The connection between the Charlie Hebdo shooting and another shooting in Montrouge by a fourth suspect was established. This gunman also took hostages at a kosher supermarket near Porte de Vincennes.[19] Police raids were conducted simultaneously in Dammartin and at Porte de Vincennes; three terrorists were killed, and some hostages were injured or killed.[20] French President François Hollande confirmed that four hostages were killed in the Vincennes supermarket, and the prosecutor confirmed that they were killed before the French police intervention.[21][22] A fifth suspect is still on the run.[23]

A total of twenty people were killed at four locations between 7 and 9 January; including three suspects,[24] and at least twenty-one others were injured, some critically. The attacks are the deadliest act of terrorism in France since the 1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing by the Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS).[25]

The remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo announced that publication was to continue as usual, with plans for a print run of one million copies for the next week's issue, rather than its typical 60,000.[26][27]

Background

Main article: Charlie Hebdo
The former building of Charlie Hebdo after it was set on fire in 2011.

Since the 1960s, the Muslim population of European countries such as France and Germany has been growing. By the time of the shooting, the Muslim population of France had surpassed 5 million, and tension has developed between ethnic French and those perceived as outsiders.[28]

Charlie Hebdo (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁli ɛbdo]; French for Weekly Charlie) is a satirical weekly newspaper in France that features cartoons, reports, polemics, and jokes. The publication is irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, is strongly antireligious[29] and left-wing, and publishes articles about the extreme right, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, politics, and culture. The magazine was published from 1969 to 1981, then has been again from 1992.[30]

The newspaper has a history of attracting controversy, and was unsuccessfully sued in 2006 by Islamic organizations for having published the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons. The cover of a 2011 issue, dubbed "Charia Hebdo" (a pun on Islamic Sharia law), depicted a cartoon of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, whose depiction is forbidden in some interpretations of Islam.[31] The newspaper's office, at the time in the 20th arrondissement, was fire-bombed and its website hacked[32][33]. Religion has been a primary target of the magazine, and two years before the attack, Charlie Hebdo cartoonist Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier stated, "We have to carry on until Islam has been rendered as banal as Catholicism."[34]

In 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad, including nude caricatures;[35][36] this came days after a series of attacks on U.S. embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, prompting the French government to close embassies, consulates, cultural centers, and international schools in about 20 Muslim countries.[37] Riot police surrounded the newspaper's offices to protect it against possible attacks.[36][38]

Cartoonist Stéphane "Charb" Charbonnier was the editor-in-chief from 2009 until he was killed in the shooting. In 2013, al-Qaeda had added him to its most wanted list, along with three Jyllands-Posten staff members: Kurt Westergaard, Carsten Juste, and Flemming Rose.[39][40][41]

On 7 January 2015, the morning of the shooting, Charlie Hebdo issued a signed caricature of Michel Houellebecq on the front page, whose latest novel Soumission, released the same day, described the fiction of Muslim France. The magazine cover include Houellebecq's predictions: "In 2015, I'll lose my teeth," and, "In 2022, I'll observe Ramadan."[42]

Charlie Hebdo shooting

Charlie Hebdo shooting
Journalists, police officers, and emergency vehicles converged on the street a few hours after the shooting
Location'10 Rue Nicolas-Appert, 11th arrondissement of Paris, France[43]
Coordinates48°51′33″N 2°22′13″E / 48.85925°N 2.37025°E / 48.85925; 2.37025
Date7 January 2015 (2015-01-07) 11:30 CET (UTC+01:00)
TargetCharlie Hebdo employees
Attack type
Mass shooting, terrorism
Weapons
Injured11 employees and police officers
PerpetratorsSaïd Kouachi, Chérif Kouachi,[8][46] Amedy Coulibaly[10]

On 7 January 2015, at about 11:30 CET (10:30 UTC), two masked gunmen armed with AK-47 rifles, a shotgun, and a RPG launcher stormed Charlie Hebdo's Paris headquarters.[4][5][6][7][17][47] They opened fire with automatic weapons while shouting "Allahu Akbar", as captured in a video.[11] They shot and killed 12 people, and wounded 11 others.[48][49] Two of those killed were police officers.[50]

Before the shooting, the gunmen burst into number 6 Rue Nicolas-Appert, where the magazine's archives were based. The gunmen shouted, "Is this Charlie Hebdo?", before realising they had the wrong address and left. They then went to the magazine's headquarters at number 10 Rue Nicolas-Appert.[51]

Cartoonist Corinne "Coco" Rey reported that two armed and hooded men, speaking perfect French, threatened to kill her toddler daughter whom she had picked up from day care, and forced her to type in the code to open the door to the building.[52][53] The men went to a second-floor office, where 15 staff members were in an editorial meeting.[54] The shooting lasted five to ten minutes. Witnesses reported that the gunmen sought out members of the staff by name, before shooting them execution-style.[55][56] Other witnesses reported that the gunmen identified themselves as belonging to Al-Qaeda in Yemen.[57]

Journalist Sigolène Vinson reported that one of the shooters aimed his gun at her, but spared her. "I'm not killing you because you are a woman and we don't kill women but you have to convert to Islam, read the Qu'ran and wear a veil," he told her. She said he left, shouting, "Allahu akbar, allahu akbar."[58][59][60]

An authenticated video surfaced on the Internet, showing two gunmen and a wounded police officer, Ahmed Merabet. The wounded officer was lying in pain on a sidewalk near the corner of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir and Rue Moufle, 180 metres (590 ft) east of the main crime scene, after an exchange of gunfire. One gunman ran towards the policeman, and shouted in French: "Did you want to kill me?" The policeman answered, "No, it's good, chief", and raised his hand towards the gunman, who shot the policeman in the head at close range, killing him.[61]

The gunmen left the scene, shouting, "We have avenged the Prophet Muhammad. We have killed Charlie Hebdo!"[62][63] They escaped in a getaway car, and drove to Porte de Pantin, hijacking another car on the way (corner of Rue de Meaux and Passage de la Brie), forcing its driver out.[48][64] As they drove away, they ran over a pedestrian and shot at responding police officers.[65]

It was initially believed there were three suspects.[49] One identified suspect turned himself in at a Charleville-Mézières police station.[66][67] Seven acquaintances of the Kouachi brothers were also taken into custody.[68] Jihadist flags and Molotov cocktails were found in an abandoned getaway car.[69]

Motive

Hatred for Charlie Hebdo's cartoons, which made jokes about Islamic leaders as well as Muhammad, is perceived to be the main motive for the massacre. Former deputy director of the CIA, Michael J. Morell, proposed that the motive of the attackers was "[a]bsolutely clear: trying to shut down a media organization that lampooned the Prophet Muhammad".[24]

In March 2013, Al-Qaeda's branch in Yemen, commonly known as Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), released a hit list in an edition of their English-language magazine Inspire. The list included Stéphane Charbonnier and others whom AQAP accused of insulting Islam.[70][71]

On 7 January 2015, Charlie Hebdo tweeted a cartoon of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The sarcastic cartoon offers best wishes to Al-Baghdadi; he replies in the cartoon, "And especially good health." The cartoon is signed "HONORE", signifying the cartoon was drawn by Philippe Honoré, who was killed in the attack later that day. It was Charlie Hebdo's final tweet before the massacre.[72]

Victims

Killed:

Wounded:

Three people in the meeting were unharmed; two staff members, fr [Sigolène Vinson] and fr [Laurent Léger]; and Gerard Gaillard, a guest. A cartoonist who arrived late, and was coerced into letting the shooters inside the building, was Corinne "Coco" Rey, who also unharmed.[92][93][94]

The attacks are the deadliest act of terrorism in France since the 1961 Vitry-Le-François train bombing by the Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS), a French dissident paramilitary organization opposed to the independence of Algeria, when 28 people died.[25]

Suspects

Saïd Kouachi

Saïd Kouachi
Saïd Kouachi's identification card with this image, left in the getaway car.
Born(1980-09-07)7 September 1980
Paris, France
Died9 January 2015(2015-01-09) (aged 34)
Dammartin-en-Goële, Île-de-France, France
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityFrench

Saïd Kouachi (7 September 1980 – 9 January 2015) and Chérif Kouachi (29 November 1982 – 9 January 2015) were identified by French police as being the main suspects, who were the masked gunmen who committed the Charlie Hebdo attack.[95][96] The two Franco-Algerian Muslims, both from Gennevilliers, were aged 34 and 32 respectively.[95][97][98][99] Their parents were Algerian immigrants to France.[100] The brothers were orphaned at a young age, and Chérif was raised in foster care in Rennes before he joined his brother in Paris.[98]

Chérif Kouachi

Chérif Kouachi
Born(1982-11-29)29 November 1982
Paris, France
Died9 January 2015(2015-01-09) (aged 32)
Dammartin-en-Goële, Île-de-France, France
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityFrench

Chérif Kouachi, who also went by the name Abu Issen, was part of the "Buttes-Chaumont network" that helped send would-be jihadists to fight for al-Qaeda in Iraq after the 2003 invasion. He was arrested in January 2005, at age 22, when he and another man were about to leave for Bashar al-Assad's Syria – at the time "the gateway" for jihadists wishing to fight U.S. troops in Iraq.[101] Following Chérif's imprisonment between January 2005 and October 2006, he came into contact with Djamel Beghal. Beghal was sentenced to 10 years in prison in France in 2001 for his part in a plot to bomb the United States embassy in Paris.[101]

Chérif Kouachi became a student of Farid Benyettou, a radical Muslim preacher at the Addawa Mosque in the 19th arrondissement of Paris. Kouachi wanted to attack Jewish targets in France, but Benyettou told him that France, unlike Iraq, was not "a land of jihad".[102]

In 2008, Chérif Kouachi was convicted of terrorism and sentenced to three years in prison, with 18 months suspended, for having assisted in sending fighters to militant Islamist Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's group in Iraq, and for being part of a group that solicited young French Muslims to fight with Zarqawi, the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq.[95][99][103][104] He said he was inspired to help Iraq's insurgency by outrage at the torture of inmates of the U.S. prison at Abu Ghraib.[105][106]

In 2010, the Kouachi brothers were named in connection with a plot to break out from jail another Islamist, Smaïn Aït Ali Belkacem. However, they were not prosecuted due to a lack of evidence. Belkacem was one of those responsible for the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings that killed eight people.[101][107]

In 2011, Saïd Kouachi visited Yemen for a number of months and trained with al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula militants.[108]

Alleged Charlie Hebdo attack driver

The police identified an 18-year-old unemployed French Muslim man of North-African descent and unknown nationality as a third suspect in the shooting, accused of driving the getaway car.[95][109][110] He is believed to have been living recently in Charleville-Mézières, about 200 km northeast of Paris near France's border with Belgium.[111] On 8 January, he turned himself in at a Charleville-Mézières police station.[111][112] The man said he was in class at the time of the shooting.[113] Many of his classmates said that he was present at school in Charleville-Mézières during the attack.[114] Police say that he is currently not being charged.[115]

Manhunt

A massive manhunt began immediately after the attack. One suspect left his ID card in an abandoned getaway car.[116][117] Police officers searched apartments in the Parisian region, in Strasbourg and Reims.[118][119]

At 10:30 CET on 8 January, the day following the attack, the two primary suspects were spotted in Aisne, north-east of Paris. Armed security forces, including the National Gendarmerie Intervention Group (GIGN) and the Force d'intervention de la police nationale (FIPN), were deployed to the department to search for the suspects.[13]

Later that day, the police search concentrated on the Picardy region, particularly the area around Villers-Cotterêts and the village of Longpont, after the suspects robbed a petrol station near Villers-Cotterêts,[120] after the suspects were said to have abandoned their car before hiding in a forest near Longpont.[121] Searches continued into the surrounding Forêt de Retz, one of the largest forests of France.[122]

The manhunt continued with the discovery of the two fugitive suspects on 9 January when an exchange of gunfire and blasts were heard near the commune of Dammartin-en-Goële,[123] 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Paris. Several people were injured, and one possibly killed, in the gunfire.[123]

At around 9:30 a.m., the Kouachi brothers fled into the office of Création Tendance Découverte, a signage production company located on an industrial estate in Dammartin-en-Goële, at 49°03′47″N 2°41′39″E / 49.063122°N 2.694095°E / 49.063122; 2.694095. They had a 26-year-old male "hostage," a graphic designer named Lilian Lepere, of whom they were apparently unaware. He hid inside a cardboard box, and sent the police text messages for around three hours during the siege, providing them with "tactical elements such as [the brothers'] location inside the premises".[124][125][126]

Given the proximity (10 km) of the siege to Charles de Gaulle Airport, two of the airport's runways were closed down.[123][127] Interior Minister Bernard Cazeneuve called for a police operation to neutralise the perpetrators. However, an Interior Ministry spokesman announced that the Ministry wished first to "establish a dialogue" with the suspects. Officials established contact with the suspects, and negotiated the safe evacuation of a school 500 m from the siege.[128]

The siege lasted for eight to nine hours, and at least three explosions went off near the building at around 4:30 p.m, followed soon afterward by gunfire. The siege later came to an end when both Kouachi brothers were killed. A French security official confirmed that eventually the two brothers "came out firing", and were gunned down. The hostage was rescued unharmed.[129][130] A cache of weapons, including Molotov cocktails and a RPG launcher, were found in the area.[126]

Other events on 8–9 January

Montrouge shooting

On 8 January, a man, later identified as Coulibaly, shot and killed municipal police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe at the junction of Avenue Pierre Brossolette and Avenue de la Paix in Montrouge, a southern suburb of Paris. A street sweeper was also severely wounded in the attack. Press sources stated that Coulibaly was from the same jihadist group as the gunmen who carried out the Charlie Hebdo attack, and French police said there is a connection between the incidents.[131]

Porte de Vincennes siege

Main article: Porte de Vincennes siege

Also on 9 January, Coulibaly, armed with two Kalashnikov rifles, entered and attacked a Hypercacher kosher supermarket at Porte de Vincennes, east Paris. He killed four people, and took several hostages.[123][132] He had a female accomplice, speculated to be his wife, Hayat Boumeddiene.[133] It was later confirmed that Coulibaly was also the gunman in Montrouge.[10] A witness stated, "People were buying things when a man came in with a rifle and started shooting in all directions. I ran out. The shooting continued for several seconds."[134]

The Guardian reported that an interview with Amedy Coulibaly took place during the supermarket hostage situation. In it, he claimed "he committed these acts to defend 'oppressed Muslims' notably in Palestine, and targeted the Kosher grocery store because he was targeting Jews".[135][136]

Coulibaly was reportedly in contact with the Kouachi brothers as the sieges progressed, and told police that he would kill hostages if the brothers were harmed.[137] Police stormed the grocery store and gunned down Coulibaly.[138] Fifteen hostages were rescued.[139] Several people, including two police officers, were wounded during the incident.[140]

Suspects

Amedy Coulibaly

Amedy Coulibaly
Born27 January 1982
Juvisy-sur-Orge, Île-de-France, France
Died9 January 2015 (age 32)
Porte de Vincennes, Paris, France
Cause of deathGunshot wounds
NationalityFrench
OccupationFactory worker

Amedy Coulibaly (27 January 1982 – 9 January 2015) was the main suspect for the Montrouge shooting and the Porte de Vincennes siege.[10] He was born in Juvisy-sur-Orge, a suburb of Paris. Starting at the age of 17, he was convicted several times for robbery and at least once for drug trafficking. A report by a psychiatric expert prepared for a Parisian court found Coulibaly had an "immature and psychopathic personality" and "poor powers of introspection".[141]

Coulibaly met Chérif Kouachi in prison, while serving his sentence for a 2005 armed robbery. He is believed to have converted to radical Islam at the same time as Chérif.[142] Sometime after completing his sentence for his 2005 crime, he married Hayat Boumeddiene in a religious ceremony, as distinct from a civil ceremony, which is the only method of marriage legally accepted by France.[143] On 15 July 2009, while involved in an effort promoting youth employment, Coulibaly, along with about 500 others, met with then-French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[144]

Ten months after his meeting with Sarkozy, police searched his apartment and found 240 rounds of 7.62mm rifle ammunition. Coulibaly maintained that he was planning to sell the ammunition on the street.[142] A source stated that Coulibaly "was friends of both of" the Kouachi brothers.[131] Coulibaly and the Kouachi brothers were known members of the "Buttes Chaumont Terror Group". The name comes from the nearby Parc des Buttes Chaumont, where they often met and did physical training with other French-Algerian extremists.[145] Coulibaly is believed to have been radicalised by an Islamic preacher in Paris, and had expressed a desire to fight in either Iraq or Syria.[146]

In 2010, he was sentenced to five years in prison for assisting a plot to break out Smain Ait Ali Belkacem from prison, a plot in which the Kouachi brothers were also involved. However, Coulibaly was released early.[140]

Hayat Boumeddiene

Hayat Boumeddiene
Born26 June 1988
NationalityFrench
OccupationCashier

French police seek 26-year-old Hayat Boumeddiene as a suspected accomplice of Coulibaly, her common-law husband.[147][148][149] An investigative source has said she has an Algerian background and altered her surname to "make it sound more French". Boumeddiene had a job as a cashier at some point.[150] She was sought in connection with having allegedly helped her husband commit the Montrouge shooting,[151][152] and is said to have assisted him during the Porte de Vincennes siege, though the degree of her involvement has not been made clear. Police say she was frequently in contact with Chérif Kouachi's wife.[151] She is described by French police as "armed and extremely dangerous", and is on the run.[153]

Aftermath

France

The remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo announced that the next week's edition of the newspaper was to be released as usual. With eight pages it will be half its usual length, and will have a print run of one million copies, compared with its usual 60,000.[154] The Digital Innovation Press Fund donated €250,000 to support the magazine, matching a donation by the French Press and Pluralism Fund.[155][156] The Guardian Media Group pledged a separate donation of £100,000 to the same cause.[157]

There were attacks on two mosques and a restaurant nearby, and another on a mosque elsewhere in France, apparently in retaliation for the shootings.[158][159]

Security

File:Plan Vigipirate - 08 janvier 2015.png
All of France was on high alert 8 January 2015.
  – High chance of threat (threat level 3)
  – Definite threat (threat level 4)

Following the attack, France raised its terror alert to its highest level and deployed soldiers in Paris to the public transport system, media offices, places of worship and the Eiffel Tower. The British Foreign Office warned its citizens about travelling to Paris.[160] The New York City Police Department ordered extra security measures to the offices of the Consulate General of France in New York in Manhattan's Upper East Side.[56] In Denmark, which was the center of a controversy over cartoons of Muhammad in 2005, security was increased at all media outlets.[161]

Hours after the shooting, Spanish Interior Minister Jorge Fernández Díaz said that Spain's anti-terrorist security level had been upgraded, and that the country was sharing information with France in relation to the attacks. Spain increased security around public places such as railway stations and increased the police presence on streets throughout the country's cities.[162]

The British Transport Police confirmed on 8 January that they would establish new armed patrols in and around St Pancras International railway station in London, following reports that the suspects were moving north towards Eurostar stations. They confirmed that the extra patrols were for the reassurance of the public and to maintain visibility and that there were no credible reports yet of the suspects heading towards St Pancras.[163]

In Belgium, the staff of P-Magazine has been given police protection, although there were no specific threats. P-Magazine had previously published a cartoon of Muhammad drawn by the Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard.[164]

Demonstrations

Demonstrators gather at the Place de la République in Paris the night of the attack.
The "I am Charlie" slogan became an endorsement of freedom of speech and press.
Demonstrators in Bordeaux
Tributes to the victims in Toulouse
Tributes to the victims in Brisbane
Demonstrators at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
Tributes to the victims in Bologna, Italy
File:Je suis Charlie, Place Luxembourg, Bruxelles, le 7 Janvier 2015 (2).jpg
A demonstrator holds up a Charlie Hebdo cartoon reading "Love is stronger than hate". Place du Luxembourg in Brussels

Demonstrations against the shootings were held at the Place de la République in Paris[165] and in other cities in France including Toulouse,[166] Nice, Lyon, Marseille and Rennes. These gatherings led to 8 January being declared as an official day of mourning by French President François Hollande.[167]

Supporters of free speech used the slogan "Je suis Charlie" (Error: {{language with name/for}}: missing language tag or language name (help)) against the shooting. The slogan identifies the speaker with those who died at the Charlie Hebdo shooting, and by extension for freedom of speech and resistance to armed threats. It was used as the hashtag #jesuischarlie on Twitter,[168] as printed or hand-made placards, and displayed on mobile phones at vigils, and on many websites, particularly media sites such as Le Monde. Je suis Charlie quickly trended at the top of Twitter hashtags worldwide following the attack.[169] The United States Embassy in Paris changed its Twitter profile picture to the "Je suis Charlie" placard.[170]

Not long after the attack, it is estimated that around 35,000 people gathered in Paris holding "Je suis Charlie" signs in order to condemn the massacre, protest terror and encourage freedom of expression. 15,000 people also gathered in Lyon and Rennes.[171] 10,000 people gathered in Nice and Toulouse; 7,000 in Marseille; and 5,000 each in Nantes, Grenoble and Bordeaux. Thousands also gathered in Nantes at the Place Royale.[172] More than 100,000 people in total gathered within France to partake in these demonstrations the evening of 7 January.[173]

Similar demonstrations and candle vigils spread to other cities outside of France as well, including Amsterdam,[174] Brussels, Barcelona,[175] Ljubljana,[176] Berlin, Copenhagen, London and Washington, D.C.[177] Around 2,000 demonstrators gathered in London's Trafalgar Square and sang La Marseillaise, the French national anthem.[178][179] In Brussels, two vigils have been held thus far, one immediately at the city's French consulate and a second one at Place du Luxembourg. Many flags around the city were at half-mast on 8 January.[180] In the evening of 8 January over a 100 demonstrations were held from 18:00 in the Netherlands at the time of the silent march in Paris, after the mayors of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Utrecht and later more mayors called to do so. Many Dutch government members joined the demonstrations.[181][182]

On the other side of the Atlantic, a crowd gathered on the same evening, 7 January, at Union Square in Manhattan, New York City. French ambassador to the United Nations Francois Delattre was present; the crowd lit candles, held signs, and sang the French national anthem.[183] Several hundred people also showed up outside of the French consulate in San Francisco with "Je suis Charlie" signs to show their solidarity.[184] In downtown Seattle, another vigil was held where people gathered around a French flag laid out with candles lit around it. They prayed for the victims and held "Je suis Charlie" signs.[185] Further south in Argentina, a large demonstration was held to denounce the attacks and show support for the victims outside the French embassy in the capital Buenos Aires.[186]

More vigils and gatherings were held in Canada to show support to France and condemn terrorism. Many cities had notable "Je suis Charlie" gatherings, including Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto.[187] In Calgary, there was a strong anti-terrorism sentiment. "We're against terrorism and want to show them that they won't win the battle. It's horrible everything that happened, but they won't win," commented one demonstrator. "It's not only against the French journalists or the French people, it's against freedom – everyone, all over the world, is concerned at what's happening."[188] In Montreal, despite a temperature of −21 °C (−6 °F), over 1,000 people gathered chanting "Liberty!" and "Charlie!" outside of the city's French Consulate. Montreal Mayor Denis Coderre was among the gatherers and proclaimed, "Today, we are all French!" He confirmed the city's full support for the people of France and called for strong support regarding freedom, stating that "We have a duty to protect our freedom of expression. We have the right to say what we have to say."[189][190]

By 8 January, the vigils had also spread to Australia. Gatherings had formed in Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth, with thousands of people holding up "Je suis Charlie" signs. In Sydney, people gathered at Martin Place – the location of a siege less than a month earlier – and in Hyde Park dressed in white clothing as a form of respect; flags were at half-mast at the city's French consulate where bouquets of flowers had been left by mourners.[191] A vigil was held at Federation Square in Melbourne with an emphasis on togetherness, "It doesn't matter what we think about religion or politics, we just have to be together." The gathering in Perth was described by French consul Patrick Kedemos as "a spontaneous, grass roots event". He added, "We are far away but our hearts today [are] with our families and friends in France. It [was] an attack on the liberty of expression, journalists that were prominent in France, and at the same time it's an attack, or a perceived attack on our culture."[192]

Reactions

French government

French President François Hollande addressed media outlets at the scene of the shooting and called it "undoubtedly a terrorist attack", adding that "several [other] terrorist attacks were thwarted in recent weeks".[193] He later described the shooting as a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity",[17] called the slain journalists "heroes",[194] and declared a day of national mourning on 8 January.[195]

At a rally in the Place de la République in the wake of the shooting, Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo said, "What we saw today was an attack on the values of our republic, Paris is a peaceful place. These cartoonists, writers and artists used their pens with a lot of humour to address sometimes awkward subjects and as such performed an essential function." She proposed that Charlie Hebdo "be adopted as a citizen of honour" by Paris.[196]

Other countries

Main article: International reactions to the Charlie Hebdo shooting

The attack received immediate and swift condemnation from dozens of governments worldwide. Statements of condolence and outrage were offered by many international leaders including Barack Obama, Vladimir Putin, Stephen Harper, Angela Merkel, Matteo Renzi, David Cameron and Tony Abbott.[197]

Media

Media organizations carried out protests against the shootings. Libération, Le Monde, and Le Figaro, along with other French media outlets, used black banners carrying the slogan "Je suis Charlie" across the top of their websites.[198] The front page of Libération's printed version was a different black banner, stating, "Nous sommes tous Charlie" (We are all Charlie), while Paris Normandie renamed itself Charlie Normandie for the day.[161] The French, and later the UK, versions of Google displayed a black ribbon of mourning on the day of the attack.[17]

Ian Hislop, editor of the British satirical magazine Private Eye, released a statement, saying, "I am appalled and shocked by this horrific attack – a murderous attack on free speech in the heart of Europe. ... Very little seems funny today."[199] Many cartoonists from around the world responded to the attack on Charlie Hebdo by posting cartoons relating to the shooting.[200] Among them was Albert Uderzo, the creator of Astérix, who came out of retirement at the age of 87 to depict his title character supporting Charlie Hebdo.[201]

Some English-language media outlets chose to republish the controversial cartoons on their websites in the hours following the shootings. Prominent examples included Bloomberg News,[202] Huffington Post,[203] The Daily Beast,[204] Gawker,[205] Vox[206] and Free Beacon.[207] Other news organizations covered the shootings without showing the controversial drawings, such as The New York Times, New York Daily News,[208] CNN, Al-Jazeera America, Associated Press and The Daily Telegraph.[209] Two websites accused the latter group of self-censorship.[210][211] The BBC, which previously had guidelines against all depictions of Muhammad, showed a depiction of him on a Charlie Hebdo cover and announced that they were reviewing these guidelines.[212]

Other media publications such as the Berliner Kurier from Berlin, Germany and Gazeta Wyborcza from Poland reprinted cartoons from Charlie Hebdo the day after the attack.[213] At least three Danish newspapers featured Charlie Hebdo cartoons, and the tabloid B.T. used one on the cover, depicting Muhammad lamenting being loved by "idiots".[161]

Egyptian daily Al-Masry Al-Youm featured drawings by young cartoonists signed with "Je suis Charlie" in solidarity with the victims.[214] Al-Masry al-Youm also displayed on their website a slide show of some Charlie Hebdo cartoons, including controversial ones. This was seen by blogger Jonathan Guyer as a "surprising" and maybe "unprecedented" move, due to the pressure Arab artists can be subject to when depicting religious figures in the region.[215]

Muslim reactions

Condemning the attack

Various Islamic organisations, like the French Council of the Muslim Faith, the Muslim Council of Britain and Islamic Forum of Europe spoke out against the attack, with Sheikh Abdul Qayum and Imam Dalil Boubakeur stating, "[We] are horrified by the brutality and the savagery."[216] The Union of Islamic Organisations of France released a statement condemning the attack, along with Imam Hassen Chalghoumi saying that those behind the attack "have sold their soul to hell".[217] The vice president of the U.S. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community also condemned the attack, saying, "The culprits behind this atrocity have violated every Islamic tenet of compassion, justice, and peace."[218] According to International Business Times columnist Zoe Mintz, the "Je suis Charlie" slogan was also used by Muslim social media users, with some condemning the attack specifically as an assault on free speech.[219] She also noted that some users were concerned that: "Muslims will be linked to an attack committed by extremists and become the target of discrimination".[219]

The League of Arab States released a collective condemnation of the attack. Al-Azhar University also released a statement denouncing the attack, stating that violence was never appropriate regardless of "offence committed against sacred Muslim sentiments".[220]

Turkey's foreign minister, Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, raised concerns that the attack could fuel further anti-Islamic stances in France and in Europe as a whole, stances which he said help to fuel terrorism itself. The Dutch Council of Moroccan Mosques also raised concerns that the tension could result in anti-Islam violence in the Netherlands.[221]

Support for the attack

Anjem Choudary, a British Islamist, wrote an editorial in USA Today in which he professes justification from the words of Muhammad that those who insult prophets should face death, and that Muhammad should be protected to prevent further violence.[222] Saudi-Australian Islamic preacher Junaid Thorne said: "If you want to enjoy 'freedom of speech' with no limits, expect others to exercise 'freedom of action'."[223]

Bahujan Samaj Party leader Yaqub Qureishi, a Muslim MLA and former Minister from Uttar Pradesh in India, offered a reward of ₹510 million (US$8 million) to the perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shootings.[224][225][226][227] He said that there was no need to initiate legal proceedings.[228] Qureshi was in headlines in 2006 after declaring a reward of the same value to anyone who would kill the Danish cartoonist, Kurt Westergaard, who had created a controversial cartoon of the Muhammad.[229]

The attack was also praised by ISIS.[230] ISIS militant Abu Mussab from Syria praised the massacre.[231] Al Shahab, a militant Islamist organization in Somalia, also praised the attackers.[232][233]

Two Islamist newspapers in Turkey ran headlines that some saw as justifying the attack: the Yeni Akit ran an article entitled "Attack on the magazine that provoked Muslims", and Türkiye, a newspaper close to the government, ran an article entitled "Attack on the magazine that insulted our Prophet".[234]

"Shots of joy in the Palestinian camp of Ain al-Hilweh, in southern Lebanon, were heard Wednesday in celebration of the attack against the French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo, reported the LBCI chain. The information has also been reported by al-Jadeed television," reported the L'Orient-Le Jour newspaper of Beirut, Lebanon.[235]

Other

Salman Rushdie, who is on the 2013 Al-Qaeda most wanted list[39] and received death threats over his novel The Satanic Verses, expressed his support for Charlie Hebdo. He said, "I stand with Charlie Hebdo, as we all must, to defend the art of satire, which has always been a force for liberty and against tyranny, dishonesty and stupidity ... religious totalitarianism has caused a deadly mutation in the heart of Islam and we see the tragic consequences in Paris today."[236]

Swedish artist Lars Vilks, also on the 2013 Al-Qaeda most wanted list for publishing his own satirical drawings of Mohammed, condemned the attacks and said that the terrorists "got what they wanted. They've scared people. People were scared before, but with this attack fear will grow even larger"[237] and that the attack "expose[s] the world we live in today".[238]

Bill Donohue, president of the US Catholic League, said Charlie Hebdo had a "long and disgusting record" of mocking religious figures and that Charb "didn't understand the role he played in his tragic death. In 2012, when asked why he insults Muslims, he said, 'Muhammad isn't sacred to me'. Had he not been so narcissistic, he may still be alive."[239]

The Guardian reported that "[o]ther Muslims said they would only condemn the Paris attack if France condemned the killings of Muslims worldwide."[240]

Former Union Minister and Indian National Congress senior leader Mani Shankar Aiyar has also defended the attacks on Twitter and television[241] as a response to France banning the niqab, and American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.[242][243][244][245][246][247] He suffered a heavy backlash from the Indian public following his controversial remarks on Twitter and video channels.[248]

Some Twitter accounts supported the gunmen and celebrated on Twitter.[249] In response, hacktivist group Anonymous released a statement in which they offered condolences to the families of the victims and denounced the attack as an "inhuman assault" on the freedom of expression. They also addressed the terrorists: "[a] message for al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and other terrorists – we are declaring war against you, the terrorists." As such, Anonymous plans to target Jihadist websites and social media accounts linked to supporting Islamic terrorism with the aim of disrupting them and shutting them down.[250]

See also

References

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