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==In literature==
==In literature==


''Acharya'' [[Jinasena]]'s ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurāṇa]]'' include ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'' and ''Uttara-purāṇa''. It was completed by ''Acharya'' Gunabhadra, the disciple of Jinasena in the 8th century C.E. In ''Ādi purāṇa'', life events of [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Bahubali]] and Bharata are detailed out.<ref>{{cite book|last=Upadhye|first=Dr. A. N.|authorlink=A.N. Upadhye|title=Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHfzERhGUjQC|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|p=46}}</ref>
''Acharya'' [[Jinasena]]'s ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurāṇa]]'' include ''[[Ādi purāṇa]]'' and ''Uttara-purāṇa''. It was completed by ''Acharya'' Gunabhadra, the disciple of Jinasena in the 8th century C.E. In ''Ādi purāṇa'', life events of [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Bahubali]] and Bharata are detailed out.<ref>{{cite book|last=Upadhye|first=Dr. A. N.|authorlink=A.N. Upadhye|title=Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHfzERhGUjQC|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|p=46}}</ref>
In the Kalpasutra there occurs the description of the life of Parshvanatha, extremely short in extent and probably modelled on that of [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}


[[Guru Gobind Singh]] has penned life history of Parshvanatha in a composition called the ''[[Paranath Avtar]]'', which is included in the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name= "sskpur">Dasam Granth, S.S. Kapoor, Page 17</ref>
[[Guru Gobind Singh]] has penned life history of Parshvanatha in a composition called the ''[[Paranath Avtar]]'', which is included in the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.<ref name= "sskpur">Dasam Granth, S.S. Kapoor, Page 17</ref>

Revision as of 10:47, 20 April 2016

Parshvanatha
Image of Tīrthankara Parshvanatha (Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum)
PredecessorNeminatha
SuccessorMahavira
SymbolSnake
Height9 cubits (13.5 feet)[1]
Age100 years
ColorBlue
Personal information
BornPausha Vad 10, 877 BCE
Benaras (now Varanasi)
DiedShravan Sud 8, 777 BCE
Shikharji
Parents
  • Ashvasena (father)
  • Vamadevi (mother)
SpousePrabhavati[2]
DynastyIkshvaku
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Parshvanatha (Pārśvanātha), also known as Parshva (Pārśva), was the twenty-third Tirthankara of Jainism.[3][4] He is the earliest Jain leader (c. 872 – c. 772 BCE)[5][6] for whom there is reasonable evidence of having been a historical figure.[7][8][9][10]

Historicity

Circumstantial evidence including a description of the teachings of Parshvanatha in the Sayings of the Seers, dictates that Parshvanatha can be viewed as a historical figure.[11]

Biography

Parshvanatha was born on the tenth day of the dark half of the month of Paush to King Asvasena and Queen Vama of Benaras (now Varanasi).[12][11] He belonged to the Ikshvaku dynasty.[13][14] He assumed and began to practice the twelve basic vows of the adult Jain householder when he reached the age of eight.[15]

Parshvanatha lived as formal prince of Varanasi and at the age of thirty, he renounced the world to become a monk.[16] He meditated for eighty-four days before attaining Kevala Jnana.[17] He achieved moksha at the age of one hundred atop Shikharji,[11] which is known today as the Parasnath Hills after him. Parshvanatha was called purisādāṇīya (beloved of men), a name which shows that he must have been a genial personality.[13] He remains beloved among Jains.[18]

Previous Births

  • Marubhuti - Visvabhuti, the prime minister of King Aravinda had two sons, elder one named Kamath and younger one named Marubhuti (Parshvanatha). Kamath killed Marubhuti and died as a criminal.[19]
  • Elephant - He was then reborn as an elephant in the forests of Vindyachal. His name was Vajraghosha (Thundering Voice of Lightening). Meanwhile, King Aravinda, after death of his minister Marubhuti, renounced his throne and was leading an ascetic life. When the elephant came near Aravinda, he recalled his previous human life by the blessings of Aravinda and became calm. Kamath was reborn as a serpent this time.[20] One day, when the elephant went to a river to quench his thirst, the serpent attacked him and he died the peaceful death of absolute renunciation.[21]
  • Sasi-prabha - Vajraghosha was reborn as Sasi-prabha (splendor of the moon) in the twelfth heaven and the serpent went to hell.[21]
  • Agnivega - After spending a luxurious life in heaven, he was reborn as prince Agnivega (strength of fire). He ascended the throne of his father which he later renounced to lead an ascetic life. Kamath was reborn as a serpent again after hell and again killed the ascetic in Himalayas during penance.[22]
  • When he was a prince he saved two snakes that had been trapped in a log in an Kamath’s fire. Later, the snakes were reborn as Dharnendra, the lord of the underworld kingdom of the nāgas, and Padmavati. Dharnendra and Padmavati sheltered Parshvanatha from a storm sent by a Meghmali (Kamath reborn).[23]

Teachings

18 feet (5.5 m) sculpture of Parshvanatha in the Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu

According to the Kalpa Sūtra, Parshvanatha had 164,000 śrāvakas (male lay followers) and 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers) and 16,000 sādhus (monks) and 38,000 sādhvīs (nuns). He had eight ganadharas (chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas. After his death, the ganadhara Śubhadatta became the head of the monastic order. He was then succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and Keśī.[16]

Śvētāmbara texts explain that a sage named, Keśī was born about 166 to 250 years after the death of Parshvanatha met the Indrabhuti Gautama, the chief disciple of Mahavira and asked him twelve questions.[24] One of this question as mentioned in Śvētāmbara text was "The Law taught by the great sage Parsva, recognises but four vows, whilst that of Vardhamana enjoins five". Therefore, according to Śvētāmbara texts, Parshvanatha taught four vows instead of the presently famous five vows (mahavratas).[25] This view is however not accepted by the Digambaras. On this, Champat Rai Jain in his essay titled "The Origin of The Swetambara Sect" wrote:

The first question Kesi put to Gautam was why did Mahavira insist upon the observance of five vows when Parashvanath did not mention five but only four, excluding celibacy? But the question would have had a point if it could be shown that salvation could be obtained without the observance of celibacy. So far as I understand Swetambara books themselves insist upon an observance of this vow, and it is not possible that two omniscient teachers, i. e., Parashvanath and Mahavira could teach different things.

— Champat Rai Jain[26]

In literature

Acharya Jinasena's Mahapurāṇa include Ādi purāṇa and Uttara-purāṇa. It was completed by Acharya Gunabhadra, the disciple of Jinasena in the 8th century C.E. In Ādi purāṇa, life events of Rishabhanatha, Bahubali and Bharata are detailed out.[27]

Guru Gobind Singh has penned life history of Parshvanatha in a composition called the Paranath Avtar, which is included in the Dasam Granth.[28]

Iconography

Parshvanatha is the most popular object of Jain devotion. He is closely associated with compassion, although he is free from the world of rebirth like all tirthankaras and therefore unable to aid his devotees personally.[29]

Temples

Idols

  • Tirthankara Parsvanatha, Government Museum, Mathura
    Tirthankara Parsvanatha, Government Museum, Mathura
  • India, Deccan, jina parshvanatha, 1100-1300
    India, Deccan, jina parshvanatha, 1100-1300
  • Parsvanatha image, Badami caves, Karnataka
    Parsvanatha image, Badami caves, Karnataka
  • A 5.33 meter statue of Parshavanatha at Naugaza Digambar Jain Temple,Alwar,Rajasthan
    A 5.33 meter statue of Parshavanatha at Naugaza Digambar Jain Temple,Alwar,Rajasthan
  • 31 feet Parshvanatha Vahelna Statue
    31 feet Parshvanatha Vahelna Statue
  • 18 feet idol of Parsvanatha in Parsvanatha Basadi at Shravanabelgola
    18 feet idol of Parsvanatha in Parsvanatha Basadi at Shravanabelgola
  • Tirthankara Parsvanatha, Linden-Museum
    Tirthankara Parsvanatha, Linden-Museum
  • Parshwanath Temple at the Khajuraho Group of Monuments
    Parshwanath Temple at the Khajuraho Group of Monuments
  • Jina Parshvanatha with Attendants
    Jina Parshvanatha with Attendants
  • Sculpture with image of Parshvanatha, Thirakoil
    Sculpture with image of Parshvanatha, Thirakoil
  • Mt. Shatrunjay, Gujarat
    Mt. Shatrunjay, Gujarat

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parshvanatha.

Notes

  1. ^ Sarasvati 1970, p. 444.
  2. ^ "Parshvanath-the 23rd tirthankar", indianscriptures.com
  3. ^ Fisher 1997, p. 115.
  4. ^ Sanghvi, Vir. "Rude Travel: Down The Sages". Hindustan Times.
  5. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 183.
  6. ^ Sangave 2001, p. 103.
  7. ^ Charpentier 1922, p. 153.
  8. ^ Ghatage 1951, p. 411-412.
  9. ^ Deo 1956, pp. 59–60.
  10. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 182-183.
  11. ^ a b c Dundas 2002, p. 30.
  12. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 184.
  13. ^ a b Ghatage 1951, p. 411.
  14. ^ Deo 1956, p. 60.
  15. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 196.
  16. ^ a b von Glasenapp 1999, pp. 24–28.
  17. ^ Danielou 1971, p. 376.
  18. ^ Schubring 1964, p. 220.
  19. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 186-187.
  20. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 189.
  21. ^ a b Zimmer 1952, p. 190.
  22. ^ Zimmer 1952, p. 191.
  23. ^ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  24. ^ von Glasenapp 1999, p. 35.
  25. ^ Chatterjee, Asim Kumar (2000). A Comprehensive History of Jainism. ISBN 9788121509312.
  26. ^ Champat Rai Jain. The Change of Heart. p. 102-103.
  27. ^ Upadhye, Dr. A. N. (2000). Mahāvīra His Times and His philosophy of life. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 46.
  28. ^ Dasam Granth, S.S. Kapoor, Page 17
  29. ^ Bowker, John. World Religions. New York: DK Publishing, Inc. 1997.

References

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