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HTTP/3

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HTTP/3
International standardBishop, Mike. "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 3 (HTTP/3)". quicwg.org. Retrieved 28 October 2021. (draft)
Developed byIETF
IntroducedInternet Draft as of January 2022
Websitehttps://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9114.html

HTTP/3 is the third and upcoming major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol used to exchange information on the World Wide Web, alongside HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2. HTTP/3 runs over QUIC, which is published as RFC 9000.[1][2]

HTTP semantics are consistent across versions: the same request methods, status codes, and message fields are typically applicable to all versions. The differences are in the mapping of these semantics to underlying transports. Both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 use TCP as their transport. HTTP/3 uses QUIC, a transport layer network protocol which uses user space congestion control over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The switch to QUIC aims to fix a major problem of HTTP/2 called "head-of-line blocking": because the parallel nature of HTTP/2's multiplexing is not visible to TCP's loss recovery mechanisms, a lost or reordered packet causes all active transactions to experience a stall regardless of whether that transaction was impacted by the lost packet. Because QUIC provides native multiplexing, lost packets only impact the streams where data has been lost.

As of January 2022, the HTTP/3 protocol is still officially an Internet Draft, but is already supported by 73% of running web browsers,[3] and according to W3Techs 24% of the top 10 million websites.[4] It has been supported by Google Chrome (including Microsoft Edge, which is based on it, and Chrome for Android)[5] since April 2020 and by Mozilla Firefox since May 2021.[3][6] Safari 14 (on macOS Big Sur and iOS 14) has also implemented the protocol but support is hidden behind a feature flag.[7]

History

HTTP/3 is an Internet Draft adopted by the QUIC working group. The original proposal was named "HTTP/2 Semantics Using The QUIC Transport Protocol",[8] and later named "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over QUIC".[9]

On 28 October 2018 in a mailing list discussion, Mark Nottingham, Chair of the IETF HTTP and QUIC Working Groups, proposed renaming HTTP-over-QUIC to HTTP/3, to "clearly identify it as another binding of HTTP semantics to the wire protocol ... so people understand its separation from QUIC".[10] Nottingham's proposal was accepted by fellow IETF members a few days later. The HTTP working group is chartered to assist the QUIC working group during the design of HTTP/3, then assume responsibility for maintenance after publication.[11]

Support for HTTP/3 was added to Chrome (Canary build) in September 2019 and then eventually reached stable builds, but was disabled by a feature flag. It was enabled by default in April 2020.[12] Firefox added support for HTTP/3 in November 2019 through a feature flag[3][13][14] and started enabling it by default in April 2021 in Firefox 88.[3][6] Experimental support for HTTP/3 was added to Safari Technology Preview on April 8, 2020[15] and was included with Safari 14 that ships with iOS 14 and macOS 11,[7] but is still disabled by default.[16]

Implementations

Client

Browser

Browser support for HTTP/3
Browser Version implemented (disabled by default) Version shipped (enabled by default)
Chrome Stable build (79) December 2019 87[17] April 2020[18]
Firefox Stable build (72.0.1) January 2020 88[6] April 2021[19]
Safari Safari Technology Preview 104 April 2020
Edge 87 April 2020

Libraries

Open source libraries that implement client or server logic for QUIC and HTTP/3 include[20]

Libraries implementing HTTP/3
Name Client Server Programming language Company Repository
lsquic Yes Yes C LiteSpeed https://github.com/litespeedtech/lsquic
nghttp3 Yes Yes C https://github.com/ngtcp2/nghttp3
h2o No Yes C https://github.com/h2o/h2o
libcurl[21][22] Yes No C https://github.com/curl/curl
MsQuic[23] Yes Yes C Microsoft https://github.com/microsoft/msquic
proxygen Yes Yes C++ Facebook https://github.com/facebook/proxygen#quic-and-http3
Cronet Yes Yes C++ Google https://github.com/chromium/chromium/tree/master/net/quic
.NET[24] Yes Yes C# (using MsQuic)[25] Microsoft https://github.com/dotnet
Quic.NET Yes Yes C# https://github.com/Vect0rZ/Quic.NET
quic-go Yes Yes Go https://github.com/lucas-clemente/quic-go
http3 Yes Yes Haskell https://github.com/kazu-yamamoto/http3
Kwik Yes Yes Java https://github.com/ptrd/kwik
Flupke Yes No Java https://bitbucket.org/pjtr/flupke
aioquic Yes Yes Python https://github.com/aiortc/aioquic
http Yes Yes Rust https://github.com/hyperium/http
quiche Yes Yes Rust Cloudflare https://github.com/cloudflare/quiche
neqo Yes Yes Rust Mozilla https://github.com/mozilla/neqo
quinn Yes Yes Rust https://github.com/quinn-rs/quinn

Server

  • LiteSpeed Web Server (and OpenLiteSpeed) supports HTTP/3 draft 32.[26]
  • The Caddy web server has experimental support for HTTP/3 as of 2.0 beta 17.[27]
  • Nginx support for HTTP/3 is being worked on. A technology preview of nginx with HTTP/3 support was released in June 2020.[28]
  • The Traefik web server has experimental support for HTTP/3 since version 2.5.[29]
  • Cloudflare distributes a patch for nginx that integrates the quiche HTTP/3 library into it.[30]

There are a number of libraries that implement an older draft of the protocol or Google's versions of QUIC (e.g. Q046 used in Chrome 76).[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Cloudflare HTTP/3".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ Iyengar, Jana; Thomson, Martin (May 2021). QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport.
  3. ^ a b c d "Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". caniuse.com. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Usage of HTTP/3 for websites". World Wide Web Technology Surveys. W3Techs. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  5. ^ "Enabling QUIC in tip-of-tree". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Damjanovic, Dragana (16 April 2021). "QUIC and HTTP/3 Support now in Firefox Nightly and Beta". Mozilla Hacks – the Web developer blog. Retrieved 17 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ a b "Safari 14 Release Notes". developer.apple.com. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  8. ^ Shade, Robbie (8 July 2016). HTTP/2 Semantics Using The QUIC Transport Protocol. IETF. I-D draft-shade-quic-http2-mapping.
  9. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (12 November 2018). "HTTP-over-QUIC to be renamed HTTP/3 | ZDNet". ZDNet. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  10. ^ Nottingham, Mark (28 October 2018). "Identifying our deliverables". IETF Mail Archive.
  11. ^ "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Charter". ietf.org. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  12. ^ "Enabling QUIC in tip-of-tree". groups.google.com. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  13. ^ Daniel, Stenberg. "Daniel Stenberg announces HTTP/3 support in Firefox Nightly". Twitter. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  14. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (26 September 2019). "Cloudflare, Google Chrome, and Firefox add HTTP/3 support". ZDNet. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Release Notes for Safari Technology Preview 104". webkit.org. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
  16. ^ Ng, Gary (23 June 2020). "Apple's Safari Adds Support for HTTP3 in iOS 14 and macOS 11". iphoneincanada.ca. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". caniuse.com. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Enabling QUIC in tip-of-tree". groups.google.com. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  19. ^ "Firefox Release Owners - MozillaWiki". wiki.mozilla.org. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  20. ^ "QUIC Implementations". GitHub. Retrieved 8 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ^ "First HTTP/3 with curl". Daniel Stenberg. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  22. ^ "cURL HTTP3 wiki". Daniel Stenberg. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  23. ^ "MsQuic is Open Source". 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  24. ^ "HTTP/3 support in .NET 6". 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  25. ^ "HTTP/3 support in .NET 6". .NET Blog. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  26. ^ "LiteSpeed Web Server Release Log". LiteSpeed Web Server Release Log. 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  27. ^ "Release 2.0 beta 17 · caddyserver/caddy". Github. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  28. ^ "Introducing a Technology Preview of NGINX Support for QUIC and HTTP/3". NGINX. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  29. ^ "Release 2.5.0". Github. 17 August 2021.
  30. ^ "Experiment with HTTP/3 using NGINX and quiche". The Cloudflare Blog. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  31. ^ "ngtcp2/nghttp3". 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020 – via GitHub.
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