Jump to content

J. K. Rowling

Edit links
Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Victoriaearle (talk | contribs) at 23:43, 12 January 2022 (→‎Critical analysis: paste (hopefully) final iteration of lit. crit. copied from User:Victoriaearle/Children's lit.; flattened toc; final = 1106 words). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

J. K. Rowling

CH OBE HonFRSE FRCPE FRSL
Rowling in 2010
Rowling in 2010
BornJoanne Rowling
(1965-07-31) 31 July 1965 (age 58)
Yate, Gloucestershire, England
Pen name
  • J. K. Rowling
  • Robert Galbraith
Occupation
  • Author
  • philanthropist
  • film producer
  • television producer
  • screenwriter
Alma materUniversity of Exeter
Moray House
Period1997–present
Genre
Notable works
Spouse
  • Jorge Arantes
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1992; div. 1995)​
  • Neil Murray
    ​
    (m. 2001)​
Children3
Signature
Website
jkrowling.com

Joanne Rowling, CH, OBE, HonFRSE, FRCPE, FRSL (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling;[1] born 31 July 1965), known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author, philanthropist, film producer, and screenwriter. She is the author of the Harry Potter series, which has won multiple awards and sold more than 500 million copies as of 2018,[2] and became the best-selling book children's series in history in 2008.[3] The books are the basis of a popular film series. She also writes crime fiction under the pen name Robert Galbraith.

Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series while on a delayed train from Manchester to London. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. There were six sequels, of which the last was released in 2007. Since then, Rowling has written several books for adult readers: The Casual Vacancy (2012) and—under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith—the crime fiction Cormoran Strike series. In 2020, her "political fairytale" for children, The Ickabog, was released in instalments in an online version.[4]

Rowling has lived a "rags to riches" life in which she progressed from living on benefits to being named the world's first billionaire author by Forbes.[5] Rowling disputed the assertion, saying she was not a billionaire.[6] Forbes reported that she lost her billionaire status after giving away much of her earnings to charity.[7] Her UK sales total in excess of £238 million, making her the best-selling living author in Britain.[8] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th richest person in the UK.[9] Rowling was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to literature and philanthropy. She established the Volant Charitable Trust to support at-risk women, children and young people and has supported multiple charities, including Comic Relief, Gingerbread, and multiple sclerosis (MS) and coronavirus disease 2019 causes as well as launching her own charity, Lumos.

Time named her a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fans.[10] In October 2010, she was named the "Most Influential Woman in Britain" by leading magazine editors.[11] Rowling has voiced views on UK politics, especially in opposition to Scottish independence and Brexit, and has been critical of her relationship with the press. Since late 2019, she has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights. These have been criticised as transphobic by LGBT rights organisations and some feminists, but have received support from other feminists and individuals.

Name

Although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, before her remarriage her name was Joanne Rowling,[12] or Jo.[13][14] Staff at Bloomsbury Publishing asked that she use two initials rather than her full name, anticipating that young boys—their target audience—would not want to read a book written by a woman.[12][15] As she had no middle name, she chose K (for Kathleen) as the second initial of her pen name, from her paternal grandmother.[12] Following her 2001 remarriage,[16] she has sometimes used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business.[17][18] During the Leveson Inquiry into the practices and ethics of the British press, she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling[19] and her entry in Who's Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling.[20]

Life and career

Early life and education

A sign reading "Platform 9¾" with half of a luggage trolley installed beneath, at the interior of King's Cross railway station.
Rowling's parents met on a train from King's Cross Station.

Joanne Rowling was born on 31 July 1965[21] in Yate, Gloucestershire,[22][23] to Anne (née Volant), a science technician, and Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce engineer.[24][25] Her parents first met on a train departing from King's Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964.[26] They married on 14 March 1965.[26] Rowling's sister Dianne was born two years after Joanne.[26][27]

The family moved to the nearby village of Winterbourne on the northern fringe of Bristol when Rowling was four.[28] Rowling enrolled at St Michael's Primary School in Winterbourne when she was five.[29][30][a] The family moved again, to the Gloucestershire village of Tutshill, close to Chepstow, Wales, when she was about nine,[33] where they purchased the historic Church Cottage,[b] which was next door to St. Luke's Church, and 20 yards (18 m) from the Church of England school Rowling would attend beginning in 1974.[35] Parker writes in The New Yorker that the other Rowling family members were not regular churchgoers, but that "Rowling regularly attended services in the church next door".[24] Biographer Smith writes that the Rowling sisters "never attended Sunday school or services" despite the church's proximity.[36]

When she was a young teenager, her great-aunt gave Rowling a copy of the autobiography of civil rights activist Jessica Mitford, Hons and Rebels.[37] Mitford became Rowling's heroine, and she read all her books.[38] Rowling has said that her teenage years were unhappy.[24] Her home life was complicated by her mother's diagnosis with multiple sclerosis (MS)[39] and a strained relationship with her father, with whom she is not on speaking terms.[24] She stated in 2020 that her father would have preferred a son, and described herself as having severe obsessive–compulsive disorder in her teens.[40] She later said that Hermione Granger was a "caricature" of herself when she was eleven.[41]

Her secondary school was Wyedean School and College, where her mother worked in the science department.[42] Sean Harris, her best friend in the Upper Sixth, owned a turquoise Ford Anglia which she says inspired a flying version that appeared in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.[43] Like many teenagers, she became interested in rock music, listening to the Clash,[44] the Smiths, and Siouxsie Sioux, adopting the look of the latter with back-combed hair and black eyeliner, a look that she still sported when beginning university.[26] Steve Eddy, her first secondary school English teacher, remembers her as "not exceptional" but "one of a group of girls who were bright, and quite good at English".[24] Rowling took A-levels in English, French and German, achieving two As and a B[26] and was head girl.[24]

Rowling's childhood home, Church Cottage, Tutshill, Gloucestershire

Rowling earned a BA in French and classics at the University of Exeter.[45][46] Martin Sorrell, a French professor at Exeter, remembers "a quietly competent student, with a denim jacket and dark hair, who, in academic terms, gave the appearance of doing what was necessary".[24] Rowling recalls doing little work, preferring to read Dickens and Tolkien.[24] After a year of study in Paris, she graduated from Exeter in 1986.[24]

Inspiration and single parenthood

Rowling worked as a researcher and bilingual secretary in London for Amnesty International,[47] then moved with her boyfriend to Manchester[48] where she worked at the Chamber of Commerce.[26] In 1990, she was on a four-hour delayed train trip from Manchester to London when the characters Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger "came fully formed" into her mind.[23][49] When she reached her Clapham Junction flat, she began to write.[50]

In December 1990, Rowling's mother Anne died after suffering from MS for ten years.[23] Rowling was writing Harry Potter at the time and had never told her mother about it.[18] Her mother's death heavily affected Rowling's writing.[18]

A panned out image of city buildings.
Rowling moved to Porto to teach English.

An advertisement in The Guardian[26] led Rowling to move to Porto, Portugal, to teach English as a foreign language.[51][38] As she taught in the evenings, she wrote during the day, initially while listening to Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto.[24] After 18 months in Porto, she met the Portuguese television journalist Jorge Arantes in a bar and found that they shared an interest in Jane Austen.[26] They married on 16 October 1992, and their daughter Jessica Isabel Rowling Arantes was born on 27 July 1993 in Portugal.[26][c] She had previously suffered a miscarriage.[26] The couple separated on 17 November 1993.[26] Biographers have suggested that Rowling suffered domestic abuse during her marriage,[26][53] which she later confirmed.[54] Arantes stated in an article for The Sun in June 2020 that he had slapped her and did not regret it.[55] In December 1993, with three chapters of Harry Potter in her suitcase,[24] Rowling and her daughter moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, to be near her sister.[23]

Seven years after graduating from university, Rowling saw herself as a failure.[56] Her marriage had failed, and she was jobless with a dependent child, but she described her failure as "liberating" and allowing her to focus on writing.[56] During this period, she was diagnosed with clinical depression and contemplated suicide.[57] Her depression inspired the characters known as Dementors, soul-sucking creatures introduced in the third book.[58] She signed up for welfare benefits, describing her economic status as being "poor as it is possible to be in modern Britain, without being homeless".[24][56]

Arantes arrived in Scotland in March 1994 seeking both her and their daughter.[26] She obtained an order of restraint against him and filed for divorce in August; Arantes later returned to Portugal.[26] She began a teacher training course in August 1995 at Moray House School of Education, part of the University of Edinburgh,[59] after completing her first novel while living on state benefits.[60] She often wrote in cafés, including one owned by her brother-in-law.[61][62]

Harry Potter

Main article: Harry Potter
Rowling at the US National Press Club, 1999

Rowling had finished her manuscript for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, which she wrote on a typewriter, by June 1995.[63] Upon the enthusiastic response of Bryony Evans, a reader who had been asked to review the book's first three chapters,[64] the Fulham-based Christopher Little Literary Agency agreed to represent Rowling in her quest for a publisher. The book was submitted to twelve publishing houses, all of which rejected the manuscript.[26] A year later, Barry Cunningham, who ran the children's literature department at Bloomsbury Publishing, agreed to buy the manuscript and gave Rowling a £1,500 advance.[26][65][66] The decision to publish Rowling's book owes much to Alice Newton, the eight-year-old daughter of Bloomsbury's chairman, who was given the first chapter to review by her father and immediately demanded the next.[67] Although Bloomsbury agreed to publish the book, Cunningham says that he advised Rowling to get a day job, since she had little chance of making money in children's books.[68] Rowling received grants in 1996 and 1997 from the Scottish Arts Council to support writing Philosopher's Stone and Chamber of Secrets, respectively.[69][70] In June 1997, Bloomsbury published Philosopher's Stone with an initial print run of 500 copies.[71][72]

Scholastic Corporation bought the American rights to Philosopher's Stone for US$105,000 at the Bologna Children's Book Fair in April 1997.[73] Rowling said that she "nearly died" when she heard the news.[74] Arthur A. Levine, who ran the imprint at Scholastic that published the first book, pushed for a name change. He argued for Harry Potter and the School of Magic and Rowling suggested Sorcerer's Stone as a "compromise".[75] She bought an apartment in Edinburgh using money from the sale to Scholastic.[76] Scholastic published Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in September 1998.[77] It was not widely reviewed, but publications that did review Sorcerer's Stone spoke well of it.[78] Sorcerer's Stone became a New York Times bestseller by December.[79]

Philosopher's Stone's sequel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published in July 1998. In December 1999, the third novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize, making Rowling the first person to win the award three times running.[80]

Queue in a Californian bookshop, five minutes before the official publication time of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

The fourth book, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, was released simultaneously in the UK and the US on 8 July 2000 and broke sales records in both countries.[81] Rowling said that she had had a crisis while writing the novel and had to rewrite one chapter thirteen times to fix a problem with the plot.[82] Three years elapsed between the release of Goblet of Fire and the fifth Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Rowling later denied speculation that she had developed writer's block.[83] She said that writing the book was a chore, that it could have been shorter, and that she ran out of time and energy as she tried to finish it.[84] The sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 16 July 2005. It too broke sales records.[85] The seventh and final Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was released on 21 July 2007[86] and broke its predecessor's record as the fastest-selling book of all time.[87] The book's last chapter was one of the earliest pieces she wrote in the entire series.[88]

The last four Harry Potter books have consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history.[87][89] The series, totalling 4,195 pages,[90] has been translated, in whole or in part, into 65 languages.[91] As of February 2018, it had sold more than 500 million copies.[2]

Harry Potter films

Main article: Harry Potter (film series)

Around October 1998, Warner Bros. purchased film rights to the first two novels for a "seven-figure sum".[92] David Heyman managed the sale.[93] Rowling turned down Warner Bros.'s original offer, mainly because it did not specify that Warner Bros. could not make Harry Potter films that were not based on her novels.[94] The studio eventually agreed to include such a clause and Rowling sold Warner Bros. an 18-month option to produce films based on the books.[95]

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, an adaptation of the first Harry Potter book, was released on 16 November 2001.[96] The series's final instalment, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was adapted in two parts. Part one was released on 19 November 2010 and part two followed on 15 July 2011.[97][98] At the 2011 British Academy Film Awards, Rowling, producers David Heyman and David Barron, along with directors David Yates, Mike Newell, and Alfonso Cuarón, collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the Harry Potter film franchise.[99]

Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film.[100] Rowling assisted him in the writing process, ensuring that his scripts did not contradict future books in the series.[101] Rowling gained some creative control over the films, reviewing all the scripts[102] as well as acting as a producer on the final two-part instalment, Deathly Hallows.[103] She stipulated that cast members should come only from the UK or Ireland;[104] the films have adhered to that rule.[105] She also requested that Coca-Cola, which won rights to tie in its products to the film series, donate to charity and run ads celebrating reading.[106][107]

In September 2013, Warner Bros. announced an "expanded creative partnership" with Rowling, based on a planned series of films about her character Newt Scamander, author of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. The first film was released in November 2016 and is set roughly 70 years before the events of the main series.[108] In 2016, it was announced that the series would consist of five films. The second, Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, was released in November 2018.[109] The third, Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore is scheduled to be released on 15 April 2022.[110]

Remarriage and wealth

Rowling acquired the courtesy title of laird of Killiechassie in 2001 when she bought Killiechassie House and its surrounding estate.[111][112] She also owns a £4.5 million Georgian house in Kensington.[113] She married Neil Murray, a doctor, in a private ceremony at Killiechassie House on 26 December 2001.[114][16] Their son, David Gordon Rowling Murray, was born in 2003.[115] Her daughter Mackenzie Jean Rowling Murray, to whom she dedicated Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was born in 2005.[116]

In 2004, Forbes named Rowling as the first person to become a US-dollar billionaire by writing books,[117] the second-richest female entertainer and the 1,062nd richest person in the world.[118][119] Rowling denied that she was a billionaire.[6] By 2012, Forbes concluded that Rowling was no longer a billionaire.[120] The 2021 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowling's fortune at £820 million, ranking her as the 196th-richest person in the UK.[9]

Rowling has consistently been ranked among the highest earning authors in the world.[121] She was named the world's highest paid author in 2017 and 2019 by Forbes with net earnings of £72 million ($95 million) and $92 million respectively.[122][123]

The Casual Vacancy

Main articles: The Casual Vacancy and The Casual Vacancy (miniseries)

In mid-2011, Rowling moved to a new literary agency headed by Neil Blair.[124] Blair had been Rowling's agent at the Christopher Little Literary Agency and she joined him when he left.[125] The Casual Vacancy, Rowling's first book for adults and her first after the Harry Potter series ended in 2007,[126] was published on 27 September 2012 by Little, Brown and Company.[126][127] Blair's agency, the Blair Partnership, represented Rowling when the book went to market.[128] It was a bestseller in the UK in the first weeks of its release.[129] The novel received some positive, some middling, and some negative reviews.[130]

Casual Vacancy became a miniseries with three one-hour episodes.[131] Sarah Phelps wrote the television adaptation, which was co-created by the BBC and HBO.[132] Rowling was credited as a producer.[133] According to HBO, Rowling had little creative input on the adaptation.[134]

Cormoran Strike

Main articles: Cormoran Strike and Strike (TV series)

In April 2013, Little Brown published The Cuckoo's Calling, the purported début novel of author Robert Galbraith.[135] The novel, a detective story in which private investigator Cormoran Strike unravels the supposed suicide of a supermodel, initially sold 1,500 copies in hardback.[136] On Twitter, a user called Jude Callegari told India Knight that "Robert Galbraith" was Rowling.[137] Richard Brooks, arts editor of The Sunday Times, eventually contacted Rowling's agent, who confirmed Galbraith was Rowling's pseudonym.[138] Rowling later said she enjoyed working as Robert Galbraith.[139] She took the name from Robert F. Kennedy, a personal hero, and Ella Galbraith, a name she had invented for herself in childhood.[140]

Within days of the revelation, sales of Cuckoo's Calling rose by 4,000%,[137] and Little Brown printed another 140,000 copies to meet demand.[141] It turned out that Judith "Jude" Callegari was the best friend of the wife of Chris Gossage, a partner at Russells Solicitors, Rowling's law firm.[142][143] Russells apologised for the leak, confirming it was not part of a marketing stunt.[141] The Silkworm, the second Cormoran Strike novel, was released in 2014.[144] Career of Evil (October 2015);[145] Lethal White (18 September 2018);[146] and Troubled Blood (September 2020) followed.[147]

In 2017, the BBC released a Cormoran Strike television series, starring Tom Burke as Cormoran Strike. The series was picked up by HBO for distribution in the United States and Canada.[148]

Later Harry Potter publications

For the material written for Comic Relief and other charities, see § Philanthropy.
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child at the Palace Theatre in the West End

Although Rowling stated in 2007 that she planned to write an encyclopaedia of Harry Potter's wizarding world consisting of unpublished material and notes,[149] she later said, "... I haven't started writing it. I never said it was the next thing I'd do."[150]

Rowling launched a website called Pottermore in 2011 to host Harry Potter projects and electronic downloads.[151] The site includes information on characters, places and objects in the Harry Potter universe.[152]

In October 2015, Rowling announced that a two-part play she had co-authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, was the "eighth Harry Potter story" and that it would focus on the life of Harry Potter's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[153] The first round of tickets sold out in several hours.[154] At Cursed Child's premiere in London, Rowling confirmed that she would not write any more Harry Potter books.[155]

Children's stories: The Ickabog and The Christmas Pig

Between 26 May 2020 and 10 July 2020, Rowling published an online children's story, The Ickabog. Rowling shelved the story that she had planned to release in 2007, previously referred to as a "political fairytale", and published it instead in daily online installments for children[4] as a response to the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic.[156][157] Royalties from the book were donated to charities helping groups strongly impacted by COVID-19.[156][158]

Rowling's 2021 children's novel, The Christmas Pig, is unconnected to any of Rowling's previous works.[159] It received generally positive reviews and became a bestseller.[160][161][162]

Influences

See also: Harry Potter influences and analogues
Jessica Mitford (pictured in 1937) was Rowling's greatest influence.
Jane Austen is Rowling's favourite author.
Jane Austen is Rowling's favourite writer.

Rowling describes Jane Austen as her "favourite author of all time",[163] and acknowledges Homer, Geoffrey Chaucer, and William Shakespeare as literary influences.[164] According to the critic Beatrice Groves, Harry Potter is "rooted in the Western literary tradition", including the classics.[165] Scholars agree that Harry Potter is heavily influenced by the juvenile fantasy of writers such as C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Elizabeth Goudge, Ursula K. Le Guin, Dianna Wynne Jones, and E. Nesbit.[166] As a child, Rowling read The Chronicles of Narnia by C. S. Lewis, The Little White Horse by Elizabeth Goudge, Manxmouse by Paul Gallico, and books by E. Nesbit and Noel Streatfeild:[167] she expresses admiration for Lewis, in whose writing battles between good and evil also feature prominently.[168]

The Harry Potter series follows a number of works in which characters learn to use magic, including Le Guin's Earthsea series, which features a school of wizardry, and the Chrestomanci books by Jones.[169][170] Rowling's setting of a "school of witchcraft and wizardry" departs from the still older tradition of protagonists as apprentices to accomplished magicians, famously exemplified by The Sorcerer's Apprentice: yet this trope does appear in Harry Potter, when Harry receives individual instruction from Remus Lupin and other teachers.[171] Rowling also draws on the tradition of stories set in boarding schools, the most prominent example of which is Thomas Hughes's 1857 volume Tom Brown's School Days.[172]

Rowling has named Jessica Mitford as her greatest influence. She said "Jessica Mitford has been my heroine since I was 14 years old, when I overheard my formidable great-aunt discussing how Mitford had run away at the age of 19 to fight with the Reds in the Spanish Civil War", and claims what inspired her about Mitford was that she was "incurably and instinctively rebellious, brave, adventurous, funny and irreverent, she liked nothing better than a good fight, preferably against a pompous and hypocritical target".[37]

Critical analysis

Harry Potter series

Main article: Harry Potter

Harry Potter has been defined as a fairy tale, a Bildungsroman, and a work about the characters' education.[173] Its overarching theme is death. Rowling admits "death and bereavement" to be "one of the central themes in all seven books".[174] Characters in Harry's life die and he must confront his own death in Deathly Hallows.[175] In Harry's world, death is not binary but mutable, a state that exists in degrees.[176] The series is fundamentally about Existentialism – Harry must learn and grow into the maturity necessary to accept death. Unlike Voldemort who chose to evade death, separating and hiding his soul in seven parts, Harry's soul is whole and undamaged, nourished by friendship and love.[177]

Like death, truth is mutable in Harry's world.[178] Although he seeks truth about his family, Harry lies to others. Truth is revealed in pieces hiding greater truths within, which Harry must uncover.[179] Each book follows a similar structure in which Harry unravels increasingly painful truths.[180]

Harry Potter is a simple fantasy; a story about good vs. evil.[181] It derives from the European tradition of the lost prince with intrinsic character, leadership and heroism.[181] Farah Mendlesohn writes that Harry Potter takes place in a conventional political world, reflecting liberalism in the United Kingdom,[181] which is juxtaposed with anachronisms and aristocratic traditions. Harry escapes loathsome suburbs for public school, attended by aristocrats and children descended from the oldest magical families in the land,[182] where social order is imposed with the "sorting hat". The choice Harry receives from the sorting hat extraordinary, its confusion caused by his contamination from Voldemort: he is given the choice of two destinies rather than a manifestation of free will.[183] Michiko Kakutani writes that the series is an epic about personal independence and free will.[184]

The series is often viewed as a Christian moral fable evoking the psychomachia tradition, in which stand-ins for good and evil fight for supremacy over a person's soul.[185] Like C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia, it contains Christian symbolism and allegory. Children's literature critic Joy Farmer sees parallels between Harry and Jesus Christ,[186] writing that "magic is both authors' way of talking about spiritual reality".[174] Harry is hidden at birth, Professor McGonagall says of him "every child in our world will know his name",[174] Dumbledore tells Harry "your father ... shows himself most plainly when you have need of him", and Dobbey says "Harry Potter shone like a beacon of hope for those of us who thought the Dark days would never end".[186] Harry carries the protection of his mother's sacrifice in his blood; Voldemort who wants Harry's blood and the protection it carries lacks the understanding that love vanquishes evil just as Christ's love for humanity vanquishes death.[186] Voldemort succumbed to temptation, as did Satan, and is beyond redemption.[187] Harry has divine characteristics whereas Voldemort "has quite literally risen from the dead to become a malevolent figure who seems larger than life". [188] Despite the similarities between C. S. Lewis and Rowling's work, the latter received scathing criticism, has been called "Satanic", and thought to advocate witchcraft, which Farmer believes to be a profound misreading.[189]

Rowling excels at characterizations, with simple descriptive writing.[190] The characters seldom consider the philosophical or ethical implications of their actions directly, even the intellectual Hermione Granger.[191] Moral questions are addressed through emotions rather than intellectual consideration. The critic Lakshmi Chaudhry sees this as an aspect of the series's "moral fuzziness", whereas Mary Pharr writes that the absence of moral clarity derives from Harry Potter's postmodernism – in the postmodern world, there are no moral absolutes.[192] She explains that Harry as an "epic hero for the postmodern world" fails to adhere to a moral code or religious doctrine.[178] Harry typically acts through empathy towards others despite personal risk, differentiating him from Tom Riddle who became Voldemort.[184] The same group of characters friends and enemies appear throughout the series with new characters introduced in each book, such as the new Defense of the Dark Arts teacher each year who appears in each book.[190] Snape is the antihero; Malfoy is the rival throughout the series, Ron and Hermione are Harry's best friends from the beginning.[193][d]

Harry's heroism is imbued with modern attributes such as courage and valiance and based on "sympathy and compassion".[197] The critic Lisa Hopkins writes that Rowling presents heroism as within reach for "ordinary people";[163] who in the Homeric tradition can achieve their best, or a state of aristeia.[198] Love is a dividing line between Harry and Voldemort: Harry is a hero because he loves others; Voldemort is a villain because he does not.[191] Harry reflects the archetype of the returning prince denied his heritage. In modern fantasy the hero's attributes and birthright "are played out, bit by bit, as the journey unfolds" according to Mendlesohn. The hero is shaped during the journey, but Rowling has imbued Harry with a heroic birthright and innate characteristics such as his niceness. The hero's Companions possess qualities that Harry lacks; Hermione's intelligence, Ron's faithfulness, and Hagrid's kind strength.[199]

Magic enhances the ordinary, and renders everyday objects as extraordinary.[195] Eva Oppermann believes that Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia (alternate spaces) applies to Hogwarts.[200] The magical and real worlds are parallel yet separate. Rowling lavishes attention to the smallest detail in the magical world: there are a myriad of spells and charms, owls deliver letters, photographs and paintings present live images, places such as Diagon alley, Hogwarts, Hagrid's cottage, objects such as the sorting hat and fancy wands, to give it veracity.[201] John Pennington disagrees, writing Rowling breaks the fundamental rules of fantasy by adhering too closely to the reality.[202]

Contemporary fiction

With the publication of The Casual Vacancy in 2012, Rowling shoed that she cannot be identified as exclusively an author of children's books. The Casual Vacancy and the subsequent crime series published under the pen-name Robert Galbraith reflects a firm grasp of a range of genres.[203] The Casual Vacancy is a tragicomedy, promoted as a black comedy. The literary critic Ian Parker writing in The New Yorker describes it as a "rural comedy of manners".[24][204] The critic Tison Pugh and Rowling herself describe it as a contemporary version of 19th-century British fiction examining village life such as in Austen's novels and George Eliot's Middlemarch. [205][24] The five Cormoran Strike detective novels are written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith. In the first of which was released in 2013,[206] Strike and his assistant investigate grisly murders. The killers are truly depraved according to Pugh.[207] Although an example of hardboiled detective fiction, Strike deviates from the unattached loner, as Rowling begins to build romance in the series.[208]

Reception

The Harry Potter series, particularly following the release of Prisoner of Azkaban in September 1999 and Goblet of Fire on 8 July 2000, has enjoyed enormous commercial success and attention from academic critics.[209] It was adapted into the Harry Potter film series, whose first instalment was released in 2001;[210] and its books have been translated into at least 60 languages.[211] Neither of Rowling's later works, The Casual Vacancy (2012) and the Cormoran Strike series, have been as well received as Harry Potter, though reception was positive overall.[212]

The Harry Potter series have been described as including complex and varied representations of female characters,[213] but nonetheless ultimately conforming to stereotypical and patriarchal depictions of gender.[213][214][215] The ostensible absence of gender divides in the books' setting obscures the typecasting of female characters and traditional depictions of gender.[214] According to scholars Elizabeth Heilman and Trevor Donaldson, the subordination of female characters goes further early in the series. The final three books "showcase richer roles and more powerful females": for instance, the series' "most matriarchal character", Molly Weasley, engages substantially in the final battle of Deathly Hallows, while a number of other women are shown in postions of leadership.[213] Yet, even particularly capable female characters such as Hermione Granger and Minerva McGonagall are ultimately placed in supporting roles.[216] More generally, the girls and women are more frequently depicted as emotional; more often defined by their appearance; and less often given agency in familial settings.[217][214]

Some Christian critics, particularly Evangelical Christians, have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and are harmful to children.[218][219][220] Such criticism has taken two main forms: allegations that Harry Potter is a pagan text; and claims that it encourages children to oppose authority, derived mainly from Harry's rejection of the Dursleys, his adoptive parents.[221] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, parents in several US cities launched protests against teaching Harry Potter in schools.[222] Novels in the series, particularly Philosopher's Stone, were often banned in the US.[222] Harry Potter has had several vocal religious defenders in the US and elsewhere; Christian supporters have claimed that the books espouse Christian values or that the Bible does not prohibit the forms of magic described in the series.[223]

One current of Rowling criticism focusses on her perceived conventionalism. Harold Bloom, William Safire, and Philip Hensher have all regarded Rowling's prose as poor and her plots as conventional.[224][225] According to A. S. Byatt, Harry Potter is a simplistic work that reflects a dumbed-down culture dominated by soap operas and reality television.[173][226] Jack Zipes notes that earlier novels in the series have the same general plot. Harry begins the book with the Dursleys and escapes to begin his year at Hogwarts. There, he confronts a challenge related to Lord Voldemort, his nemesis. He succeeds by the end of the book and heads back to the Dursleys' house. According to Zipes, this repetition is "tedious and grating".[227] These critics argue that the Harry Potter books do not innovate on established literary forms, either in their language or narrative, or challenge readers' preconceived ideas.[173][228] Philip Nel rejects these criticisms as "snobbery" that reacts mainly to the novels' popularity,[224] whereas Mary Pharr argues that Harry Potter's conventionalism is the point: by amalgamating pre-existing literary forms familiar to her readers, Rowling invites them to "ponder their own ideas".[229] While acknowledging that the overarching narrative and themes in Harry Potter are not original, Julia Eccleshare suggests that Rowling's deft plot development and storytelling make the books compelling.[230]

Legacy

Harry Potter has been credited with transforming the landscape of children's literature.[231][232] Beginning in the 1970s, children's books that were released were generally realistic as opposed to fantastic;[233] in parallel, adult fantasy emerged as a popular genre due to the influence of The Lord of the Rings.[234] The next decade saw an increasing interest in grim, realist themes, with an outflow of fantasy readers and writers to adult works.[235][236] The commercial success of Harry Potter in 1997 reversed this trend.[237] The scale of its growth had no precedent in the children's market: within four years, it occupied 28% of that field by revenue.[238] Children's literature rose in cultural status,[239] and fantasy became a dominant genre therein.[240] Older works in the genre, including Diana Wynne Jones's Chrestomanci series and Diane Duane's Young Wizards, were reprinted and saw increased popularity as a result; some authors were able to re-establish their careers.[241] In the decades following Harry Potter, many imitators and subversive responses also became popular.[242] Harry Potter's success even led the New York Times, in June 2000, to create a separate children's bestseller list.[243] According to Levy and Mendlesohn, the list's purpose was to save adult novels from "the embarrassment of being outdone by a children's book".[244]

Rowling has described Harry Potter fandom as a "global phenomenon".[173] Critics have attributed this success to a number of factors: the nostalgia evoked by the boarding-school story, the endearing nature of Rowling's characters, and the accessibility of her books to non-readers.[245][246] In Eccleshare's view, the books are "neither too literary nor too popular, too difficult nor too easy, neither too young nor too old", and hence span a broad range of readers.[247] Mendlesohn and James state that the crucial comparison is to author Enid Blyton, who also wrote in simple language about groups of children. In their view, Rowling has filled the gap left by Blyton, who had dominated the British children's market in the generations prior to Harry Potter's rise.[248] Some critics view this, along with the concurrent success of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials, as part of a broader shift in reading tastes: a rejection of literary fiction in favor of plot and adventure.[249] This is reflected in the BBC's 2003 "Big Read" survey of the UK's favorite books, where Pullman and Rowling ranked at number 3 and 5, respectively, with very few British literary classics in the top 10.[250]

Harry Potter's popularity led its publishers to plan elaborate releases and spawned a textual afterlife among fans and forgers. Beginning with the release of Prisoner of Azkaban on 8 July 1999 at 3:45 pm,[251] its publishers coordinated to begin selling the books at a single time globally, introduced security protocols to prevent premature purchases, and required booksellers to sign contracts promising not to sell copies before the appointed time.[252] At the same time, knockoff Harry Potter books, copycats, and parodies emerged to capitalize on its commercial success.[253] Driven by the growth of internet access and use around its initial publication, fan fiction about the series proliferated and has spawned a diverse community of readers and writers.[254][255] While Rowling has been supportive of fan fiction, her pronouncements about characters – for instance, that Harry and Hermione could have been a couple, and that Dumbledore is gay – have complicated her relationship with readers.[256] In the view of the scholar Ebony Elizabeth Thomas, this shows that modern readers feel a sense of ownership over the text, independent of, and sometimes contradicting, authorial intent.[257]

The Harry Potter books gained recognition for the unproven assertion[258] of their potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would.[259] Research by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor was the broader downward trend in reading among Americans arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books.[258][260]

Legal disputes

Main article: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series

In the 1990s and 2000s, Rowling was both a plaintiff and defendant in lawsuits alleging copyright infringement. Nancy Stouffer sued Rowling in 1999, alleging that Harry Potter was based on stories she published in 1984.[261][262] Rowling won around 2002;[261] Richard Posner describes Stouffer's suit as deeply flawed and notes that the court, finding she had used "forged and altered documents", assessed a $50,000 penalty against her.[263]

With her literary agents and Warner Bros., Rowling has brought legal action against publishers and writers of Harry Potter knockoffs in several countries.[264][265][266] In the mid-2000s, Rowling and her publishers obtained a series of injunctions prohibiting public readings of her books before their release dates,[267] which civil liberties and free speech campaigners criticised, claiming the "right to read".[268][269]

Beginning in 2001, after Rowling sold film rights to Warner Bros., the studio began actions to take Harry Potter fan sites offline unless it determined that they were made by "authentic" fans for innocuous purposes.[270] The Harry Potter fandom was upset and some fans created a group called Defense Against the Dark Arts to help one another respond to the studio.[271] In 2007, with Warner Bros., Rowling started proceedings to prevent a Michigan-based publisher from releasing a book based on content from a fan site called The Harry Potter Lexicon.[272][261] Rowling had named Lexicon a favourite fan site in 2004.[273] She said at trial that she had already written a Harry Potter encyclopedia.[274] The court held that the Lexicon was not a fair use of Rowling's material and did not constitute a derivative work.[275] The judgment did not close the door completely on publishing the Lexicon, however, and it eventually came out in 2009.[276]

Philanthropy

In 2000, Rowling established the Volant Charitable Trust to "work to alleviate social deprivation, with a particular emphasis on supporting women, children and young people at risk".[277] Rowling and MEP Emma Nicholson founded Lumos in 2005 (then known as the Children's High Level Group, CHLG).[278] Rowling was named president of the charity Gingerbread (originally One Parent Families) in 2004, after becoming its first ambassador in 2000.[279] Rowling was the second most generous UK donor in 2015 (following singer Elton John), giving about US$14 million through the Volant Charitable Trust and the Lumos Foundation.[280]

In social welfare, Rowling collaborated with Sarah Brown to write a book of children's stories to benefit One Parent Families.[281] To support the CHLG, in 2007 Rowling auctioned a handwritten and illustrated copy of The Tales of Beedle the Bard that sold for almost £2 million.[282][283] Rowling later published the book to benefit Lumos,[284] and in 2013, donated the proceeds of nearly £19 million (then about US$30 million) to the organisation.[285] Profits from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages, both published in 2001, went to Comic Relief.[286]

Rowling has contributed to support research and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), and those affected by COVID-19. Initially a contributor to the Scottish affiliate of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, she withdrew her support in 2009 after drawing attention to internal disputes in the organisation.[287] In 2010, she donated £10 million to found a MS research centre at the University of Edinburgh, named in honour of her mother Anne, who died of MS.[288][289] She donated six-figure sums from The Ickabog royalites to both Khalsa Aid and the British Asian Trust for coronavirus relief.[157] An inflatable representation of Lord Voldemort and other children's literary characters[290] accompanied Rowling reading from J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan as part of a tribute to Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London.[291]

In May 2008, bookseller Waterstones asked Rowling and 12 other writers to compose a short piece on a single A5 postcard, which would then be sold at auction in aid of the charities Dyslexia Action and English PEN. Rowling's contribution was an 800-word Harry Potter prequel[292] that became part of the What's Your Story Postcard Collection.[293] The original manuscript was stolen in 2017.[294]

After her exposure as the true author of The Cuckoo's Calling led to a massive increase in sales, Rowling donated her royalties to the Army Benevolent Fund, saying she had always intended to but never expected the book to be a best-seller.[295]

Views

Politics

See also: Politics of J. K. Rowling and Politics of Harry Potter

Rowling has centre-left political views.[296] In 2008, she donated £1 million to the Labour Party and publicly endorsed Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown over Conservative challenger David Cameron, praising Labour's policies on child poverty.[297] That same year, in an interview with the Spanish-language newspaper El País, when asked about the 2008 United States presidential election, she said that the outcome would have a "profound effect on the rest of the world".[298] Regarding who she wanted to see elected, she stated that "it is a pity that Clinton and Obama have to be rivals because both are extraordinary".[298] In the same interview, she identified Robert F. Kennedy as her hero.[298]

In Rowling's "Single mother's manifesto", published in The Times in April 2010, she criticised then–Conservative Prime Minister Cameron's plan to encourage married couples to stay together by offering them a £150 annual tax credit: "Nobody who has ever experienced the reality of poverty could say 'it's not the money, it's the message'. When your flat has been broken into, and you cannot afford a locksmith, it is the money. When you are two pence short of a tin of baked beans, and your child is hungry, it is the money. When you find yourself contemplating shoplifting to get nappies, it is the money."[299]

Rowling stated in 2012 that she is "pro-Union" and would vote 'No' on the 2014 Scottish independence referendum;[300] she donated £1 million to the Better Together anti-independence campaign.[301] She compared some Scottish Nationalists with the Death Eaters, characters from Harry Potter who are scornful of those without pure blood.[302] In June 2016, she campaigned for the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union in the run-up to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, stating, "I'm the mongrel product of this European continent and I'm an internationalist."[303] She expressed concern that "racists and bigots" were directing parts of the Leave campaign. In a blog post, she added: "How can a retreat into selfish and insecure individualism be the right response when Europe faces genuine threats, when the bonds that tie us are so powerful, when we have come so far together?"[304]

In 2015, Rowling joined 150 others in signing a letter published in The Guardian espousing cultural engagement with Israel.[305] Rowling expanded on her position, stating that although she opposed most of Benjamin Netanyahu's actions, depriving Israelis of shared culture would not dislodge Netanyahu,[306] and that "sharing of art and literature across borders constitutes an immense power for good".[307]

Religion

See also: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

Rowling identifies as a Christian, stating that "I believe in God, not magic."[308] Rowling began attending a Church of Scotland congregation around the time she was writing Harry Potter,[309] and her eldest daughter, Jessica, was baptised there.[219][309]

In a 2006 interview with Tatler, Rowling noted that, "like Graham Greene, my faith is sometimes about if my faith will return. It's important to me."[18] She has said that she has struggled with doubt, that she believes in an afterlife,[310] and that her struggles about her faith play a part in her books.[298][311] In a 2012 radio interview, Rowling stated that she was a member of the Scottish Episcopal Church, a province of the Anglican Communion.[312]

Press

In a 2003 interview, she described herself as "too thin-skinned" and noted that she disagreed with newspapers' claims that she had had writer's block.[313] By 2011, Rowling had taken more than 50 actions against the press.[314] Rowling has expressed dislike of the British tabloid Daily Mail.[315] In 2014, she successfully sued the Mail for libel over an article about her time as a single mother.[316] There has been speculation that Rowling's relationship with the press inspired the character Rita Skeeter, a gossipy celebrity journalist who first appears in Goblet of Fire, but according to Rowling the character's development predates her rise to fame.[317]

In September 2011, Rowling was named as a "core participant" in the Leveson Inquiry into the culture, practices and ethics of the British press, as one of dozens of celebrities who may have been the victim of phone hacking.[318] In November 2012, Rowling wrote an op-ed for The Guardian in response to David Cameron's decision not to implement the full recommendations of the Leveson inquiry, stating that she felt "duped and angry".[319] In 2014, Rowling reaffirmed her support for "Hacked Off", a campaign supporting the self-regulation of the press, by co-signing a declaration to "[safeguard] the press from political interference while also giving vital protection to the vulnerable" with other British celebrities.[320]

Transgender people

See also: Politics of J. K. Rowling § Transgender people

In December 2019, Rowling tweeted her support for Maya Forstater, a British woman who initially lost her employment tribunal case (Maya Forstater v Centre for Global Development) but won on appeal against her former employer, the Center for Global Development, after her contract was not renewed due to her comments about transgender people.[321][322][323] She defended a British researcher :"Dress however you please," Rowling wrote on Twitter at the time. "Call yourself whatever you like. Sleep with any consenting adult who'll have you. Live your best life in peace and security. But force women out of their jobs for stating that sex is real?"[324]

On 6 June 2020, Rowling tweeted criticism of the phrase "people who menstruate",[325] and stated "If sex isn't real, the lived reality of women globally is erased. I know and love trans people, but erasing the concept of sex removes the ability of many to meaningfully discuss their lives."[326] Rowling's tweets were criticised by GLAAD, who called them "cruel" and "anti-trans".[327][328] Some members of the cast of the Harry Potter film series criticised Rowling's views or spoke out in support of trans rights, including Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Bonnie Wright, and Katie Leung, as did Fantastic Beasts lead actor Eddie Redmayne and the fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron.[329][330][331] The actress Noma Dumezweni (who played Hermione Granger in Harry Potter and the Cursed Child) initially expressed support for Rowling but backtracked following criticism.[332]

On 10 June 2020, Rowling published a 3,600-word essay on her website in response to the criticism.[40][333] She again wrote that many women consider terms like "people who menstruate" to be demeaning. She said that she was a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault, and stated that "When you throw open the doors of bathrooms and changing rooms to any man who believes or feels he's a woman ... then you open the door to any and all men who wish to come inside", while stating that most trans people were vulnerable and deserved protection.[334] Reuters reported that, in the United States, women's rights groups said in 2016 that 200 municipalities which allowed trans people to use women's shelters reported no rise in any violence as a result; they also said that excluding transgender people from facilities consistent with their gender makes them vulnerable to assault.[335] Rowling's essay was criticised by, among others, the children's charity Mermaids (which supports transgender and gender non-conforming children and their parents), Stonewall, GLAAD and the feminist gender theorist Judith Butler.[336][337][338][339][340][341] Rowling has been referred to as a trans-exclusionary radical feminist (TERF) on multiple occasions, though she rejects the label.[342] Rowling has received support from actors Robbie Coltrane[343] and Eddie Izzard,[344] and some feminists[345] such as activist Ayaan Hirsi Ali[346] and the radical feminist Julie Bindel.[345] The essay was nominated by the BBC for their annual Russell Prize for best writing.[347][348]

In August 2020, Rowling returned her Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award after Kerry Kennedy released a statement expressing her "profound disappointment" in Rowling's "attacks upon the transgender community", which Kennedy called "inconsistent with the fundamental beliefs and values of RFK Human Rights and ... a repudiation of my father's vision".[349][350][351] Rowling stated that she was "deeply saddened" by Kennedy's statement, but maintained that no award would encourage her to "forfeit the right to follow the dictates" of her conscience.[349]

Awards and honours

Rowling, after receiving an honorary degree from the University of Aberdeen

In 2009, Rowling was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[352] In 2002, Rowling became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (HonFRSE)[353] as well a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL).[354] She was recognized as Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE) in 2011 for services to Literature and Philanthropy.[355]

Rowling has received honorary degrees from the University of St Andrews, the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Napier University, the University of Exeter (which she attended),[356] the University of Aberdeen,[357][358] and Harvard University.[359] She was the speaker at Harvard's 2008 commencement ceremony.[359] On 28 April 2014, she was the first guest editor in over 60 years for BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour.[360][361]

Other awards include:

Bibliography

Publications by J.K. Rowling
Target/
Type 		Series/
Description 		Title Date Ref.
Young adult
fiction 		Harry Potter series 1. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone 1997-06-26 [71][72]
2. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 1998-07-02 [71][380]
3. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 1999-07-08 [71][381]
4. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2000-07-08 [71][382]
5. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2003-06-21 [71][383]
6. Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 2005-07-16 [71][384]
7. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2007-07-21 [87][385]
Harry Potter-
related books 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2001-03-12 [386]
Quidditch Through the Ages (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2001-03-12 [387]
Harry Potter prequel (short story published in What's Your Story Postcard Collection) 2008-07-01 [293][294]
The Tales of Beedle the Bard (supplement to the Harry Potter series) 2008-12-04 [388]
Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (story concept for play) 2016-07-30
premier 		[389][390]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power, Politics and Pesky Poltergeists 2016-09-06 [391]
Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies 2016-09-06 [392]
Hogwarts: An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide 2016-09-06 [393]
Harry Potter-
related original screenplays 		Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them 2016-11-18 [394]
Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald 2018-11-16
premier 		[395]
Adult
fiction 		The Casual Vacancy 2012-09-27 [396]
Cormoran Strike series
(as Robert Galbraith) 		1. The Cuckoo's Calling 2013-04-18 [397]
2. The Silkworm 2014-06-19 [398]
3. Career of Evil 2015-10-20 [399]
4. Lethal White 2018-09-18 [400]
5. Troubled Blood 2020-09-15 [401]
Children
fiction 		The Ickabog 2020-11-10 [402][403]
The Christmas Pig 2021-10-12 [404]
Non-fiction Books Very Good Lives: The Fringe Benefits of Failure and Importance of Imagination, illustrated by Joel Holland, Sphere. ISBN 978-1408706787. 2015-04-14 [405]
A love letter to Europe : an outpouring of love and sadness from our writers, thinkers and artists, Coronet (contributor). ISBN 978-1529381108 2019-10-31 [406]
Articles "The First It Girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". Sussman, Peter Y., editor. The Daily Telegraph. 2006-11-26 [24][407]
"The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination". Harvard Magazine. 2008-06-05 [408]
"Gordon Brown – The 2009 Time 100". Time magazine. 2009-04-30 [409]
"The Single Mother's Manifesto". The Times. 2010-04-14 [299]
"I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. 2012-11-30 [319]
"Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?" The Guardian. 2014-12-17 [410]
Book Foreword/
Introduction 		McNeil, Gil and Brown, Sarah, editors. Magic. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747557463 2002-06-03 [411]
Brown, Gordon. "Ending Child Poverty" in Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0747588382 2006-09-25 [24][412]
Anelli, Melissa. Harry, A History. Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1416554950 2008-11-04 [413]

Filmography

J.K. Rowling filmography
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Actress Screenwriter Producer Executive producer
2003 The Simpsons Yes Voice cameo in "The Regina Monologues" [414]
2010 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Yes Film based on Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows [103]
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Yes
2015 The Casual Vacancy Yes Television miniseries based on The Casual Vacancy [415]
2016 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Yes Yes Film inspired by the Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [108]
2017–present Strike Yes Television series based on Cormoran Strike novels [416]
2018 Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald Yes Yes Film inspired by Harry Potter supplementary book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them [417]

Notes

  1. ^ St Michael's Primary School headmaster, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore;[31] biographer Smith writes that Rowling's father, and other figures in her education, provide more likely examples.[32]
  2. ^ In 2020, it was reported that a company listing Rowling's husband, Neil Murray, as director had purchased Church Cottage and renovations were underway.[34]
  3. ^ Rowling says Jessica was named after Jessica Mitford and a boy would have been named Harry; according to biographer Smith (2002), Arantes says Jessica was named after Jezebel from the Bible.[52]
  4. ^ The Great Snape Debate, a book-length collection of essays assessing the character Severus Snape, appeared in 2007. The book is divided into two sections, written by the same authors, in which Snape is alternately praised and critiqued.[194] Alison Lurie, among other critics, has noted how the names of Rowling's characters typically evoke their personalities.[195][196]

References

  1. ^ Brannon, Julie (2009). "Rowling, J. K.". In Hamilton, Geoff; Jones, Brian (eds.). Encyclopedia of American Popular Fiction. New York: Facts on File. pp. 301–304. ISBN 978-0-8160-7157-9. OCLC 230801883.
  2. ^ a b Eyre, Charlotte (1 February 2018). "Harry Potter book sales top 500 million worldwide". The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018.
  3. ^ "Record for best-selling book series". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
  4. ^ a b "JK Rowling unveils The Ickabog, her first non-Harry Potter children's book". BBC News. 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  5. ^ Giuliano, Karissa; Whitten, Sarah (31 July 2015). "The world's first billionaire author is cashing in". CNBC. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b Couric, Katie (18 July 2005). J.K. Rowling, the author with the magic touch Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. MSN. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  7. ^ Weisman, Aly (12 March 2012). "J.K. Rowling Is No Longer A Billionaire, Booted Off Forbes List". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  8. ^ Farr, Emma-Victoria (3 October 2012). "J.K. Rowling: Casual Vacancy tops fiction charts". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  9. ^ a b "JK Rowling net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2021". The Sunday Times. 21 May 2021. Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  10. ^ Gibbs, Nancy (19 December 2007). Person of the Year 2007: Runners-Up: J.K. Rowling Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Time magazine. Retrieved 23 December 2007.
  11. ^ Pearse, Damien (11 October 2010). "Harry Potter creator J.K. Rowling named Most Influential Woman in the UK". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  12. ^ a b c "Harry Potter and the mystery of J K's lost initial". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  13. ^ Smith 2002, p. 49.
  14. ^ Weldon, Michele (8 November 2000). "A not-so-typical mum, J.K. Rowling can still relate". Chicago Tribune. p. 8.1. ProQuest 419156071.
  15. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 49.
  16. ^ a b "Christmas wedding for Rowling". BBC News. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Judge rules against J.K. Rowling in privacy case" Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Guardian Unlimited. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
  18. ^ a b c d Greig, Geordie (10 January 2006). "There would be so much to tell her ..." Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  19. ^ "Witness statement of Joanne Kathleen Rowling" (PDF). The Leveson Inquiry. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  20. ^ Rowling. "Rowling, Joanne Kathleen". Who's Who. Vol. 2015 (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |othernames= ignored (help) (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) (subscription required)
  21. ^ Nel 2001, p. 7.
  22. ^ Hutchinson, Lynne (6 September 2012). "Concerns raised about future of former Chipping Sodbury cottage hospital site". Gazette Series. Gloucestershire, UK. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  23. ^ a b c d "About". J.K. Rowling. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Parker, Ian (24 September 2012). "Mugglemarch: J.K. Rowling writes a realist novel for adults". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  25. ^ Smith 2002, p. 72.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "The JK Rowling story". The Scotsman. 16 June 2003. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  27. ^ Shapiro 2000, p. 22.
  28. ^ Sexton, Colleen A. (2008). J. K. Rowling. Brookfield, Conn: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-8225-7949-6. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017.
  29. ^ Smith 2002, p. 17.
  30. ^ "Happy birthday J.K. Rowling – here are 10 magical facts about the 'Harry Potter' author [Updated]". Los Angeles Times. 31 July 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  31. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 28.
  32. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 19, 27–32.
  33. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 24–27, 39, 88.
  34. ^ "Harry Potter: JK Rowling secretly buys childhood home". BBC News. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  35. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 25–27.
  36. ^ Smith 2002, p. 76.
  37. ^ a b J. K. Rowling (26 November 2006). "The first It Girl". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  38. ^ a b Fraser, Lindsay (9 November 2002). "Harry and me". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 9 June 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  39. ^ Smith 2002, p. xii.
  40. ^ a b "J.K. Rowling Writes about Her Reasons for Speaking out on Sex and Gender Issues". J.K. Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  41. ^ Feldman, Roxanne (September 1999). "The truth about Harry". School Library Journal. 45 (9): 136–139. ProQuest 211722214.
  42. ^ Smith 2002, pp. 53–54.
  43. ^ Fraser 2001, pp. 19–20.
  44. ^ Fraser 2001, p. 29.
  45. ^ Fraser 2001, p. 34.
  46. ^ Farr, Emma-Victoria (27 September 2012). "JK Rowling: 10 facts about the writer". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  47. ^ Norman-Culp, Sheila (19 December 1998). "Up the charts on a wizard's tale". Windsor Star. Associated Press. p. 80. Retrieved 5 January 2022 – via newspapers.com.
  48. ^ "Biography". JK Rowling. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  49. ^ Loer, Stephanie (18 October 1999). "All about Harry Potter from quidditch to the future of the Sorting Hat". The Boston Globe. p. C7. ProQuest 405306485.
  50. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 67.
  51. ^ Shapiro 2000, p. 54.
  52. ^ Smith 2002, p. 132.
  53. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 57Soon, by many eyewitness accounts and even some versions of Jorge's own story, domestic violence became a painful reality in Jo's life.
  54. ^ "J.K. Rowling Writes about Her Reasons for Speaking out on Sex and Gender Issues". J.K. Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020. I've [...] never talked publicly about being a domestic abuse and sexual assault survivor. This isn't because I'm ashamed those things happened to me, but because they're traumatic to revisit and remember. I also feel protective of my daughter from my first marriage. I didn't want to claim sole ownership of a story that belongs to her, too. [...] I managed to escape my first violent marriage with some difficulty [...]
  55. ^ "JK Rowling: Sun newspaper criticised by abuse charities for article on ex-husband". BBC. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  56. ^ a b c Rowling, JK (June 2008). "JK Rowling: The fringe benefits of failure". TED. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. Failure & imagination
  57. ^ "Harry Potter author: I considered suicide" Archived 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. CNN. 23 March 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
  58. ^ Harry Potter's magician Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 18 February 2003. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  59. ^ "JK Rowling awarded honorary degree". The Daily Telegraph. London. 8 July 2004. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  60. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 44.
  61. ^ Kirk 2003, pp. 55, 60.
  62. ^ Dunn, Elisabeth (30 June 2007). "From the dole to Hollywood". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  63. ^ Anelli 2008, pp. 41, 47.
  64. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 43.
  65. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 75.
  66. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 7–8.
  67. ^ Lawless, John (3 July 2005). "Revealed: The eight-year-old girl who saved Harry Potter". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  68. ^ Blais, Jacqueline (9 July 2005). Harry Potter has been very good to JK Rowling. USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2009.
  69. ^ Eccleshare 2002, p. 7.
  70. ^ McDougall, Liam (30 November 2003). "Arts Council: pay us back if you succeed". Sunday Herald. p. 8. ProQuest 331402052.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g "A Potter timeline for muggles". Toronto Star. 14 July 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  72. ^ a b Errington 2017, p. 2.
  73. ^ Eccleshare 2002, p. 13.
  74. ^ Reynolds, Nigel (7 July 1997). "Story of success for penniless divorcée". The Daily Telegraph. p. 3. ProQuest 317703658, Gale IO0704321673.
  75. ^ Anelli 2008, pp. 50, 58–59.
  76. ^ Kirk 2003, p. 79.
  77. ^ "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone". Kirkus Reviews. 1 September 1998. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  78. ^ Anelli 2008, pp. 60–61.
  79. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 63.
  80. ^ "Potter's award hat-trick". BBC News. 1 December 1999. Archived from the original on 26 May 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  81. ^ "Another Potter record". The Globe and Mail. Associated Press; Reuters. 12 July 2000. p. R3. ProQuest 384290031.
  82. ^ Johnstone, Anne (8 July 2000). "The hype surrounding the fourth Harry Potter book belies the fact that Joanne Rowling had some of her blackest moments writing it". The Herald. p. 8. ProQuest 332607520.
  83. ^ Rowling denies writer's block Archived 13 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 8 August 2001. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  84. ^ Grossman, Lev (17 July 2005). "J.K. Rowling Hogwarts And All". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  85. ^ New Potter book topples U.S. sales records Archived 7 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine . NBC News. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  86. ^ Rowling, J. K. "J.K.Rowling Official Site". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  87. ^ a b c "Harry Potter finale sales hit 11m". BBC News. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 28 November 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  88. ^ "Rowling to kill two in final book". BBC News. London. 27 June 2006. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.27 June 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  89. ^ Pauli, Michelle. "June date for Harry Potter 5 Archived 28 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine". The Guardian (London); "Potter 'is fastest-selling book ever Archived 29 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine". BBC News. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
  90. ^ Sawyer, Jenny. Missing from 'Harry Potter' – a real moral struggle Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. The Christian Science Monitor. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2007.
  91. ^ "Final Harry Potter is expected to set record". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 6 August 2009. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 29 June 2007.
  92. ^ Walker, Andrew (9 October 1998). "Harry Potter is off to Hollywood – making writer a millionairess". The Scotsman. p. 9. ProQuest 326708687.
  93. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 66.
  94. ^ Anelli 2008, pp. 66–67.
  95. ^ Anelli 2008, pp. 67–68.
  96. ^ Harry Potter release dates Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  97. ^ Boucher, Jeff (13 March 2008). "Final 'Harry Potter' book will be split into two movies". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  98. ^ "WB Sets Lots of New Release Dates!". Comingsoon.net. 24 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 December 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
  99. ^ "Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 – The Harry Potter Films". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. 2011. Archived from the original on 6 February 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
  100. ^ Lyall, Sarah (12 November 2010). "A Screenwriter's Hogwarts Decade". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  101. ^ Sragow, Michael (15 November 2001). "The wizard behind 'Harry'". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1E. ProQuest 406491574.
  102. ^ Billington, Alex. Exclusive Video Interview: 'Harry Potter' Producer David Heyman Archived 14 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  103. ^ a b Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J. K. Rowling as producer. Archived 27 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  104. ^ Treneman, Ann (30 June 2000). "Harry and me". The Times. pp. 43–46. ProQuest 318301486; Gale IF0501372629.
  105. ^ Fordy, Tom (3 January 2022). "JK Rowling's battle to make the Harry Potter films '100 per cent British'". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  106. ^ "Coke backs Harry Potter literacy drive". 9 October 2001. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  107. ^ Bettig, Ronald V.; Hall, Jeanne Lynn (2003). Big Media, Big Money: Cultural Texts and Political Economics. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 57. ISBN 0-7425-1129-4. OCLC 50003972.
  108. ^ a b "Warner Bros. Announces Expanded Creative Partnership with J.K. Rowling". Warner Bros. Pictures. Business Wire. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
  109. ^ "JK Rowling plans five Fantastic Beasts films". BBC. 27 November 2016. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016.
  110. ^ Crouch, Aaron (22 September 2021). ""Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore' Sets New 2022 Release Date". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  111. ^ "Scottish homes market view 2008: Perthshire". The Times UK. 28 September 2008. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020. Their best-known owner, JK Rowling, "The Laird of Killiechassie", purchased her strip of premium Perthshire from Jackson for about £600,000 in 2001 – a bargain by today's standards.
  112. ^ "Hogwarts hideaway for Potter author". The Scotsman. 22 November 2001. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  113. ^ Collinson, Patrick. "Rub shoulders with Brucie for £4.3m, or Tony for £7,250" Archived 26 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian (London). 26 April 2005. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
  114. ^ "JK Rowling weds doctor lover in secret Boxing Day ceremony". The Scotsman. 30 December 2001. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  115. ^ "Baby joy for JK Rowling". BBC News. London. 24 March 2003. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 24 March 2010.
  116. ^ J.K. Rowling's Official Site, "JKR gives Birth to Baby Girl". Retrieved 25 January 2005. Archived at Wayback Machine.
  117. ^ Watson, Julie; Kellner, Tomas (26 February 2004). "J.K. Rowling and the Billion-Dollar Empire". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  118. ^ #1062 Joanne (JK) Rowling Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Forbes.com. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
  119. ^ Oprah is Richest Female Entertainer Archived 21 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Contact Music. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  120. ^ "J.K. Rowling: Billionaire to millionaire". The New Zealand Herald. 12 March 2012. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
  121. ^ "The 25 Authors Who've Made The Most Money in The Last Decade". lithub.com. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  122. ^ "JK Rowling named world's highest-earning author by Forbes". BBC News. 4 August 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  123. ^ "Worlds Highest-paid Authors 2019: J.K. Rowling Back on Top With $92 Million". Forbes. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
  124. ^ Malik, Shiv (4 July 2011). "Harry Potter author JK Rowling leaves her agent". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  125. ^ Williams, Charlotte (30 June 2011). "Rowling leaves Christopher Little Agency". The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 3 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  126. ^ a b "JK Rowling announces The Casual Vacancy as title of first book for adults". The Guardian. Press Association. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  127. ^ Battersby, Matilda (4 October 2012). "JK Rowling's 'The Casual Vacancy' tops book charts". The Independent. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  128. ^ "Review: 'The Casual Vacancy'". Publishers Weekly. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  129. ^ Stone, Philip (9 October 2012). "Casual Vacancy keeps pole position". The Bookseller. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  130. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 115.
  131. ^ McNamara, Mary (29 April 2015). "Provocative 'The Casual Vacancy' no ordinary jaunt to countryside". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  132. ^ Frost, Vicky (28 January 2015). "Could the BBC/HBO adaptation of JK Rowling's The Casual Vacancy be an improvement on the book?". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  133. ^ Lowry, Brian (28 April 2015). "TV Review: 'The Casual Vacancy'". Variety. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  134. ^ Poniewozik, James (28 April 2015). "In The Casual Vacancy, All Politics Is Local". Time. Retrieved 10 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  135. ^ Brooks, Richard (14 July 2013). "Whodunnit? J. K. Rowling's Secret Life As A Wizard Crime Writer Revealed". The Sunday Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  136. ^ Hern, Alex (14 July 2013). "Sales of The Cuckoo's Calling" surge by 150". New Statesman. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  137. ^ a b Frith, Maxine (16 July 2013). "Harry Plotter?". London Evening Standard. pp. 20–21.
  138. ^ Lyall, Sarah (14 July 2013). "This Detective Novel's Story Doesn't Add Up". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  139. ^ Watts, Robert (13 July 2013). "JK Rowling unmasked as author of acclaimed detective novel". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  140. ^ Bury, Liz (25 July 2013). "JK Rowling tells story of alter ego Robert Galbraith". The Hindu. Chennai, India: Guardian News Service. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  141. ^ a b Meikle, James (18 July 2013). "JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  142. ^ Goldsmith, Belinda. "Real-life mystery of JK Rowling's 'secret' novel uncovered". trust.org. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  143. ^ Meikle, James (18 July 2013). "JK Rowling directs anger at lawyers after secret identity revealed". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  144. ^ Chatterjee, Lopamudra (6 March 2014). "Robert Galbraith's novel 'The Silkworm' to be released in June". News 18. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  145. ^ Wilken, Selina (11 June 2015). "J.K. Rowling helps out Robert Galbraith, unveils 'Career of Evil' cover and publication date". Hypable. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  146. ^ "Lethal White: JK Rowling reveals Strike release date". BBC News. 10 July 2018. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  147. ^ Rodger, James (19 February 2020). "JK Rowling announces fifth Cormoran Strike novel Troubled Blood under pseudonym Robert Galbraith". Birmingham Mail. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  148. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (26 October 2016). "HBO Picks Up 'Cormoran Strike' Drama Based on J.K. Rowling's Crime Novels". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017.
  149. ^ Brown, Jen. Stop your sobbing! More Potter to come . MSNBC. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2007.
  150. ^ Ulin, David L. "J.K. Rowling brings magic touch to U.S." Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 October 2007. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  151. ^ Singh, Anita (16 June 2011). "JK Rowling launches Pottermore Website". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  152. ^ Flood, Alison (23 June 2011). "Pottermore website launched by JK Rowling as 'give-back' to fans". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  153. ^ "Pottermore – Cursed Child is the 'eighth Potter story'". Pottermore. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016.
  154. ^ "First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out". BBC News. 28 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  155. ^ Babington, Deepa; Maguire, Francis (30 July 2016). "J.K. Rowling bids farewell to Harry Potter at 'Cursed Child' gala". Reuters. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  156. ^ a b "JK Rowling's The Ickabog child illustrators chosen for book". BBC News. 10 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  157. ^ a b "JK Rowling donates money for COVID-19 relief work in India". Times of India. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  158. ^ Flood, Alison (26 May 2020). "JK Rowling announces new children's book, The Ickabog, to be published free online". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  159. ^ Chandler, Mark (13 April 2021). "Rowling to bring out new children's novel The Christmas Pig". The Bookseller. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  160. ^ Craig, Amanda (5 October 2021). "The Christmas Pig by JK Rowling review: her best since Azkaban". Evening Standard. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  161. ^ Seymour, Miranda (12 October 2021). "In J.K. Rowling's Latest Fantasy Novel, Pigs Do Fly". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  162. ^ O'Brien, Kiera (19 October 2021). "Rowling's Christmas Pig jingles all the way to number one". The Bookseller. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  163. ^ a b Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 55.
  164. ^ Groves 2017, p. xiii.
  165. ^ Groves 2017, pp. x, xii.
  166. ^ Groves 2017, p. xii.
  167. ^ Nel 2001, p. 9.
  168. ^ Whited 2002, p. 28.
  169. ^ Whited 2002, pp. 27–30.
  170. ^ Heilman 2008, pp. 229–233.
  171. ^ Whited 2002, p. 27-30.
  172. ^ Whited 2002, p. 27.
  173. ^ a b c d Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 10.
  174. ^ a b c Farmer 2001, p. 55.
  175. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 20–21.
  176. ^ Stojilkov 2015, p. 135.
  177. ^ Los 2008, pp. 32–33.
  178. ^ a b Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 9.
  179. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 19–20.
  180. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 63.
  181. ^ a b c Mendlesohn 2001, p. 287.
  182. ^ Mendlesohn 2001, p. 293.
  183. ^ Mendlesohn 2001, p. 297-298.
  184. ^ a b Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 13.
  185. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 26–27.
  186. ^ a b c Farmer 2001, p. 58.
  187. ^ Farmer 2001, p. 60.
  188. ^ Heilman 2008, p. 220, "Playing the Genre Game:Generic Fusions of the Harry Potter Series" by Anne Hiebert Alton, ch. 11, pp. 199–223.
  189. ^ Farmer 2001, p. 53.
  190. ^ a b Heilman 2008, p. 206, "Playing the Genre Game:Generic Fusions of the Harry Potter Series" by Anne Hiebert Alton, ch. 11, pp. 199–223.
  191. ^ a b Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 14–15.
  192. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 18–19.
  193. ^ Heilman 2008, p. 212, "Playing the Genre Game:Generic Fusions of the Harry Potter Series" by Anne Hiebert Alton, ch. 11, pp. 199–223.
  194. ^ Heilman 2008, "The Great Snape Debate" by Peter Appelbaum, ch. 5, p. 84.
  195. ^ a b Natov 2001, p. 315.
  196. ^ Lurie, Alison (16 December 1999). "Not for Muggles". The New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  197. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, pp. 1–2.
  198. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 65.
  199. ^ Mendlesohn 2001, p. 288-290.
  200. ^ Oppermann 2018, pp. 402–403.
  201. ^ Heilman 2008, p. 215, "Playing the Genre Game:Generic Fusions of the Harry Potter Series" by Anne Hiebert Alton, ch. 11, pp. 199–223.
  202. ^ Pennington 2002, pp. 79–80.
  203. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 107–108.
  204. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 110.
  205. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 114–115.
  206. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 5.
  207. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 119.
  208. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 118–120.
  209. ^ Whited 2002, pp. 1–2, 6.
  210. ^ Pugh 2020, p. 4.
  211. ^ Heilman 2008, "Introduction" by Elizabeth E. Heilman, ch. 1, p. 1.
  212. ^ Pugh 2020, pp. 107–108, 122–123.
  213. ^ a b c Heilman 2008, "From Sexist to (sort-of) Feminist Representations of Gender in the Harry Potter Series" by Elizabeth E. Heilman & Trevor Donaldson, ch. 8, pp. 139–141.
  214. ^ a b c Pugh & Wallace 2006.
  215. ^ Eberhardt 2017.
  216. ^ Heilman 2008, "From Sexist to (sort-of) Feminist Representations of Gender in the Harry Potter Series" by Elizabeth E. Heilman & Trevor Donaldson, ch. 8, pp. 142–147.
  217. ^ Heilman 2008, "From Sexist to (sort-of) Feminist Representations of Gender in the Harry Potter Series" by Elizabeth E. Heilman & Trevor Donaldson, ch. 8, pp. 149–155.
  218. ^ Whited 2002, pp. 3–4.
  219. ^ a b Adler, Shawn (2007). "Harry Potter Author J.K. Rowling Opens Up About Books' Christian Imagery". MTV. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  220. ^ Guanio-Uluru 2015, pp. 85–86.
  221. ^ Gibson 2007, pp. 188–190.
  222. ^ a b Foerstel, Herbert N. (2002). Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 180–188. ISBN 0-313-00670-9. OCLC 51782946.
  223. ^ Gibson 2007, pp. 192–193.
  224. ^ a b Nel 2001, pp. 59–60.
  225. ^ Bloom, Harold (11 July 2000). "Can 35 Million Book Buyers Be Wrong? Yes". p. A26. ProQuest 1931451165.
  226. ^ Byatt, A. S. (7 July 2003). "Opinion | Harry Potter and the Childish Adult". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  227. ^ Zipes 2013, pp. 176–177.
  228. ^ Hensher, Philip (25 January 2000). "Harry Potter, give me a break". The Independent. p. 1. ProQuest 311572655.
  229. ^ Berndt & Steveker 2016, p. 15.
  230. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 15–16.
  231. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 8, 164–165.
  232. ^ James & Mendlesohn 2012, p. 232.
  233. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 106–108.
  234. ^ Stableford 2009, pp. xii, lx–lxi, 72.
  235. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, p. 161–162.
  236. ^ Stableford 2009, pp. 72–23.
  237. ^ Stableford 2009, p. 73.
  238. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 108–109.
  239. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 105–106.
  240. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 164–165.
  241. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, p. 167.
  242. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, p. 168–170.
  243. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 74.
  244. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, p. 165.
  245. ^ Levy & Mendlesohn 2016, pp. 166, 168–169.
  246. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 106, 108.
  247. ^ Eccleshare 2002, pp. 106.
  248. ^ Mendlesohn & James 2012, p. 167.
  249. ^ Mendlesohn & James 2012, pp. 165, 171.
  250. ^ Mendlesohn & James 2012, p. 165.
  251. ^ Anelli 2008, p. 69.
  252. ^ Striphas 2009, pp. 146–148.
  253. ^ Striphas 2009, pp. 158–159, 166–167.
  254. ^ Gupta 2009, p. 217.
  255. ^ Duggan 2021.
  256. ^ Thomas 2019, pp. 154–155.
  257. ^ Thomas 2019, p. 155.
  258. ^ a b Heilman 2008, "Introduction" by Elizabeth E. Heilman, ch. 1, p. 2.
  259. ^ Knapp, N.F. (2003). "In Defense of Harry Potter: An Apologia" (PDF). School Libraries Worldwide. 9 (1). International Association of School Librarianship: 78–91. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2009.
  260. ^ "To Read or Not to Read; A question of national consequence" (PDF). National Endowment for the Arts. November 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2015.
  261. ^ a b c Baker, Charles Robert (2010). "J. K. Rowling (1965–)". In Parini, Jay (ed.). British Writers: Supplement XVI. Charles Scribner's Sons; Gale. pp. 225–240. ISBN 978-0-684-31710-6. OCLC 645653286.
  262. ^ Whited 2002, "Introduction" by Lana A. Whited, pp. 4–5.
  263. ^ Posner, Richard A. (2007). The Little Book of Plagiarism. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 8. ISBN 0-375-42475-X. OCLC 70823133.
  264. ^ Striphas 2009, p. 161.
  265. ^ Karjala, Dennis S. (2006). "Harry Potter, Tanya Grotter, and the Copyright Derivative Work". Arizona State Law Journal. 38 (1): 19. SSRN 1436760 – via HeinOnline.
  266. ^ Striphas 2009, pp. 162–166.
  267. ^ Malvern, Jack; Cleroux, Richard (13 July 2005). "Reading ban on leaked Harry Potter". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  268. ^ Geist, Michael (18 July 2005). "Harry Potter and the Right to Read". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
  269. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (21 June 2003). "Publisher's Efforts to Keep Story's Secrets Collide With Free Speech Concerns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  270. ^ Jenkins 2006, p. 186.
  271. ^ Jenkins 2006, pp. 186–187.
  272. ^ Schwabach 2009, pp. 428–429.
  273. ^ Schwabach 2009, p. 420.
  274. ^ Schwabach 2009, p. 428.
  275. ^ Schwabach 2009, p. 429.
  276. ^ Askari, Emilia (15 January 2009). "Potter guide reaches stores". Detroit Free Press. p. 2 – via newspapers.com.
  277. ^ "About Us". The Volant Charitable Trust. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  278. ^ "About". Lumos. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  279. ^ "J K Rowling becomes President of One Parent Families". The National Council for One Parent Families. 16 November 2004. Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  280. ^ "Elton John, JK Rowling top list of charitable UK celebrities in 2015". EFE News Service. 17 April 2016 – via ProQuest. Harry Potter author, JK Rowling, allocated around $14 million for the benefit of two NGOs; the Lumos Foundation, which aims to end the institutionalizing of children by 2050, and the Volant Charitable Trust, which funds projects that alleviate social deprivation, as well as research into multiple sclerosis.
  281. ^ "Gordon's Women". The Guardian. 13 May 2007. Archived from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2007.
  282. ^ "Rare JK Rowling book fetches £2m". BBC News. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
  283. ^ Majendie, Paul (1 November 2007). "Rowling says goodbye to Potter with fairy tales". Reuters. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  284. ^ "Biography". J.K. Rowling.com. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  285. ^ "The Season of Giving – The Millionaire Donations that Defined 2013". Spear's. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
  286. ^ Godson, Rory; Chittenden, Maurice (7 January 2001). "Rowling casts a spell that will give charities millions". The Sunday Times. p. 7. ProQuest 320793118, Gale FP1802990024.
  287. ^ McSmith, Andy (10 April 2009). "Rowling quits multiple sclerosis charity over Anglo-Scottish feud". The Independent. UK. Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
  288. ^ Carrell, Secerin (31 August 2010). "JK Rowling gives £10m to set up multiple sclerosis research clinic". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  289. ^ "J.K. Rowling gives millions for MS research". Reuters. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  290. ^ Holmes, Linda (27 July 2012). "The Opening Ceremonies In London: From The Industrial Revolution To Voldemort". NPR. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  291. ^ Gibson, Owen (27 July 2012). "Danny Boyle's Olympic opening ceremony: madcap, surreal and moving". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  292. ^ Williams, Rachel (29 May 2008). "Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  293. ^ a b O'Toole, Kevin (12 May 2017). "One-of-a-kind handwritten Harry Potter prequel story stolen in burglary". ABC News10 Albany NY. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  294. ^ a b "Harry Potter prequel stolen in Birmingham burglary". BBC News. 12 May 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  295. ^ Battersby, Matilda (31 July 2013). JK Rowling wins 'substantial donation' to charity from law firm behind Robert Galbraith confidentiality leak. The Independent. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  296. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (1 September 2016). "J.K. Rowling is in a massive Twitter war about the future of progressive politics in Britain". Vox. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  297. ^ Leach, Ben (20 September 2008). "Harry Potter author JK Rowling gives £1 million to Labour". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  298. ^ a b c d Cruz, Juan (8 February 2008). "'Ser invisible... eso sería lo más'" ['Being invisible... that would be the most']. El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2021. Pero actualmente sigo muy de cerca la política americana. Estoy obsesionada con las elecciones en Estados Unidos. Porque tendrá efectos profundos en el resto del mundo. La política exterior de Estados Unidos en los últimos años ha afectado, para mal, tanto a su país como al mío. ... Quiero a un demócrata en la Casa Blanca. Y me parece una lástima que Clinton y Obama tengan que ser rivales porque ambos son extraordinarios. ... Pero también he dicho que tengo muchas dudas acerca de la religión. Me siento muy atraída por la religión, pero al mismo tiempo siento mucha incertidumbre. Vivo en un estado de flujo espiritual. Creo en la permanencia del alma. Y eso queda reflejado en el último libro.
  299. ^ a b Rowling, J. K. (14 April 2010). "The single mother's manifesto". The Times. UK. Archived from the original on 23 April 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  300. ^ Aitkenhead, Decca (22 September 2012). "JK Rowling: 'The worst that can happen is that everyone says, That's shockingly bad'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  301. ^ Carrell, Severin (11 June 2014). "JK Rowling donates £1m to Scotland's anti-independence campaign". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  302. ^ Morse, Felicity (12 June 2014). "JK Rowling donates £1m to Scottish independence 'No' campaign and calls some nationalists 'Death Eaters'". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  303. ^ "Author J.K. Rowling criticizes Brexit campaign, warns against rising nationalism". Deutsche Welle. 20 June 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  304. ^ O'Connor, Roisin (23 March 2019). "People's Vote: Steve Coogan, Patrick Stewart and Delia Smith among famous faces marching for second Brexit referendum". The Independent. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  305. ^ Various (22 October 2015). "Israel needs cultural bridges, not boycotts – letter from JK Rowling, Simon Schama and others". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 22 October 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  306. ^ Flood, Alison (27 October 2015). "JK Rowling explains refusal to join cultural boycott of Israel". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  307. ^ Rowling, J.K. (26 October 2015). "Cultural boycotts: =JK Rowling". Twitlong. UK. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  308. ^ Nelson, Michael (31 January 2002). "Fantasia: The Gospel According to C.S. Lewis". The American Prospect. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  309. ^ a b Weeks, Linton (20 October 1999). "Charmed, I'm Sure". The Washington Post. p. C01 – via ProQuest.
  310. ^ Hale, Mike (16 July 2009). "The Woman Behind the Boy Wizard". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  311. ^ Vieira, Meredith (30 July 2007). "Harry Potter: The final chapter". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022. So … yes, my belief and my struggling with religious belief and so on I think is quite apparent in this book. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  312. ^ Presenter: Mark Lawson (27 September 2012). "J. K. Rowling". Front Row. Event occurs at 17:45. BBC Radio 4. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  313. ^ Treneman, Ann (20 June 2003). "I'm not writing for the money: It's for me and out of loyalty to fans". The Times. ProQuest 318891545; Gale IF0501604890.
  314. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa; Halliday, Josh (24 November 2011). "Leveson inquiry: JK Rowling and Sienna Miller give evidence". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  315. ^ Lockerbie, Catherine (11 July 2000). "All aboard the Hogwarts express". The Scotsman. p. 2. ProQuest 326828580.
  316. ^ "Daily Mail pays damages to JK Rowling". BBC News. 7 May 2014. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  317. ^ "About the Books: transcript of J.K. Rowling's live interview on Scholastic.com". Archived from the original on 16 December 2007. 16 October 2000. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
  318. ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (14 September 2011). "Leveson phone-hacking inquiry: JK Rowling among 'core participants'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  319. ^ a b Rowling, JK (30 November 2012). "I feel duped and angry at David Cameron's reaction to Leveson". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  320. ^ Szalai, Georg (18 March 2014). "Benedict Cumberbatch, Alfonso Cuaron, Maggie Smith Back U.K. Press Regulation". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 7 June 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
  321. ^ Lewis, Sophie (19 December 2019). "J.K. Rowling facing backlash after supporting researcher who lost her job over transphobic tweets". CBS News. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  322. ^ Stack, Liam (19 December 2019). "J.K. Rowling Criticized After Tweeting Support for Anti-Transgender Researcher". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  323. ^ Gallagher, Sophie (19 December 2019). "JK Rowling defends woman who lost employment tribunal over transgender tweets". The Independent. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  324. ^ Gross, Jenny (7 June 2020). "Daniel Radcliffe Criticizes J.K. Rowling's Anti-Transgender Tweets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  325. ^ J.K. Rowling [@jk_rowling] (6 June 2020). "'People who menstruate.' I'm sure there used to be a word for those people. Someone help me out. Wumben? Wimpund? Woomud?" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  326. ^ J.K. Rowling [@jk_rowling] (6 June 2020). "If sex isn't real, there's no same-sex attraction. If sex isn't real, the lived reality of women globally is erased. I know and love trans people, but erasing the concept of sex removes the ability of many to meaningfully discuss their lives. It isn't hate to speak the truth" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  327. ^ GLAAD [@glaad] (6 June 2020). "JK Rowling continues to align herself with an ideology which willfully distorts facts about gender identity and people who are trans... We stand with trans youth, especially those Harry Potter fans hurt by her inaccurate and cruel tweets" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  328. ^ Moreau, Jordan (6 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling Gets Backlash Over Anti-Trans Tweets". Variety. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  329. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (11 June 2020). "The 'Harry Potter' Kids Are All Right: Emma Watson, Eddie Redmayne Condemn J.K. Rowling's Trangender Comments". SlashFilm.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  330. ^ Ryu, Jenna (22 March 2021). "Rupert Grint on why he criticized J.K. Rowling's transphobic comments: 'Silence is even louder'". USA Today. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  331. ^ Reuters and Guardian staff (3 July 2020). "Harry Potter fan sites distance themselves from JK Rowling over transgender rights". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  332. ^ Malvern, Jack (13 June 2020). "JK Rowling: flood of tweets reverses Noma Dumezweni's praise of author". The Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  333. ^ "J.K. Rowling Defends Trans Statements In Lengthy Essay, Reveals She's A Sexual Assault Survivor & Says "Trans People Need And Deserve Protection"". Deadline. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  334. ^ Shirbon, Estelle (10 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling reveals past abuse and defends right to speak on trans issues". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  335. ^ "Explainer: J. K. Rowling and trans women in single-sex spaces: what's the furore?". Reuters. 11 June 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  336. ^ "An open letter to J.K. Rowling". Mermaids. 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  337. ^ Moore, Matt (13 June 2020). "Mermaids writes open letter to JK Rowling following her anti-trans tweets". Gay Times. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  338. ^ Parsons, Vic (4 January 2021). "Feminist writer Judith Butler has given her theory on why JK Rowling has deemed it necessary to speak out on". Pink News. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  339. ^ Ferber, Alona (22 September 2020). "Judith Butler on the culture wars, JK Rowling and living in 'anti-intellectual times'". New Statesman. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  340. ^ Calvario, Liz (10 June 2020). "GLAAD President Says J.K. Rowling's Words Create Dangerous Environment for Transgender Community". ET Online. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  341. ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (3 November 2021). "The battle for Stonewall: the LGBT charity and the UK's gender wars". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
  342. ^ López, Canela. "J.K. Rowling wrote a controversial statement about transgender people in response to being called a 'TERF.' Here's what that means". Insider. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  343. ^ Ntim, Zac (15 September 2020). "Hagrid actor Robbie Coltrane says people accusing JK Rowling of transphobia 'hang around waiting to be offended'". Insider. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  344. ^ "'I don't think JK Rowling is transphobic,' says gender-fluid comedian Eddie Izzard". The Telegraph. 1 January 2021. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  345. ^ a b Thorpe, Vanessa (14 June 2020). "JK Rowling: from magic to the heart of a Twitter storm". The Observer. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020. Arrayed on Rowling's side are some of the veteran voices of feminism, including the radical Julie Bindel, who spoke out in support this weekend:...
  346. ^ Ali, Ayaan Hirsi (26 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling's lonely fight for women's rights". Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
  347. ^ "The winners:2020 Russell prize for best writing". bbc. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  348. ^ "BBC nominates J.K.Rowling's controversial essay of trans rights for award". dw. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
  349. ^ a b Flood, Alison (28 August 2020). "JK Rowling returns human rights award to group that denounces her trans views". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  350. ^ "A Statement from Kennedy". Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights website. 3 August 2020.
  351. ^ "Statement from J.K. Rowling regarding the Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Ripple of Hope Award". Retrieved 5 September 2020.
  352. ^ Keaten, Jamey (3 February 2009). "France honors Harry Potter author Rowling". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  353. ^ "Dr Joanne Kathleen Rowling CH, OBE, HonFRSE – The Royal Society of Edinburgh". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  354. ^ "RSL Fellows: J.K. Rowling". Royal Society of Literature. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  355. ^ "College Fellows and Members recognised in Queen's Birthday Honours". Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. RCPE. 30 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  356. ^ Pook, Sally (15 July 2000). "J K Rowling given honorary degree at her alma mater". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  357. ^ Cribb, David (2006). "JK Rowling receives honorary degree". digital spy. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  358. ^ "'Harry Potter' author JK Rowling receives Honorary Degree". University of Aberdeen. 2006. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  359. ^ a b Guehenno, Claire M.; Holland, Laurence H. M. (2008). "J. K. Rowling To Speak at Commencement". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  360. ^ Flood, Alison (10 April 2014). "JK Rowling to become Woman's Hour first guest editor for 60 years". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  361. ^ Sturges, Fiona (30 April 2014). "The Week in Radio: Ordinary Jo Rowling shines in an extraordinary takeover on Woman's Hour". The Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  362. ^ Miller, Dawn (28 February 1999). "Between misery and fantasy: First-time novelist creates a magical world". Sunday Gazette – Mail. Charleston, W.V. p. 8E – via ProQuest.
  363. ^ Nel 2001, p. 72.
  364. ^ Nel 2001, p. 73.
  365. ^ a b "Rowling, J. K. – The Bram Stoker Awards". Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  366. ^ "JK Rowling Biography". Biography Channel. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013. Rowling was named Author of The Year at the British Book Awards in 2000
  367. ^ "Caine heads birthday honours list" Archived 15 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News. 17 June 2000. Retrieved 25 October 2000.
  368. ^ "2001 Hugo Awards". The Hugo Awards. 26 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  369. ^ "J.K. Rowling, creadora de Harry Potter, Príncipe de Asturias de la Concordia" [J.K. Rowling, creator of Harry Potter, Concord Príncipe de Asturias]. El País (in Spanish). 10 September 2003. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  370. ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence (31 March 2006). "Arts, Briefly". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  371. ^ "JK Rowling honoured with gold Blue Peter badge" (Press release). BBC. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  372. ^ "Walters Names Rowling 'Most Fascinating' Of 2007". Access Hollywood. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.
  373. ^ Irvine, Lindesay (10 April 2008). "Another honour for JK Rowling". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  374. ^ "JK Rowling wins Hans Christian Andersen literature award". The Guardian. 20 October 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  375. ^ "Harry Potter – Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Winner in 2011". BAFTA. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
  376. ^ "Harry Potter author JK Rowling gets freedom of the City". BBC News. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  377. ^ "No. 61962". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 17 June 2017. p. B25.
  378. ^ "Science Fiction & Fantasy Hall Of Fame Inducting Stan Lee & J.K. Rowling". CBS News Atlanta. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  379. ^ Waite-Taylor, Eva (13 May 2021). "British Book Awards winners: From first-time writers to a teenage activist and a skincare guru". The Independent. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  380. ^ Errington 2017, p. 65.
  381. ^ Errington 2017, p. 185.
  382. ^ Errington 2017, p. 251.
  383. ^ Errington 2017, p. 353.
  384. ^ Errington 2017, p. 421.
  385. ^ Errington 2017, p. 475.
  386. ^ Errington 2017, p. 314.
  387. ^ Errington 2017, p. 336.
  388. ^ Errington 2017, p. 530.
  389. ^ "Harry Potter author speaks to the BBC ahead of Cursed Child premier". BBC News. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  390. ^ Errington 2017, p. 694.
  391. ^ Errington 2017, p. 630.
  392. ^ Errington 2017, p. 631.
  393. ^ Errington 2017, p. 629.
  394. ^ Errington 2017, p. 635.
  395. ^ "'Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald': On the red carpet for the Paris premiere". USA Today. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  396. ^ Errington 2017, p. 551.
  397. ^ Errington 2017, p. 574.
  398. ^ Errington 2017, p. 592.
  399. ^ Errington 2017, p. 618.
  400. ^ "Lethal White: JK Rowling reveals Strike release date". BBC News. 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  401. ^ Kolirin, Lianne (15 September 2020). "JK Rowling's new book sparks fresh transgender rights row". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  402. ^ "JK Rowling unveils The Ickabog, her first non-Harry Potter children's book". BBC.com. BBC News. 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  403. ^ "J.K. Rowling releases first chapters of new children's story The Ickabog". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  404. ^ "The Christmas Pig is Announced". 13 April 2021.
  405. ^ Errington 2017, p. 609.
  406. ^ Chandler, Mark (23 September 2019). "Coronet to release Love Letter to Europe on Brexit deadline day". The Bookseller. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  407. ^ Rowling, J.K. (26 November 2006). "The First It Girl: J. K. Rowling reviews Decca: the Letters by Jessica Mitford". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  408. ^ Rowling, J.K. (5 June 2008). "The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination". Harvard Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  409. ^ Rowling, J.K. (30 April 2009). "Leaders & Revolutionaries: Gordon Brown". Time magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  410. ^ Rowling, J.K. (17 December 2014). "Isn't it time we left orphanages to fairytales?". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  411. ^ Errington 2017, p. 671.
  412. ^ Errington 2017, p. 676.
  413. ^ Errington 2017, p. 688.
  414. ^ Strachan, Alex (23 November 2003). "It's a royal flush for Homer Simpson". Montreal Gazette. p. B8. ProQuest 434009213.
  415. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (23 April 2019). "J.K. Rowling, HBO, BBC Team for 'Casual Vacancy' Miniseries". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  416. ^ Barraclough, Leo (2 November 2016). "Holliday Grainger to Star in J.K. Rowling's 'Cormoran Strike' TV Series (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  417. ^ "A Thrilling New Adventure in J.K. Rowling's Wizarding World is Underway". Warner Bros. Pictures. Business Wire. 3 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

Works cited

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._K._Rowling&oldid=1065321670"