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Northern Maori was one of New Zealand's four original parliamentary Māori electorates established in 1868, along with Eastern Maori, Western Maori and Southern Maori. In 1996, with the introduction of MMP, the Maori electorates were updated, and Northern Maori was replaced with the Te Tai Tokerau electorate.

Population centres

The electorate included the following population centres: Auckland, Whangarei.

Tribal areas

The electorate included the following tribal areas:

History

The Northern Maori electorate boundary was in South Auckland. It extended from Auckland City north to Northland, and had only minor boundary changes from 1868 to 1996.

The first member of parliament for Northern Maori from 1868 was Frederick Nene Russell; he retired in 1870. The second member of parliament from 1871 to 1875 and in 1887 was Wi Katene.

In the 1879 election there was some doubt about the validity of the election result, and a law was passed to confirm the result in Northern Maori and two other electorates.[1]

The electorate was held by Labour from 1938. Paraire Karaka Paikea died in 1943, and was replaced by his son Tapihana Paraire Paikea.

In 1979, Matiu Rata resigned from the Labour Party as a protest against Labour policies. In 1980 he resigned from Parliament, but came second in the subsequent by-election. The by-election was won by the Labour candidate, Bruce Gregory.

Tau Henare won the electorate from Gregory for New Zealand First in 1993; a foretaste of the success of Henare and the other New Zealand First candidates (known as the Tight Five) in the Māori electorates in 1996. In 1996 with MMP, the Northern Maori electorate was replaced by Te Tai Tokerau, and won by Henare.

Tau Henare is a great-grandson of Taurekareka Henare who had held the electorate for the Reform Party from 1914 to 1938.

Members of Parliament

The Northern Maori electorate was represented by 15 Members of Parliament:[2]

Key

  Independent   Liberal   Reform   National   Labour   NZ First

Election Winner
1868 Māori election Frederick Nene Russell
1871 election Wi Katene
1876 election Hori Tawhiti
1879 election Hone Tawhai
1881 election
1884 election Ihaka Hakuene
1887 by-election Wi Katene
1887 election Sydney Taiwhanga
1890 election
1891 by-election Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa
1893 election Hone Heke Ngapua
1896 election
1899 election
1901 by-election
1902 election
1905 election
1908 election
1909 by-election Te Rangi Hīroa
1911 election
1914 election Taurekareka Henare
1919 election
1922 election
1925 election
1928 election
1931 election
1935 election
1938 election Paraire Karaka Paikea
1943 election Tapihana Paraire Paikea
1946 election
1949 election
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election
1960 election
1963 by-election Matiu Rata
1963 election
1966 election
1969 election
1972 election
1975 election
1978 election
1980 by-election Bruce Gregory
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election
1993 election Tau Henare

Election results

Note that the affiliation of many early candidates is not known.

1993 election

1993 general election: Northern Maori[3]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
NZ First Tau Henare 5,654 33.75
Labour Bruce Gregory 5,238 31.27 −17.71
Alliance Matiu Rata 4,422 26.39 −14.50
National Dick Dargaville 709 4.23 −5.88
Mana Māori Leslie Te Kooti 443 2.64
Christian Heritage Tui Cruickshank 209 1.24
Natural Law Mere Austin 75 0.44
Majority 416 2.48
Turnout 16,750 64.32 +3.78
Registered electors 26,041

1990 election

1990 general election: Northern Maori[4]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 5,789 48.98 −8.93
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 4,833 40.89 +9.32
National Dick Dargaville 1,195 10.11
Majority 956 8.09 −18.24
Turnout 11,817 60.54 −10.24
Registered electors 19,517

1987 election

1987 general election: Northern Maori[5]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 7,760 57.91 −11.58
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 4,231 31.57 +13.11
National E Albert 1,079 8.05
Democrats P H McKay 329 2.45
Majority 3,529 26.33 −24.69
Turnout 13,399 70.78 −5.73
Registered electors 18,928

1984 election

1984 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 10,471 69.49 +15.40
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 2,783 18.46 −4.50
National W Henskes 949 6.29
NZ Party Fred Brown 492 3.26
Social Credit I Joyce 373 2.47
Majority 7,688 51.02 +20.95
Turnout 15,068 76.51 +2.93
Registered electors 19,693

1981 election

1981 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 6,368 54.09 +1.68
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 2,703 22.96 −14.94
Social Credit P Campbell 1,573 13.36
National Joan Tautari 1,004 8.52
Independent H G B Birch 124 1.05
Majority 3,541 30.07 +15.56
Turnout 11,772 73.58 +32.20
Registered electors 15,997

1980 by-election

1980 Northern Maori by-election[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bruce Gregory 3,580 52.41
Mana Motuhake Matiu Rata 2,589 37.90
Social Credit Joe Toia 560 8.20
Cheer Up Wallace Hetaraka 80 1.17
Christian Democratic Tom Weal 13 0.19
Reform Party P Te W Warner 9 0.13
Majority 991 14.51
Turnout 6,831 41.38
Labour hold Swing

1978 election

1978 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 6,071 71.46 +1.77
Social Credit Joe Toia 1,227 14.44 +8.63
National Grant Pirihi 1,049 12.34
Values Christine Marriner-Grubb 148 1.74 −0.94
Majority 4,844 57.02 +8.71
Turnout 8,495 37.04 −21.34
Registered electors 22,933

1975 election

1975 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 5,988 69.69 −8.02
National Winston Peters 1,873 21.79
Social Credit Joe Toia 500 5.81 −1.01
Values Christine Marriner-Grubb 231 2.68
Majority 4,151 48.31 −16.82
Turnout 8,592 58.38 −16.58
Registered electors 14,715

1972 election

1972 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 6,276 77.71 −3.03
National Graham Latimer 1,016 12.58 −4.38
Social Credit Joe Toia 551 6.82
New Democratic Dover Samuels 147 1.82
Ind. Social Credit Matakino Sadler 86 1.06
Majority 5,260 65.13 −7.42
Turnout 8,076 74.96 −1.32
Registered electors 10,773

1969 election

1969 general election: Northern Maori[6]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 6,157 74.68 +7.09
National Graham Latimer 1,399 16.96
Social Credit Peta Wairua 688 8.34 −5.48
Majority 4,758 57.71 +8.70
Turnout 8,244 76.28 +5.83
Registered electors 10,807

1966 election

1966 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 5,926 67.59 +9.23
National F R Wilcox 1,629 18.58
Social Credit Peta Wairua 1,212 13.82
Majority 4,297 49.01 +28.24
Turnout 8,767 70.45 −10.58
Registered electors 12,444

1963 election

1963 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 5,965 58.36 +16.32
National James Henare 3,842 37.58 +1.62
Social Credit William Clarke 374 3.65 −0.98
Independent B Birch 40 0.39
Majority 2,123 20.77 +14.69
Turnout 10,221 81.03 +22.93
Registered electors 12,613

1963 by-election

1963 Northern Maori by-election[7][8]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Matiu Rata 3,090 42.04
National James Henare 2,643 35.96
Independent Labour Eru Moka Pou 562 7.65
Social Credit William Clarke 340 4.63 −11.38
Independent Te Kaiaraiha Hui 268 3.65
Independent Whina Cooper 257 3.50
Independent Labour Paikea Henare Toka 143 1.95
Independent Hohaia Tokowha Mokaraka 25 0.34
Kauhanganui Hemi Kuit Peita 22 0.30
Majority 447 6.08
Turnout 7,350 58.10 −17.49
Registered electors 12,651
Labour hold Swing

1960 election

1960 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 5,454 60.78 −4.11
National George Russell Harrison 2,082 23.20
Social Credit William Clarke 1,437 16.01
Majority 3,372 37.57 −10.86
Turnout 8,973 75.59 −6.91
Registered electors 11,870

1957 election

1957 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 5,774 64.89 −0.39
National Timothy James Davis 1,464 16.45
Social Credit Tuhirangi Maihi 773 8.68 +6.14
Independent Labour Hoori Arapeti Henare Sutherland 529 5.94
Ind. Social Credit Walter Tepania 319 3.58
Kauhanganui Paepae Witehaka 39 0.43
Majority 4,310 48.43 +1.39
Turnout 8,898 82.50 −17.79
Registered electors 10,785

1954 election

1954 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 6,154 65.28 +4.05
National Tono Waetford 1,719 18.23
Social Credit Mahuika Otene 1,314 13.93
Independent Tuhirangi Maihi 240 2.54
Majority 4,435 47.04 +24.58
Turnout 9,427 100.29 +4.82
Registered electors 9,399[nb 1]

1951 election

1951 general election: Northern Maori[7]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 5,812 61.23 +2.25
National James Henare 3,680 38.76 +0.27
Majority 2,132 22.46 +1.98
Turnout 9,492 95.47 −18.39
Registered electors 9,942

1949 election

1949 general election: Northern Maori[9]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 5,841 58.98 +0.25
National James Henare 3,812 38.49 +6.66
Independent Mahuika Otene 93 0.93
Kauhanganui Pene Tuwhare 30 0.30
Informal votes 127 1.28 −0.10
Majority 2,029 20.48 −6.41
Turnout 9,903 113.86
Registered electors 8,697[nb 2]

1946 election

1946 general election: Northern Maori[10]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 5,580 58.73 +6.45
National James Henare 3,025 31.83
Independent Labour Louis William Poka 764 8.04
Informal votes 132 1.38 −3.41
Majority 2,555 26.89 −2.09
Turnout 9,501

1943 election

1943 general election: Northern Maori[11]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tapihana Paraire Paikea 4,398 52.28
National Eru Moka Pou 1,960 23.30
Independent Labour William Keina Poata 580 6.89
Independent Labour Paikea Herare Toka 278 3.30
Independent Kahi Harawira 259 3.07
Independent David William Taylor 234 2.78
Democratic Labour Paepae Witehira 143 1.69
Independent Samuel William Maioha 141 1.67
Independent Pene Tuwhare 16 0.19
Informal votes 403 4.79
Majority 2,438 28.98
Turnout 8,412

1931 election

1931 general election: Northern Maori[12]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Reform Taurekareka Henare 3,297 58.56
Ratana Paraire Karaka Paikea 2,109 37.46
Independent Hemi Whautere Witehira 224 3.98
Majority 1,188 21.10
Turnout 5,630

1909 by-election

1909 Northern Maori by-election[13][14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Te Rangi Hiroa 1,452 71.60
Independent Kaka Porowini 296 14.60
Independent Herepita Rapihana 280 13.81
Independent Hone Hapa 199 9.81
Independent Hone Wi Kaitaia 173 8.53
Independent Hetaraka Himi Hare 93 4.59
Independent Te Riri Maihi Kawiti 74 3.65
Independent Papa Uroroa 52 2.56
Independent Reihana Netana 25 1.23
Turnout 2028
Majority 1156 57.00

1901 by-election

1901 Northern Maori by-election[15]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,751 71.41
Independent Riapo Puhipi 416 16.97
Independent Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 285 11.62
Independent Hapeta Henare 97 3.96
Independent Kiri Pararea 94 3.83
Independent Pouaka Parore 76 3.10
Turnout 2452
Majority 1335 54.45

1899 election

1899 general election: Northern Maori[16]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,453 64.15 −17.24
Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 367 16.20 −2.40
Henry Flavell 225 9.93
Keritoke Te Ahu 126 5.56
Poata Uruamo 94 4.15
Majority 1,086 47.95 −14.84
Turnout 2,265

1891 by-election

1891 Northern Maori by-election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 632 43.68
Independent Timoti Puhipuhi 515 35.59
Independent Wiremu Katene 300 20.73
Independent Haki Rewite 194 13.41
Independent Renata Tekawatuku 7 0.48
Independent Kipa Te Whatanui 1 0.07
Turnout 1447
Majority 117 8.09

1896 election

1896 general election: Northern Maori[17]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Hone Heke Ngapua 1,706 81.39
Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa 390 18.61
Majority 1,316 62.79
Turnout 2,096[nb 3]

1890 election

1890 general election: Northern Maori[19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Independent Sydney Taiwhanga 661 48.82
Tinoti Pupipupi 394 29.10
Conservative Wi Katene 192 14.18
Wiremu Mikihana 107 7.90
Majority 267 19.72
Turnout 1,354

Notes

Footnotes:

  1. ^ The number of electors on the official Māori rolls were often inaccurate hence the impossible turn-out figure
  2. ^ The number of electors on the official Māori rolls were often inaccurate hence the impossible turn-out figure
  3. ^ Whilst the source states the count was final, McRobie states the number of votes cast as 2,104.[18]
  1. ^ "Elections Validation Act, 1879". New Zealand Law online.
  2. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 268.
  3. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 151.
  4. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990. p. 157.
  5. ^ Norton 1988, p. 399.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Norton 1988, p. 398.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Norton 1988, p. 397.
  8. ^ "12 candidates for two by-election". The New Zealand Herald. 23 February 1963. p. 1.
  9. ^ "The General Election, 1949". National Library. 1950. pp. 1–5, 8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  10. ^ "The General Election, 1946". National Library. 1947. pp. 1–11, 14. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  11. ^ "The General Election, 1943". National Library. 1944. p. 11. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  12. ^ The General Election, 1931. Government Printer. 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  13. ^ "Northerrn Maori Election". The New Zealand Herald. 22 March 1909.
  14. ^ "Northern Maori Election". Manawatu Herald. 23 March 1909.
  15. ^ "Northern Maori Election". Auckland Star. 19 January 1901.
  16. ^ "The General Election, 1899". Wellington: Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 19 June 1900. p. 3. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  17. ^ "Untitled". Poverty Bay Herald. Vol. XXIII, no. 7810. 24 December 1896. p. 2. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
  18. ^ McRobie 1989, p. 133.
  19. ^ "The Maori Representation". Otago Witness. No. 1920. 4 December 1890. p. 15. Retrieved 27 November 2013.

References

  • McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN 0-477-01384-8.
  • Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand parliamentary election results, 1946–1987. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington Department of Political Science. ISBN 0-475-11200-8.
  • Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
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