Jump to content

Perth Agreement: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Changes to text to reflect the legal implementation of the legislation
No edit summary
Line 27: Line 27:
[[New Zealand]] chaired a working group to determine the process for reform. The Commonwealth realms—the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], New Zealand, [[Jamaica]], [[Barbados]], [[the Bahamas]], [[Grenada]], [[Papua New Guinea]], the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Belize]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], and [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]—are independent of each other, while sharing one monarch in a constitutionally equal fashion. As such, changes to the succession laws, according to convention, must be identical in and approved by each country, though the procedure varies between realms.
[[New Zealand]] chaired a working group to determine the process for reform. The Commonwealth realms—the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], New Zealand, [[Jamaica]], [[Barbados]], [[the Bahamas]], [[Grenada]], [[Papua New Guinea]], the [[Solomon Islands]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Belize]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], and [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]—are independent of each other, while sharing one monarch in a constitutionally equal fashion. As such, changes to the succession laws, according to convention, must be identical in and approved by each country, though the procedure varies between realms.


In December 2012, it was announced by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] that all the realms had agreed to implement the proposals that had been outlined and that the new legislation would also end the ban on anyone in the line of succession marrying a Roman Catholic. By March 2015, all of the realms that stated their own legislation was required had passed it through their respective legislatures, and was implemented with effect from the beginning of 26 March 2015 GMT.<ref> {{cite |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2015/0054/latest/DLM6416907.html?search=y_regulation_2015__rc%40rinf%40rnif_an%40bn%40rn_25_y&p=1|accessdate=26 March 2015}} </ref> Canada's law is being challenged in the [[Quebec Superior Court]].
In December 2012, it was announced by the [[Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] that all the realms had agreed to implement the proposals that had been outlined and that the new legislation would also end the ban on anyone in the line of succession marrying a Roman Catholic. By March 2015, all of the realms that stated their own legislation was required had passed it through their respective legislatures, and was implemented with effect from the beginning of 26 March 2015 GMT.<ref> {{cite |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2015/0054/latest/DLM6416907.html?search=y_regulation_2015__rc%40rinf%40rnif_an%40bn%40rn_25_y&p=1|title=Royal Succession Act Commencement Order 2015 |accessdate=26 March 2015}} </ref> Canada's law is being challenged in the [[Quebec Superior Court]].


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 00:56, 26 March 2015

22nd Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Dates28 October 2011–
30 October 2011
Venue(s)Kings Park
CitiesPerth, Western Australia
Heads of State or Government36
ChairJulia Gillard
(Prime Minister)
Follows2009
Precedes2013
Key points

The Perth Agreement is an agreement made by the prime ministers of the 16 Commonwealth realms during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in October 2011 in Perth, Western Australia concerning changes to the royal succession laws.

The changes, proposed by the government of British Prime Minister David Cameron, would replace male-preference primogeniture, under which male descendants take precedence over females in the Succession to the British throne, with absolute primogeniture for descendants of the current Prince of Wales (later amended to include all persons in the line of succession born after 28 October 2011); end the disqualification of those who marry Roman Catholics; and limit the requirement for those in line to the throne to acquire permission of the sovereign to marry. However, the ban on Catholics and other non-Protestants becoming sovereign and the requirement for the sovereign to be in communion with the Church of England would remain. The Queen, Elizabeth II, was said to support the proposed changes.

New Zealand chaired a working group to determine the process for reform. The Commonwealth realms—the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis—are independent of each other, while sharing one monarch in a constitutionally equal fashion. As such, changes to the succession laws, according to convention, must be identical in and approved by each country, though the procedure varies between realms.

In December 2012, it was announced by the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom that all the realms had agreed to implement the proposals that had been outlined and that the new legislation would also end the ban on anyone in the line of succession marrying a Roman Catholic. By March 2015, all of the realms that stated their own legislation was required had passed it through their respective legislatures, and was implemented with effect from the beginning of 26 March 2015 GMT.[1] Canada's law is being challenged in the Quebec Superior Court.

Background

Succession to the throne in each of the Commonwealth realms is governed both by common law and statute. Under common law, the Crown is currently transmitted by male-preference primogeniture;[2] succession passes first to the monarch's or nearest dynast's legitimate sons (and to their legitimate issue) in order of birth, and subsequently to daughters and their legitimate issue, again in order of birth, so that sons always inherit before their sisters, elder children inherit before younger, and descendants inherit before collateral relatives.

Succession is also governed by the Acts of Union 1707, which restates the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701, and the Bill of Rights 1689. These laws restrict the succession to legitimate descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and debar those who are Roman Catholics or who have married Roman Catholics.[3] The descendants of those who are debarred for being or marrying Roman Catholics, however, may still be eligible to succeed.[4] By convention iterated in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931, the line of succession cannot be altered without the agreement of all 16 realms.[5]

Challenges have been made against the Act of Settlement, especially its provisions regarding Roman Catholics and preference for males. In Canada, where the Act of Settlement is now a part of Canadian constitutional law, Tony O'Donohue, a Canadian civic politician, took issue with the provisions that exclude Roman Catholics from the throne, and which make the monarch of Canada the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.[6] In 2002, O'Donohue launched a court action that argued the Act of Settlement violates the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, but the case was dismissed by the court.

In the United Kingdom, from time to time there has been debate over repealing the clause that prevents "Papists" (Roman Catholics) or those who marry one from ascending to the British throne. The Scottish Parliament unanimously passed a motion in 1999 calling for the complete removal of any discrimination linked to the monarchy and the repeal of the Act of Settlement.[7] A private member's bill—the Succession to the Crown Bill—was introduced in the House of Lords in December 2004. The government, headed by Tony Blair, however, blocked all attempts to revise the succession laws, claiming it would raise too many constitutional issues and it was unnecessary at the time. The issue was raised again in January 2009, when a private member's bill to amend the Act of Succession was introduced in parliament. British Labour Member of Parliament Keith Vaz introduced to the House of Commons at Westminster, in early 2011, a private member's bill, which proposed that the Act of Settlement be amended to remove the provisions relating to Roman Catholicism and change primogeniture governing the line of succession to the British throne from male-preference to absolute.[8]

Proposals in 2011

In 2011, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nick Clegg, announced that the British government was considering a change in the law.[9][10] At about the same time, it was reported that Prime Minister David Cameron had written to the prime ministers of each of the other 15 Commonwealth realms, asking for their support in changing the succession to absolute primogeniture, and notifying them he would raise his proposals at that year's Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Perth, Australia.[11]

At CHOGM on 28 October 2011, the prime ministers of the other Commonwealth realms agreed to support the proposed changes.[12][13][14] The changes would replace male preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture for descendants of the current Prince of Wales[citation needed] (later amended to include all persons in the line of succession born after 28 October 2011[15]), end the ban on marriage to Catholics, and limit the requirement for those in line to the throne to acquire permission of the sovereign to marry. However the prohibition on Roman Catholics becoming monarch would remain.[16][17][18] The bill put before the Parliament of the United Kingdom would act as a model for the legislation required to be passed in at least some of the other realms and any changes would only have first taken effect if the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge were to have had a daughter before a son,[17][19] which they did not. The Queen is understood to support the changes.[19][20][21]

Cameron stated: "The idea that a younger son should become monarch instead of an elder daughter simply because he is a man, or that a future monarch can marry someone of any faith except a Catholic—this way of thinking is at odds with the modern countries that we have become."[17] On the question of continued requirements that the sovereign be a Protestant, Cameron added, "Let me be clear, the monarch must be in communion with the Church of England because he or she is the head of that Church."[7]

Along with the changes in the succession law, Cameron proposed that the necessity for royal consent to marriages in the royal family (Royal Marriages Act 1772) should be limited to the first six people in line to the throne.[22] This was approved by the other Commonwealth leaders.[23] However, contrary to reports that consent to royal marriages had been discussed and agreed at the Perth Agreement, in explanatory notes prepared by the Cabinet Office as brought from the House of Commons on 29 January 2013, "consent to royal marriages, was not mentioned in the Perth Agreement".[24][full citation needed]

Commentary

Cameron's proposals were supported by the Prime Minister of Australia, Julia Gillard, who said she was "very enthusiastic about it. You would expect the first Australian woman prime minister to be very enthusiastic about a change which equals equality for women in a new area."[17] Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper described himself "supportive" of the reforms as "obvious modernizations".[16][25] The Monarchist League of Canada also expressed favour for the plan,[26][27][28] as did Monarchy New Zealand.[29] A poll carried out by Forum Research in February 2013 found that 73% of Canadians polled "agreed with the change, which would permit a first-born female to become queen even if she had brothers."[30]

Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond was more critical, saying: "It is deeply disappointing that the reform has stopped short of removing the unjustifiable barrier on a Catholic becoming monarch."[7] While welcoming the gender equality reforms, The Guardian also criticised the failure to remove the ban on Catholics sitting on the throne as "fanning a religious hostility the rest of Europe was already growing beyond."[31] A representative of the campaigning group Republic said monarchical succession is inherently biased and "To suggest that this has anything to do with equality is utterly absurd,"[17] an opinion echoed by Citizens for a Canadian Republic.[32]

Legislative processes

The Cabinet Secretary of New Zealand chaired a working group to discuss the best way of accomplishing the reforms in all sixteen Commonwealth realms.[33][34] The realms agreed that the United Kingdom would be the first to draft legislation, but that it would not be introduced without the agreement of the other realms and would not be commenced until the appropriate domestic arrangements were in place in the other realms.[13]

On 2 December 2012, the British government received final agreement in writing from the other fifteen Commonwealth realms regarding all three elements of the reform.[13] On 4 December 2012, the day after the Duchess of Cambridge's pregnancy was announced, the British Deputy Prime Minister announced this final agreement, adding that the other realm governments had confirmed that they would be "able to take the necessary measures in their own countries."[35]

Australia

Main article: Monarchy of Australia

In Australia, changes to the succession law may involve amending the federal constitution and any such change requires a referendum,[36] as mandated by Chapter VIII of the Constitution of Australia. The English Bill of Rights 1689, Act of Settlement 1701, and Royal Marriages Act 1772 are incorporated into Australian law,[37] and the Act of Settlement is part ot the laws of the Australian states[38][39] and territories and therefore the states will have to change their laws.[40] At a meeting of the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) in mid-December 2012, the then prime minister, Julia Gillard, and the premiers of five states agreed each state legislature would pass a law permitting the federal parliament to alter the line of succession for the Commonwealth and all the states. However, Queensland Premier Campbell Newman disagreed, citing Section 7 of the Australia Act 1986 and concluding from it that each state is sovereign and each should therefore pass its own legislation affecting the succession laws in its jurisdiction.[41] Accordingly, the Queensland state government introduced its own Succession to the Crown Bill in the Queensland Legislative Assembly on 13 February 2013. The federal government stated that if Queensland were to proceed, it would override the state's legislation in favour of national legislation.[42] Following an agreement at a COAG meeting in April 2013, Queensland on 2 May amended its bill to add permission for the Commonwealth to act and the bill passed the same day.[43]

In November 2014, during a debate on the Succession to the Crown Bill in Western Australia, when the premier Colin Barnett was asked why Western Australia was taking so long to proceed with the necessary legislation, he replied: "I concede that it has taken a while, but there has no particular reason for that. Western Australia had an election, and I guess that slowed things down a little bit, and in a practical sense, given that the immediacy had gone out of the matter and given that the next three people in line to the monarchy are males, it did not arise."[44] In February 2015 the attorney general, Michael Mischin, acknowledged "it is significantly overdue but that is just one of the facts of life."[45] Western Australia finally passed its legislation on 3 March 2015. The Australian parliament passed the Succession to the Crown Bill on 19 March 2015 and Royal Assent was granted on 24 March 2015.[46]

The Northern Territory government introduced a bill to request the federal parliament to change the law relating to royal succession in similar terms.[47] On second reading it was explained that the Northern Territory’s request or consent to the federal parliament enactment was not constitutionally necessary but that the government of the Northern Territory considered it desirable that arrangements in the Northern Territory would mirror those between the Australian Commonwealth and its states.[48]

Canada

Main article: Succession to the Throne Act, 2013

The Act of Settlement 1701,[49][50] the Bill of Rights 1689,[51][52] His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936,[53][54] and the Royal Marriages Act 1772[53][55] are part of the laws of Canada.

The Canadian government's Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, with the long title An Act to assent to alterations in the law touching the Succession to the Throne, 2013, was tabled in the Canadian House of Commons as Bill C-53 on 31 January 2013[56] and passed by that body on 4 February. It was then approved by the Senate on 26 March 2013 and received Royal Assent on the following day. It will come into force on a future date to be fixed by order of the Governor General-in-Council.

The act gives assent to Succession to the Crown Bill 2013 that had been laid before the United Kingdom parliament[57] (later, after amendment, to be given Royal Assent there on 25 April 2013 as the Succession to the Crown Act 2013). The position taken by the federal Cabinet was that Canada's monarch is automatically whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom and the Canadian parliament need only assent to the changes made to the laws of succession in the United Kingdom by that realm's parliament, which can be achieved by ordinary legislation, without the approval of the provinces. There is disagreement over this process, mainly on whether the rules of succession involve the office of the Queen, thus requiring a constitutional amendment under Section 41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982; whether, by the principle of either received law, by statute law, or both, the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement, the Royal Marriages Act, and the conventions related to royal succession are a part of the Canadian constitution; and whether the Canadian law assented to the Succession to the Crown Bill 2012 as had been presented to the United Kingdom parliament or as amended by that body and passed into law.

There was some speculation in the press before the birth of Prince George of Cambridge about Canada having a different line of succession to the other realms if the Canadian law is eventually found to be unconstitutional.[58]

An application was made to the Ontario Superior Court of Justice seeking to find the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, unconstitutional due to allegedly contravening both Section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 and section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The charter challenge was dismissed as non-justiciable in August 2013.[59] In August 2014, the Court of Appeal for Ontario upheld the lower court decision on the ground that succession rules are not subject to the charter of rights and that the applicant had no standing to bring the challenge as he has no connection with the Royal Family.[60]

The law is being challenged in the Quebec Superior Court over, among other matters, its alleged failure to "follow the amending procedure" set out in Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982.[61] The case was not expected to be heard by the Court before June 2015 in Quebec City.[60]

New Zealand

Main article: Royal Succession Act 2013

The Bill of Rights 1688, Act of Settlement 1701, and Royal Marriages Act 1772 are part of the laws of New Zealand.[62] These, along with the Imperial Laws Application Act 1988,[63][full citation needed] are proposed to be amended by the Royal Succession Act 2013,[62] which was introduced to the Parliament of New Zealand by Justice Minister Judith Collins on 18 February 2013.[62] The bill received royal assent on 17 December 2013.[62]

United Kingdom

Main article: Succession to the Crown Act 2013

On 4 December 2012, the British Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that the Government would introduce the Succession to the Crown Bill to Parliament as soon as possible.[35] The bill was introduced to Parliament on 13 December 2012 and passed the House of Commons on 28 January 2013.[64] The House of Lords Constitution Committee opposed the Government's plans to fast-track the bill,[65] which led to the Government's decision to observe normal legislative time limits in the House of Lords.[66] The Act received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013, passing into law, but its provisions altering the law of succession will not commence (come into force) until a time to be formally appointed by the Lord President of the Council.[67] When publishing the proposed legislation the government had announced that it was expecting to bring the provisions into force at the same time as the other Realms would be bringing into force any changes to their legislation or other changes necessary for them to implement the Perth agreement.[68]

Caribbean realms

According to the Lord Wallace of Tankerness, who sponsored the British government's Succession to the Crown Bill in the House of Lords, the governments of Jamaica and Belize had outlined that neither country will require domestic legislation to give effect to changes to the lines of succession to their thrones, as those lines were left by Belize's and Jamaica's constitutions to law of the United Kingdom. Wallace expressed on 13 March 2013 that the British government expected that the parliaments of Jamaica and Belize would not be consulted further by their governments.[69]

Of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Saint Kitts and Nevis, it was also said by Lord Wallace of Tankerness: "We believe that it would be open to the other Caribbean realms to take a similar view [as Jamaica and Belize], but it is, of course, for them to decide how best to give the changes effect."[69]

Other Pacific realms

On 13 March 2013, Lord Wallace of Tankerness claimed that the countries of Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands would not require amendments to their constitutions[69] as the wording of each explicitly state that the heirs and successors to the monarch in each realm are the same as those to the monarch of the United Kingdom. Papua New Guinea's and the Solomon Islands' constitutions both state that the references to the Queen "extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland",[70][71] while Tuvalu's constitution states that "[t]he provisions of this Constitution referring to the Sovereign extend, in accordance with section 13 (references to the Sovereign of Tuvalu) of Schedule 1, to the Heirs and Successors of the Sovereign according to law"[72] and a reference to the sovereign of Tuvalu "shall be read as including a reference to (a) the Sovereign of the United Kingdom; or (b) any person exercising the whole or the relevant part of the sovereignty of the United Kingdom, as the case requires, in accordance with the law in force in England."[73]

Timetable

Realm Parliamentary progress Royal assent
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[74]
Australia Australia Succession to the Crown Bill 2015, passed 19 March 2015.[75] 24 March 2015[76]
     New South Wales New South Wales Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed 25 June 2013.[77] 1 July 2013[77]
     Queensland Queensland Succession to the Crown Act 2013, passed 2 May 2013, altering the succession and requesting that the Parliament of Australia do the same.[43] 14 May 2013[43]
     South Australia South Australia Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2014 passed by the Legislative Council on 22 May 2014. Bill passed by the House of Assembly on 17 June 2014.[78] 26 June 2014 [79]
     Tasmania Tasmania Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed 29 August 2013.[80] 12 September 2013[81]
     Victoria (state) Victoria Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2013, passed on 17 October 2013.[82][83] 22 October 2013[82]
     Western Australia Western Australia Succession to the Crown Act 2015, passed by both houses of the state parliament on 24 February 2015.[84][85] 3 March 2015[86]
The Bahamas The Bahamas Legislation passed.[87] Yes
Barbados Barbados Succession to the Throne Bill passed in the House of Assembly on 15 November 2013.[88][89][full citation needed][90] Passed by the Senate on 20 November 2013.[91] Yes
Belize Belize Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[92]
Canada Canada Succession to the Throne Act, 2013 (Bill C-53) passed on 26 March 2013.[93][full citation needed] (Facing legal challenge.) 27 March 2013[93]
Grenada Grenada Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[94]
Jamaica Jamaica Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[92]
New Zealand New Zealand Royal Succession Act 2013 (Bill 99-1), passed 10 December 2013.[95] 17 December 2013[96]
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[92]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Succession to the Crown Bill, passed 8 July 2013.[97] Yes
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Legislation passed.[87] Yes
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Legislation passed in 2013.[98][99] Yes
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[92]
Tuvalu Tuvalu Realm's government asserts that domestic legislation is not required to implement the changes.[92]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Succession to the Crown Act 2013, passed 22 April 2013.[100] 25 April 2013[100]

See also

References

  1. ^ Royal Succession Act Commencement Order 2015, retrieved 26 March 2015
  2. ^ Bogdanor, Vernon (1995). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-829334-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  3. ^ Act of Settlement, 1700, Section 3, retrieved 8 April 2014 "That whosoever shall hereafter come to the Possession of this Crown shall joyn in Communion with the Church of England as by Law established."
  4. ^ Bogdanor 1995, p. 55
  5. ^ The Statute of Westminster 1931, CHAPTER 4 22 and 23 Geo 5, retrieved 8 April 2014
  6. ^ Spector, Norman (30 August 2007). "Why Canada must take on Britain over the 1701 Act of Settlement". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  7. ^ a b c "Catholics still barred from throne despite law change". The Scotsman. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  8. ^ Cecil, Nicholas (8 March 2011). "St Lucia backs change to laws of succession". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  9. ^ "Fresh bid to reform monarchy law". BBC. 21 January 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  10. ^ "Royal succession reform is being discussed, Clegg says". BBC. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  11. ^ "David Cameron proposes changes to royal succession". BBC. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  12. ^ Rules of Royal Succession (PDF), London: The Stationery Office Limited, 7 December 2011, p. 10 (Annex 1), retrieved 8 April 2014
  13. ^ a b c Parliament of the United Kingdom, Succession to the Crown Bill: Explanatory notes, Queen's Printer, retrieved 13 December 2012
  14. ^ "Girls equal in British throne succession". The Sunday Times. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  15. ^ Succession to the Crown Bill
  16. ^ a b Cheadle, Bruce (14 October 2011). "Harper 'supportive' of updating royal succession rules". Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  17. ^ a b c d e "Girls equal in British throne succession". BBC. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  18. ^ Office of the Prime Minister of Canada (28 October 2011). "PM welcomes proposal to amend rules governing the royal line of succession". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  19. ^ a b Watt, Nicholas (28 October 2011). "Royal succession gender equality approved by Commonwealth". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  20. ^ Watt, Nicholas (28 October 2011). "Australia's warm welcome as Queen announces reform to succession rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2012. The Queen signalled her approval of the changes by allowing her private secretary, Sir Christopher Geidt, to attend the meeting.
  21. ^ "Queen opens summit with royal succession on agenda". BBC News. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012. In her comments to the summit on female equality, the Queen said: "It encourages us to find ways to show girls and women to play their full part." The BBC's royal correspondent, Nicholas Witchell, said this was a hint that the Queen herself backed the change.
  22. ^ "David Cameron proposes changes to royal succession". BBC News. 12 October 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  23. ^ "Girls equal in British throne succession". BBC News. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
  24. ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/bills/lbill/2012-2013/0081/en/2013081en.htm
  25. ^ Kennedy, Mark (29 October 2011). "Commonwealth leaders agree to change archaic succession rules". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  26. ^ Schwass-Bueckert, Kate (28 October 2011). "The succession question". Canoe. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  27. ^ Rowe, Matt (13 October 2011). "Succession debate set to shape 21st century monarchy". iPolitics. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  28. ^ Postmedia News (4 January 2011), "New rules for royal succession", National Post, retrieved 13 December 2012
  29. ^ Chapman, Paul (18 April 2011), "New Zealand supports changes to Royal succession rules", The Telegraph, retrieved 3 December 2012
  30. ^ Hinkson, Kamila (8 February 2013), "Canadians OK with a first-born royal daughter as their monarch, poll finds", Toronto Star, retrieved 9 February 2013
  31. ^ "Royal succession: Queen and country". The Guardian. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  32. ^ "Changes to monarchy rules offer no benefit to Canada". Citizens for a Canadian Republic. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  33. ^ "Prime Minister unveils changes to royal succession". British Prime Minister's Office. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  34. ^ Miranda, Charles; Fife-Yeomans, Janet; Jones, Gemma (4 December 2012). "Royal baby's future succession in hands of New Zealand". Courier Mail. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  35. ^ a b "Royal succession rules will be changed". British Deputy Prime Minister's Office. 4 December 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  36. ^ Twomey, Anne (2011). "Changing the Rules of Succession to the Throne". Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper No. 11/71. pp. 8–9.
  37. ^ Elizabeth II (2013), Succession to the Crown (Request) Bill (PDF), New South Wales Government Printing Office, p. 3, retrieved 19 July 2013
  38. ^ Imperial Acts Application Act 1969. Retrieved 30 October 2011.[full citation needed]
  39. ^ Imperial Acts Act 1980. Retrieved 30 October 2011.[full citation needed]
  40. ^ Coorey, Phillip (29 October 2011). "Leaders abandon rule on male heir succession". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
  41. ^ Hurst, Daniel (7 December 2012). "Right royal split over how to change succession rules". Brisbane Times. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  42. ^ "Queensland to "go it alone" on royal succession changes". Australian Times. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
  43. ^ a b c Queensland parliament website[full citation needed]
  44. ^ WA Hansard, 11 November 2014 (.pdf file, page 16) (retrieved 12 November 2014)[full citation needed]
  45. ^ Hansard 24 February 2015 (Legislative Council: second and third readings)[full citation needed]
  46. ^ Australian parliament website[full citation needed]
  47. ^ Succession to the Crown (Request) (National Uniform Legislation) Bill 2013[full citation needed]
  48. ^ Second Reading [1][full citation needed]
  49. ^ O'Donohue v. Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Canada and Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Ontario, 2003 CanLII 41404, paragraphs 3 and 24 (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 26 June 2003).
  50. ^ Bryan Teskey v. Attorney General of Canada, Hackland R.S.J. (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 9 August 2013).
  51. ^ Senate of Canada (20 March 2013). "LCJC Meeting No. 74". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  52. ^ Supreme Court of Canada (28 September 1981), Re: Resolution to amend the Constitution, [1981] 1 SCR 753, Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 785 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  53. ^ a b Anne Twomey (18 September 2014). Professor Anne Twomey - Succession to the Crown: foiled by Canada? (Digital video). London: University College London.
  54. ^ Macgregor Dawson, Robert (1970). The Government of Canada (5th ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 63.
  55. ^ Toffoli, Gary (9 February 2013), Is There a Canadian Law of Succession and Is There a Canadian Process of Amendment? (PDF), Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, pp. 3–4, retrieved 12 February 2013 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  56. ^ McGregor, Janyce (31 January 2013). "Royal baby bill delivered in House of Commons". CBC News. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
  57. ^ Parliament of Canada, Bill C-53, Queen's Printer for Canada, retrieved 2 February 2013
  58. ^ Palmer, Richard (11 June 2013). "William and Kate's baby may face uncertain future". Daily Express. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  59. ^ Bryan Teskey v. Attorney General of Canada, Hackland R.S.J. (Ontario Superior Court of Justice 9 August 2013).
  60. ^ a b "Royal succession law not subject to charter challenge: court". CTV News. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  61. ^ Sèguin, Rhèal (7 June 2013). "Changes to royal succession face legal fight in Quebec". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  62. ^ a b c d Elizabeth II (2013), Royal Succession Bill, Wellington: Queen's Printer, S.10, 11, 12, retrieved 18 July 2013, The Bill of Rights 1688 (1 Will and Mar Sess 2, c 2) continues to be part of the laws of New Zealand... The Act of Settlement 1700 (12 and 13 Will 3, c 2) continues to be part of the laws of New Zealand... On the changeover, the Royal Marriages Act 1772 ceases to be part of the laws of New Zealand.
  63. ^ The Australian.com
  64. ^ Bill stages — Succession to the Crown Bill 2012-13
  65. ^ Lords Select Committee (21 January 2013). "Parliamentary business > Committees > Committees A-Z > Lords Select > Constitution Committee > News > Committee warns against rush to legislate on Succession to the Crown Bill". Queen's Printer. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  66. ^ http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldhansrd/text/130214-0002.htm. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Lords. 14 February 2013. col. 829. {{cite book}}: |chapter-url= missing title (help)
  67. ^ Section 5 (2).[2] When those provisions have come into force, the person who will actually succeed will continue to be the person who at the time of the next demise of the Crown is the heir apparent or presumptive, and the act does not alter the Accession Council's responsibility to meet for the purposes of the Act of Settlement and Acts of Union and to direct a proclamation of accession to be read in public places, as in the case of the proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II.
  68. ^ Succession to the Crown Bill, Explanatory Notes, para. 42
  69. ^ a b c Lord Wallace of Tankerness (13 March 2013). http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldhansrd/text/130313-0002.htm#13031375000042. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). United Kingdom: House of Lords. col. 310. {{cite book}}: |chapter-url= missing title (help)
  70. ^ Elizabeth II (1975), Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea (PDF), Port Moresby: Government Printing Office, retrieved 14 March 2013
  71. ^ Solomon Islands Const. Ch. 14 Art. 22 2
  72. ^ Elizabeth II (1978), The Constitution of Tuvalu, Funafuti: TuvaluIslands.com, retrieved 14 March 2013 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  73. ^ Elizabeth II 1978, Sched. 1, Art. 13 (2)
  74. ^ Tankerness 2013, Col. 1228
  75. ^ Parliament of Australia website - Succession to the Crown Bill 2015
  76. ^ [3]
  77. ^ a b Succession to the Crown (Request) Bill 2013. NSW Parliament website. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  78. ^ SA Legislative Tracking. Accessed 22 May 2014
  79. ^ "Succession to the Crown (Request) Act 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 2 July 2014.
  80. ^ Tasmanian Parliament website
  81. ^ "Royal Assent". Tasmanian Government Gazette, p. 1518. 18 September 2013.
  82. ^ a b Victorian Parliament website (.pdf file) (retrieved 5 March 2014)
  83. ^ Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Victoria: Legislative Council. 17 October 2013. p. 54.
  84. ^ Parliament of Western Australia - Succession to the Crown Bill 2014
  85. ^ Hansard 24 February 2015 (Legislative Council: second and third readings)
  86. ^ Parliament of Western Australia - Succession to the Crown Bill 2014
  87. ^ a b "Australia holds up changes to royal succession laws". theguardian.com. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  88. ^ House order paper, 15 November 2013
  89. ^ Text of the bill at Barbados Parliament's website
  90. ^ Minutes of proceedings of the House of Assembly, 15 November 2013
  91. ^ Senate order paper for 20 November 2013.
  92. ^ a b c d e Tankerness 2013, Col. 310
  93. ^ a b Parliament of Canada – Succession to the Throne Act, 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.
  94. ^ The Telegraph, 21 July 2013
  95. ^ Parliament.nz – Royal Succession Bill (Accessed 11 December 2013)
  96. ^ Parliament.nz – Royal Succession Bill
  97. ^ St Kitts and Nevis prime minister's website
  98. ^ New York Times, 22 July 2013
  99. ^ Global News, 22 July 2013
  100. ^ a b Succession to the Crown Act 2013. UK Parliament website. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perth_Agreement&oldid=653540244"