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|caption=
|caption=
|active= January 2014 – 22 February 2017
|active= January 2014 – 22 February 2017
|ideology=[[Salafist jihadism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/#|title=The new face of the Syrian rebellion|publisher=The Arab Chronicle|date=5 March 2014|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>
|ideology=[[Salafist jihadism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/# |title=The new face of the Syrian rebellion |publisher=The Arab Chronicle |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=19 May 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104506/http://the-arab-chronicle.com/new-face-syrian-rebellion/ |archivedate=26 March 2014 |df= }}</ref>
|leaders=[[Abu Dhar al-Najdi al-Harethi]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arterbury|first1=John|title=Striving for "the Grandest Epics": Forecasting the Future of Jund al-Aqsa|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/05/02/striving-for-the-grandest-epics-forecasting-the-future-of-jund-al-aqsa/|website=Bellingcat|publisher=Bellingcat|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>
|leaders=[[Abu Dhar al-Najdi al-Harethi]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arterbury|first1=John|title=Striving for "the Grandest Epics": Forecasting the Future of Jund al-Aqsa|url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/05/02/striving-for-the-grandest-epics-forecasting-the-future-of-jund-al-aqsa/|website=Bellingcat|publisher=Bellingcat|accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref>
[[Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari]]<ref name=Fars>{{cite web|url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13921017001314|title=ISIL Commanders Killed in Syria, Iraq|publisher=Fars News|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>{{KIA}}<br>[[Abu Musab al-Ansari]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Said Arif]]{{KIA}}<ref name="internal struggle">{{cite web| title =An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity| url =http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/05/31-syria-isis-lister| website = Brookings Institution| date = 31 May 2015| accessdate = 1 June 2015}}</ref>
[[Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari]]<ref name=Fars>{{cite web|url=http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13921017001314|title=ISIL Commanders Killed in Syria, Iraq|publisher=Fars News|date=7 January 2014|accessdate=19 May 2014}}</ref>{{KIA}}<br>[[Abu Musab al-Ansari]]{{KIA}}<br>[[Said Arif]]{{KIA}}<ref name="internal struggle">{{cite web| title =An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity| url =http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/05/31-syria-isis-lister| website = Brookings Institution| date = 31 May 2015| accessdate = 1 June 2015}}</ref>
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Jund al-Aqsa was known to have significant roots in the Gulf, particularly Qatar. This has raised questions about how much these associated Gulf states have contributed in tackling terrorism and its financing, due to the country's lack of pressing charges or convicting known terrorists and terrorist financiers.<ref name="longwarjournal.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHzYH0IIq-8&feature=youtu.be&t=41m35s|title=The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State|first=|last=WashingtonInstitute|date=25 October 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>
Jund al-Aqsa was known to have significant roots in the Gulf, particularly Qatar. This has raised questions about how much these associated Gulf states have contributed in tackling terrorism and its financing, due to the country's lack of pressing charges or convicting known terrorists and terrorist financiers.<ref name="longwarjournal.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHzYH0IIq-8&feature=youtu.be&t=41m35s|title=The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State|first=|last=WashingtonInstitute|date=25 October 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>


Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari was the organization's founder and first emir. He was a [[Jordan]]ian citizen with [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] roots. His real name is Muhammed Yusuf Uthman Abd al Salam, and he was reportedly a longtime al-Qaeda associate. Abdulaziz changed his name according to his move from state to state. He was reported to have worked for al Qaeda in [[Afghanistan]] where he was close to terrorists including Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, and [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam|Sheikh Abdullah Azzam]]. He also fought against the Russian forces in [[Chechnya]], and shortly after helped [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] found [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]], which is known to be the precursor to Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).<ref>http://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/</ref> After the death of Zarqawi, he continued to serve as an official in the terrorist organization.<ref name="enabbaladi.net"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http:/www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103193120/http:/www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=لماذا قتل الشيخ ابو عبد العزيز القطري/العراقي/الاردني/الفلسطيني؟ [الأرشيف] - منتديات شباب فلسطين|date=3 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari was the organization's founder and first emir. He was a [[Jordan]]ian citizen with [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] roots. His real name is Muhammed Yusuf Uthman Abd al Salam, and he was reportedly a longtime al-Qaeda associate. Abdulaziz changed his name according to his move from state to state. He was reported to have worked for al Qaeda in [[Afghanistan]] where he was close to terrorists including Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, and [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam|Sheikh Abdullah Azzam]]. He also fought against the Russian forces in [[Chechnya]], and shortly after helped [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] found [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]], which is known to be the precursor to Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).<ref>http://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/</ref> After the death of Zarqawi, he continued to serve as an official in the terrorist organization.<ref name="enabbaladi.net"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http:/www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103193120/http://www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 3 January 2015 |title=لماذا قتل الشيخ ابو عبد العزيز القطري/العراقي/الاردني/الفلسطيني؟ [الأرشيف] - منتديات شباب فلسطين |date=3 January 2015 |publisher= |df= }}</ref>


He was also a co-founder of al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's Syrian branch, with [[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]] in 2012, after the two were sent to Syria by [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] to form terrorist sleeper cells.<ref>http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zawya.com/ar/story/ZAWYA20150620043147/|title=باحث عراقي: كويتيون في صفوف "داعش" - Zawya|publisher=}}</ref> At this time he also was involved in terrorist financing for the Islamic State.<ref>http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/syria/2014/05/14/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-.html</ref>
He was also a co-founder of al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's Syrian branch, with [[Abu Mohammad al-Julani]] in 2012, after the two were sent to Syria by [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]] to form terrorist sleeper cells.<ref>http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zawya.com/ar/story/ZAWYA20150620043147/|title=باحث عراقي: كويتيون في صفوف "داعش" - Zawya|publisher=}}</ref> At this time he also was involved in terrorist financing for the Islamic State.<ref>http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/syria/2014/05/14/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-.html</ref>

Revision as of 13:23, 29 April 2017

Jund al-Aqsa
جند الأقصى
LeadersAbu Dhar al-Najdi al-Harethi[1] Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari[2] †
Abu Musab al-Ansari †
Said Arif †[3]
Dates of operationJanuary 2014 – 22 February 2017
Headquarters
Active regionsHama Governorate, Syria
Idlib Governorate, Syria[6]
Aleppo Governorate, Syria[7]
IdeologySalafist jihadism[8]
Part of
Allies
OpponentsState opponents

Other rebels

Battles and warsSyrian Civil War

Military intervention against ISIL

Jund al-Aqsa (Arabic: جند الأقصى Jund al-‘Aqṣā, "Soldiers of al-Aqsa"), later known as Liwa al-Aqsa after 7 February 2017,[14][4][15] was a Salafist jihadist terrorist organization that was active during the Syrian Civil War.[6] Formerly known as Sarayat al-Quds, the group was founded by Abu Abdul 'Aziz al-Qatari as a subunit within the al-Nusra Front.[7] The group later became independent, because al-Nusra was growing too rapidly for its resources and had suffered from fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[7] The United States Department of State designated Jund al-Aqsa as a terrorist organization.[16] The group rejoined al-Nusra Front, by then renamed Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, in October 2016.[17] However, on 23 January 2017, JFS declared that Jund Al-Aqsa was no longer part of Jabhat Fateh Al-Sham.[18] In early February 2017, some of Jund al-Aqsa's units joined the newly formed Tahrir al-Sham, while the others refused and formed a new splinter group called Liwa al-Aqsa, and captured many towns in northern Hama and southern Idlib from other rebel groups. Following these attacks, Tahrir al-Sham launched a military operation against Liwa al-Aqsa, accusing them of being an ISIL affiliate.[19] Following intense clashes with Tahrir al-Sham, up to 2,100 Liwa al-Aqsa militants left the Idlib Province to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province, by 22 February 2017.[13][4]

History

The name of the group means "Soldiers of Aqsa," referring to Islam's third most important mosque in Jeruselem. They originally called themselves Sarayat al-Quds, which was a brigade operating under al-Nusra Front, and drew inspiration from numerous Salafi-Jihadist scholars. Their goal is to eliminate the Assad regime, and establish a state running on Sharia law. They do not see Syria as an independent state, rather as part of a larger caliphate, protecting a Sunni nation in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq. They differ from other terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State, in their methodology. They refuse to accuse someone of apostacy [citation needed](pronounced Takfeer in Arabic), which means that rebels can deprive one another of their life and property, in other words, looting and killing. Militarily, they try to attack only areas they can maintain. They also have a strong background in bomb making and quality hell-fire mortars. They have only opted to use suicide bombings as a last resort, and have not yet launched attacks against the West directly.[20][21][22][23][24][25]

In early 2014, the group was reportedly composed of mostly non-Syrian Arab fighters.[26] By the end of the year, it had reportedly become a Syrian-majority group, partly because of defections from other Syrian rebel groups.[7] The group worked with local and foreign fighters made up of Salafi Jihadi, Palestinian movements, groups affiliated with al Qaeda, and groups affiliated with the FSA. Their military expertise was drawn largely from Iraqi, Afghani, and Bosnian Jihad veterans. The group prefers to recruit Mihajirs, or foreign fighters, as they have a tendency for greater motivation, stronger connection to their ideology, and have fought in other terrorist groups prior.[20][21] They’re fighting is targeted in the Syrian North.[27]

In February 2014, Jund al-Aqsa captured the town of Ma'an and massacred more than 21 Alawite civilians, half of them women and children. They launched another attack in March 2014, via suicide bombings that massacred another 20 civilians. They were also involved in an operation to seize a Hama military airport in July of the same year.[28][29][30]

In 2014, it was reported that the group was receiving continuous funding from wealthy private Gulf donors for their refusal to attack ISIL, part of which was the reason for their rift with al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham. They reformed after previously fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, who hurt the group and also caused them to run into some debt. These Gulf donors, who financed them for this reason, refused to finance groups involved in intra-rebel fighting.[20]

On 23 October 2015, Jund al-Aqsa left the Army of Conquest, because it had misgivings about fighting against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, while reaffirming its loyalty to al-Qaeda.[31] On 17 February 2016, over 400 fighters and senior leaders of Jund al-Aqsa defected to al-Nusra Front.[11][32]

In the February 2016 Khanasir offensive, Jund al-Aqsa and ISIL temporarily cut off the Syrian government's supply route to Aleppo, sharing war booty captured from Syrian forces before retreating.

In late August 2016, Jund al-Aqsa announced an offensive in the northern Hama Governorate. During this offensive, it used a drone to drop a small bomb.[33]

In October 2016, clashes between Jund al-Aqsa and Ahrar al-Sham escalated throughout the Idlib Governorate, with both sides expelling each other from several towns and villages.[34] During the clashes 800 other rebels reportedly defected to Jund al-Aqsa, increasing the group's strength up to 1,600 fighters.[12] During the clashes in Idlib, the group aided al Nusra Front by sending them two suicide bombers of Kuwaiti and Saudi origins.[35]

As a result of the clashes, the group pledged allegiance to Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.[36] This group was a relaunched version of al Nusra Front, only changing their name in July 2016. The leaders of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) and Jund al-Aqsa signed their names in a text agreement to pledge their allegiance.[37][38] However, shortly after, an agreement between JFS and Ahrar al-Sham was posted on the Syrian opposition website, stating that Jund al Aqsa would be dissolved and completely incorporated with JFS, whereby preventing it from reconstructing independently under any other name or form.[39][40]

The group has stated its continued loyalty to Ayman al Zawahiri for his eminence as the sheikh of the modern mujahedeen, according to them.[41] Within the past three years, the group has assisted al-Qaeda in toppling the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and the Hazzm Movement, two key Western-backed rebel organizations in Syria, as well as weaken a third called Division 13.[20][42][43]

Some sources believe that the original rift from al-Nusra Front was part of a Qatar-led effort to rebrand al-Nusra Front, and provide it with new support, a move that could increase external aid for the terrorist group.[44] Another analysis of Jund al Aqsa's rift and reunification states that it's a reflection of al-Qaeda's strategy of downplaying its official ties to these groups, and a strategy of diversifying its investments, especially with regards to affiliations with Qatar and Kuwait and the lack of political will in their countries to combat terrorism and terror financing.[45][46]

On 7 February 2017, Jund al-Aqsa attacked the headquarters of Jaysh al-Nasr near the town of Murak in northern Hama. Jund al-Aqsa captured more than 250 fighters from Jaysh al-Nasr.[47] By 9 February, Jund al-Aqsa had captured 17 towns and villages from the Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham, in the northern Hama Province.[48]

On 13 February 2017, clashes erupted between the Tahrir al-Sham and Liwa al-Aqsa (Jund al-Aqsa's new brand) in northern Hama and southern Idlib.[49] It was rumored that Liwa al-Aqsa pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, sparking the clashes with Tahrir al-Sham, known as a staunch ISIL opponent.

On 14 February, Jund al-Aqsa executed more than 170 prisoners of war, including both HTS fighters, FSA fighters, and civilians.[50][51] Kafr Nuboudah and Kafr Zita villages were the origin of the Jaysh Nasr members whom Liwa al-Aqsa executed according to Moussa al-Omar.[52] The casualties given for Jaysh Nasr were : fighters: fifty six, media reporters: three, and military chiefs : eleven, according to Moussa al-Omar.[53][54] After Jund al-Aqsa committed the slaughter at Khan Shaykhun, only one person lived to tell the tale.[55] On the next day, HTS captured the village of Heish from Jund al-Aqsa, and then besieged the retreating Jund al-Aqsa forces in Khan Shaykhun and Murak.[56]

On 19 February, it was reported that 600 Jund al-Aqsa militants would be transported to the Ar-Raqqah Governorate to join ISIL, while the remaining Jund al-Aqsa forces would surrender their heavy weapons and join the Turkistan Islamic Party within 72 hours. It was also reported that over 250 Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham fighters had been killed in clashes by Jund al-Aqsa.[57] On the afternoon of 19 February, a convoy of Jund al-Aqsa members and their relatives tried to cross from the Idlib Province into the Raqqa Governorate across a Syrian government supply route to Aleppo, stretching from Ithriyah to Salamiyah, in order to escape the rebel infighting in the restive Idlib Governorate. However, they were ambushed by the National Defence Forces, resulting in several deaths, with the rest of the militants surrendering themselves.[58]

On 22 February, the last of Liwa al-Aqsa's 2,100 militants left their final positions in Khan Shaykhun to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province after a negotiated withdrawal deal with Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.[13][4] Afterward, Tahrir al-Sham declared terminating Liwa al-Aqsa, and promised to watch for any remaining cells in northwestern Syria.[59] On 23 February, the relatives of FSA prisoners executed by Liwa al-Aqsa accused the group of treating them worse than the Syrian regime ever did.[5]

Leadership

Jund al-Aqsa was known to have significant roots in the Gulf, particularly Qatar. This has raised questions about how much these associated Gulf states have contributed in tackling terrorism and its financing, due to the country's lack of pressing charges or convicting known terrorists and terrorist financiers.[45][60]

Abu Abdulaziz al-Qatari was the organization's founder and first emir. He was a Jordanian citizen with Palestinian roots. His real name is Muhammed Yusuf Uthman Abd al Salam, and he was reportedly a longtime al-Qaeda associate. Abdulaziz changed his name according to his move from state to state. He was reported to have worked for al Qaeda in Afghanistan where he was close to terrorists including Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, and Sheikh Abdullah Azzam. He also fought against the Russian forces in Chechnya, and shortly after helped Abu Musab al-Zarqawi found Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, which is known to be the precursor to Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[61] After the death of Zarqawi, he continued to serve as an official in the terrorist organization.[27][62]

He was also a co-founder of al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's Syrian branch, with Abu Mohammad al-Julani in 2012, after the two were sent to Syria by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to form terrorist sleeper cells.[63][64] At this time he also was involved in terrorist financing for the Islamic State.[65]

His ties to the Gulf stem from the time period between the 2003 American invasion of Iraq to just prior to the Syrian Revolution, where he transitioned from assisting extremists in Iraq to helping them in Qatar. He believed that in Qatar he could assist jihadists both materially and logistically.[66][67] He was also associated with the head of a banned extremist group called the Ummah Party[disambiguation needed] after traveling with him to Syria in 2011 to assist and fund insurgent groups in the region, including Ahrar al Sham.[68] This group drew inspiration from a U.S. and UN sanctioned terrorism financier and Kuwaiti cleric, Hamid bin Hammad al Ali.[20][69] This group was reported by The New York Times to be backed by the governments of both Turkey and Qatar. He went on to become one of al-Nusra Front's senior ranking leaders.[70]

His sons are both Qatari ID holders, and are sanctioned by both the UN and the United States for their funding of various al Qaeda branches. His sons have been successful in connecting the Jund al Aqsa group with Iranian financing from al Qaeda's network in Iran.[71]

After Abdulaziz's death in 2014, one of his sons became a leader of Jund al Aqsa. According to Syrian opposition sources, the group is run by several individuals, one of which is Abu Ahmed al Qatari, who is the son of Abdulaziz. He is known to be the organization's primary financial official, responsible for recruiting new members and buying up independent militias. He holds direct links with wealthy and ideologically extremist Qatari and Kuwaiti businessmen, who finance terrorist groups via charity fronts.[27][72][73][74] Another noteworthy leader is Abu Dharr al Jazrawi, a Saudi national, who, along with Abu Ahmed al Qatari, are accused of allowing the group to be supported and penetrated by Qatari intelligence services.[73][74][75]

The last Emir of the group was Abu Thar al-Najdi I-Harthy, a Saudi Arabian citizen.[24]

Designation as a terrorist organization

Country Date Reference
 United Kingdom January 2015 [76]
 United States 20 September 2016 [77]
 Saudi Arabia [78]

See also

References

  1. ^ Arterbury, John. "Striving for "the Grandest Epics": Forecasting the Future of Jund al-Aqsa". Bellingcat. Bellingcat. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  2. ^ "ISIL Commanders Killed in Syria, Iraq". Fars News. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d "An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity". Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d "Search for the dead begins in Idlib after Islamic State-linked brigade leaves for Raqqa". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  5. ^ a b "Relatives of executed rebels speak out: 'The regime hasn't even done what Liwa al-Aqsa did to us'". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  6. ^ a b c "The Other Syrian Peace Process". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Why Did Jund Al-Aqsa Join Nusra Front in Taking Out 'Moderate' Rebels in Idlib?". Huffington Post. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  8. ^ "The new face of the Syrian rebellion". The Arab Chronicle. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 19 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "Reports: Al-Nusra Front leaves Jaish al-Fatah coalition in Syria". Middle East Eye. 30 October 2015.
  10. ^ "Rebels launch full-on assault of Idlib city". Syria Direct. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  11. ^ a b "Jund al Aqsa leaders join Al Nusrah Front". The Long War Journal. 17 February 2016.
  12. ^ a b c "Source: hundreds of fighters to leave their factions (Jund al-Aqsa) within two month". All4Syria. 7 October 2016.
  13. ^ a b c Charkatli, Izat (23 February 2017). "Over 2,000 radical rebels defect to ISIS following intra-rebel deal". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  14. ^ FNA (15 February 2017). "Jund al-Aqsa executes hundred members of rival groups in Idlib". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  15. ^ "Jund al-Aqsa Joins to ISIS, Captures 17 Populated Localities in Hama & Idlib". 10 February 2017.
  16. ^ "State Department Terrorist Designation of Jund al-Aqsa". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  17. ^ "Hassan Hassan on Twitter".
  18. ^ "Nawar Oliver on Twitter".
  19. ^ "ريفي حماة وإدلب ساحة مواجهة بين لواء الأقصى وهيئة تحرير الشام - وكالة خطوة الإخبارية". Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e "Why Did Jund Al-Aqsa Join Nusra Front in Taking Out 'Moderate' Rebels in Idlib?".
  21. ^ a b "From the Australian suburbs to Syria".
  22. ^ "Journalist Tam Hussein on meeting foreign jihadis".
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