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This article is about the Slavic language. For the unrelated, non-Slavic language spoken in the ancient world, see Ancient Macedonian language.
Macedonian
Македонски јазик Makedonski jazik
Pronunciation[maˈkɛdɔnski]
Native tosee article
RegionThe Balkans
Native speakers
2 million[1]
Indo-European
Cyrillic (Macedonian variant)
Official status
Official language in
 North Macedonia
recognised as minority language in parts of:
 Albania[2]
Regulated byMacedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov" at the Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
Language codes
ISO 639-1mk
ISO 639-2mac (B)
mkd (T)
ISO 639-3mkd

Countries with significant Macedonian-speaking populations
(Click on image for the legend)

Macedonian (македонски јазикⓘ, makedonski jazik, IPA: [maˈkɛdɔnski ˈjazik]) is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia, and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. It is also referred to by several alternative names, many formed with the word Slavic. Macedonian is closely related to and mutually intelligible with Standard Bulgarian. It also has some similarities with standard Serbian and the intermediate Torlakian and Shop dialects spoken mostly in southern Serbia and in western Bulgaria (and by speakers in the north and east of Macedonia).

Both Macedonian and the Bulgarian Standard language share typological similarities with Romanian, Greek, and Albanian. These languages belong to the Balkan sprachbund, even though the last three are from different language groups (Romanian is a Romance language, whilst Greek and Albanian each comprise their own separate branches of the Indo-European family). Macedonian and Bulgarian are the only Slavic languages not to use noun cases (except for the vocative, and apart from some traces of once living inflections still found scattered throughout the languages). They are also the only Slavic languages with a definite article (in fact there are three definite articles: masculine, feminine and neuter). This last feature is shared with Romanian, Greek, and Albanian.

The Macedonian language belongs to the eastern sub-branch of the South Slavic branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The closest relative of Macedonian is Bulgarian, spoken in Bulgaria, parts of the Republic of Macedonia, Greece and Turkey. Bulgarian and Macedonian properly form a dialect continuum and share a set of grammatical features which set them apart from other Slavic languages, with the Bulgarian standard being based on the more eastern dialects, and the Macedonian standard being based on the more western dialects. Macedonian is mutually intelligible with Bulgarian and the Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language, which are spoken as well in parts of Bulgaria and Macedonia. Following that, the next closest languages are also Bosnian and Croatian. Macedonian is also a constituent language of the Balkan Sprachbund, a group of languages which share grammatical and lexical features based on geographical, rather than genetic proximity.

Geographical distribution

The population of the Republic of Macedonia was 2,022,547 in 2002, with 1,344,815 speaking Macedonian as the native language [3]. Outside of the Republic, there are Macedonians living in other parts of the geographical area of Macedonia. There are ethnic Macedonian minorities in neighbouring Albania, in Bulgaria and in Greece. In Albania the Macedonian minority counts according to official data and 1989 census 4,697 people.[4] In Bulgaria the number of people professing the Macedonian language in the last census was 3,518 [5]. In Greece, although groups may be considered to be speaking dialects heteronomous with standard Macedonian, they do not all identify their language with their national identity. The Slavic speaking minority in Greece varies on how it describes its language - most describe it as Slavic and proclaim a Greek national identity, although there are smaller groups, some of which describe it as Macedonian and espouse an ethnic Macedonian national identity, and some who describe it as Bulgarian and espouse a Bulgarian national identity. Some prefer to identify as dopii and their dialect as dopia which mean local or indigenous in Greek [6].

A large number of Macedonians live outside the traditional Macedonian region in the Balkans, with Australia, Canada and the USA having the largest emigrant communities. According to a 1964 estimate, the number of Macedonians living outside of the Republic of Macedonia numbers approximately 580,000 [7], over 30% of the total population. The Macedonian spoken by communities outside the republic dates back to before the standardisation of the language and retains many dialectic though, overall, mutually intelligible variations.

The Macedonian language has the status of official language only within the Republic of Macedonia, and is a recognised minority language in parts of Albania. The language is taught in some universities in Australia, Canada, Croatia, Russia, Serbia, United States and the United Kingdom among other countries.

Dialects

Based on a large group of features, the Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern and Western groups (the boundary runs approximately from Skopje and Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna). In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavonic reduced vowels ("yers"), vocalic sonorants and the back nasal (o). That classification distinguishes between the following 5 groups [8]:

Western Dialects:

  • Ohrid - Prespa Group consisting of the Lower Prespa region, Ohrid, Struga, Radožda, and Vevčani.
  • Debar Group consisting of the Drimkol - Golobrdo region, Debar, Mala Reka, Reka, Gora, and Skopska Crna Gora.
  • Polog Group consisting of Gostivar (Upper Polog), and Tetovo (Lower Polog), as well as the entire West Central region (Prilep, Kičevo, Bitola, Kruševo, Lerin)
  • Kostur - Korča Group consisting of Korçë (Korča), Kastoria (Kostur), and Nestram.

Eastern Dialects:

It must be noted that the Ser-Nevrokop group is in fact located mostly outside of the Republic of Macedonia (in Greece and Bulgaria, respectively) and hence its identification as a group of Macedonian dialects is an especially controversial issue. Bulgarian linguists regard both as East Bulgarian dialects, more specifically as part of a Rupski dialect group that stretches through Southern Thrace up to the Black Sea [9].

Variation in vowels

The vocalic inventories of the West Central dialects consist of five vowels, /i, ɛ, a, ɔ, u/. Most of the remaining dialects also have phonemic /ə/. In addition, phonemic /ɑ/, /æ/, and /y/ and vocalic /l/ and /r/ occur in various dialects.

Most dialects have /ɛ/ from original ě (yat), but the Eastern region is characterised by the development of ě to /a/ after /c/: Eastern cal, Western cel (whole). Besides that, in easternmost Greek Macedonia and the Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria ě gives /a/ or /æ/ under stress. In the dialects of Greek Macedonia, this happens regardless of the environment, whereas the dialects of the Blagoevgrad province have (just like standard Bulgarian and its eastern dialects) /a/ if there is a back vowel in the following syllable, and /ɛ/ if there is a front vowel. For example, 'white' (sing. - plur.) sounds in the following way in these dialects: Serres-Drama: /bala/ - /bali/, Suho and Visoka: /bæla/ - /bæli/, Nevrokop: /bala/ - /bɛli/. In Korca, ě becomes /iæ/ under stress.

Variation in consonants

As far as consonantal features are concerned, the entire Western region is distinguished from the East by loss of /x/ (except Tetovo, Gora and Korča) and the loss of /v/ in the intervocalic position (except Mala Reka and parts of Kostur-Korča): /glava/ (head) = /gla/, /glavi/ (heads) = /glaj/. The Eastern region preserves /x/ (except Tikveš-Mariovo and Kumanovo-Kriva Palanka) and intervocalic /v/. The East is also characterised by the development of epenthetic /v/ before original /o/ where the West has epenthetic /j/: Eastern /vaglɛn/ (coal) but Western /jaglɛn/. The diphonemic reflexes are most characteristic of the dialects of Greek Macedonia and Blagoevgrad province, Kostur-Korča and Ohrid-Prespa. The Serres-Nevrokop dialects have a series of phonemically palatalised consonants.

Variation in word stress and its effects on vowels

The Western dialects generally have fixed stress, antepenultimate in the Republic of Macedonia, and penultimate in Greece and Albania. The Eastern region, along with the neighbouring Bulgarian dialects, has various non-fixed stress systems. In Lower Vardar and Serres-Nevrokop unstressed /a, ɛ, ɔ/ are reduced (raised) to [ə, i, u]. The reduction of unstressed vowels (as well as the aforementioned allophonic palatalisation of consonants) is characteristic of East Bulgarian as opposed to West Bulgarian dialects, so these dialects are regarded by Bulgarian linguists as transitional between East and West Bulgarian [10]..

Phonology

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The phoneme inventory of standard literary Macedonian contains 31 phonemes. These consist of five vowels, one semivowel, three liquid consonants (which are also called "semivowels" by Lunt 1952) three nasal consonants, three pairs of fricatives, two pairs of affricates, a non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops [11].

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close и /i/ у /u/
Mid е /ɛ/ о /ɔ/
Open а /a/

In addition, the schwa /ə/ may appear in certain dialects or loanwords.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
Dental 		Dental Alveolar Post-
Alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ɲ
Plosive p b t d c ɟ k g
Affricate ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ x
Approximant j
Trill r
Lateral ɫ l

At the end of a word, the voicing opposition is neutralised and all consonants are pronounced as voiceless. In cases when /r/ is syllabic, an apostrophe is used before the letter Р. Examples include 'рж (IPA: [/r̩ʒ/], "rye"), за'ржи (IPA: [/zar̩ʒi/], "to rust") and 'рбет (IPA: [/r̩bɛt/], "backbone"), among others.

Neither Lunt (1952) nor Friedman (2001) recognize the existence of a palatalised (/lʲ/) or palatal (/ʎ/) lateral in standard Macedonian. This is in contrast with the surrounding related languages (Bulgarian, Serbian and Croatian languages). Instead, a /lj/ sequence is supposed to occur, except in rapid speech.

Both of these scholars also assert that there is a phonemic contrast between the velarised lateral /ɫ/ and the nonvelarised /l/. While they admit that /ɫ/ and /l/ (as Л) occur mainly before front and non-front vowels, respectively. They state that, at least in the prescribed norm (Friedman 2001) or in some words (Lunt 1952), /l/ (as Љ) may also occur before non-front vowels. Hence minimal pairs like бела (IPA: [/bɛła/] "white", fem.) versus беља (IPA: [/bɛla/], "trouble") express this contrastiveness.

Word stress

The word stress in Macedonian is antepenultimate, meaning it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, and on the first or only syllable in other words. This is sometimes disregarded when the word has entered the language more recently or from a foreign source. The following rules apply:

  • Disyllabic words are stressed on the second-to-last syllable.

For example, де́те (IPA: ['dɛtɛ], "child"), ма́jкa (IPA: ['majka], "mother") and та́тко (IPA: ['tatkɔ], "father").

For example, та́ткото (IPA: ['tatkɔtɔ], "the father"), та́тковци (IPA: ['tatkɔvʦi], "fathers"), and татко́вците IPA: [tat'kɔvʦitɛ], "the fathers").

Exceptions include:

Grammar

Main article: Macedonian grammar

As with the Bulgarian grammar, the grammar of Macedonian is markedly analytic in comparison with other Slavic languages, having lost the common Slavic case system. The Macedonian language shows some special and in some cases unique characteristics due to its central position in the Balkans.

Literary Macedonian is the only South Slavic literary language that has three forms of the definite article, based on the degree of proximity to the speaker, and a past tense formed by means of an auxiliary verb "to have", followed by a past passive participle in the neuter.

Both double object and mediative (sometimes referred to as renarrative or admirative) mood are also found in the Bulgarian language, although the use of double object is much more restricted in the Bulgarian standard (see also Bulgarian syntax).

Vocabulary

As a result of the close relatedness with Bulgarian and Serbian, Macedonian shares a considerable amount of its lexicon with these languages. Other languages which have been in positions of power, such as Ottoman Turkish and increasingly English also provide a significant proportion of the loan words. Prestige languages, such as Old Church Slavonic, which occupies a relationship to modern Macedonian comparable to the relationship of medieval Latin to modern Romance languages, and Russian also provided a lexical source for borrowings.

During the standardization process, there was deliberate care taken to try and purify the lexicon of the language. "Serbisms" and "Bulgarisms", which had become common due to the influence of these languages in the region were rejected in favor of words from native dialects and archaisms. One example being the word for "event", настан (IPA: ['nastan]), which was found in certain examples of folk poetry collected by the Miladinov Brothers in the 19th century, while the Macedonian writer Krste Misirkov had previously used the word собитие (IPA: ['sɔbitiɛ])[12]. This is not to say that there are no Serbisms, Bulgarisms or even Russianisms in the language, but rather that they were discouraged on a principle of "seeking native material first" [13].

Writing system

Alphabet

Main article: Macedonian alphabet

The modern Macedonian alphabet was developed by linguists in the period after the Second World War, who in turn based their alphabet on the phonetic alphabet of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, though a similar writing system was used by Krste Misirkov in the late 19th century. The Macedonian language had previously been written using the Early Cyrillic alphabet, or later using the Cyrillic alphabet with local adaptations from either the Serbian or Bulgarian alphabets.

The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Macedonian alphabet, along with the IPA value for each letter:

Cyrillic
IPA		 А а
/a/		 Б б
/b/		 В в
/v/		 Г г
/ɡ/		 Д д
/d/		 Ѓ ѓ
/ɟ/		 Е е
/ɛ/		 Ж ж
/ʒ/		 З з
/z/		 Ѕ ѕ
/ʣ/		 И и
/i/		 Ј ј
/j/
Cyrillic
IPA		 К к
/k/		 Л л
/l/		 Љ љ
/lj/		 М м
/m/		 Н н
/n/		 Њ њ
/ɲ/		 О о
/ɔ/		 П п
/p/		 Р р
/r/		 С с
/s/		 Т т
/t/		 Ќ ќ
/c/
Cyrillic
IPA		 У у
/u/		 Ф ф
/f/		 Х х
/x/		 Ц ц
/ʦ/		 Ч ч
/ʧ/		 Џ џ
/ʤ/		 Ш ш
/ʃ/
Further information: Romanization of Macedonian

Orthography

Macedonian orthography is consistent and phonemic in practice, an approximation of the principle of one grapheme per phoneme. A principle represented by Adelung's saying, "write as you speak and read as it is written" („пишувај како што зборуваш и читај како што е напишано“). Though as with most, if not all living languages, it has its share of inconsistencies and exceptions.

History

Main article: History of the Macedonian language

The region of Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia are located on the Balkan peninsula. The Slavs first came to the Balkan Peninsula in the sixth and seventh centuries CE. In the ninth century, the Greek Byzantine monks Saints Cyril and Methodius developed the first writing system for the Slavonic languages. At this time, the Slavic dialects were so close as to make it practical to develop the written language on the dialect of a single region. There is dispute as to the precise region, but it is likely that they were developed in the region around Thessaloniki.

In the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Turks invaded and conquered most of the Balkans, incorporating Macedonia into the Ottoman Empire. While the written language, now called Old Church Slavonic, remained static as a result of Turkish domination, the spoken dialects moved further apart. Only very slight traces of written Macedonian survive from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. [14]

During the increase of national consciousness in the Balkans, standards for the languages of Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian were created. As Turkish influence in Macedonia waned, schools were opened up that taught the Bulgarian standard language in areas with significant Bulgarian population. (see Demographic History of Macedonia)

In 1845 the Russian scholar Viktor Grigorovič travelled in the Balkans in order to study the south Slavic dialects of Macedonia. His work announced to the world for the first time the existence of two separate Bulgarian dialects: Eastern and Western. According to his findings, the Western Bulgarian variety, spoken in Macedonia, was characterized by traces of Old Slavic nasal vowels [15]. It wasn't until the works of Krste Misirkov that parts of what had been regarded as West Bulgarian dialects were defined as a separate 'Macedonian' language. Misirkov was born in a village near Pella in Greek Macedonia. Although literature had been written in the Slavic dialects of Macedonia before, arguably the most important book published in relation to the Macedonian language was Misirkov's On Macedonian Matters, published in 1903. In that book, he argued for the creation of a standard literary Macedonian language from the central dialects of Macedonia which would use a phonetic orthography.

After the first two Balkan wars, the region of Macedonia was split between Greece, Bulgaria and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia occupied the area that is currently the Republic of Macedonia incorporating it into the Kingdom as "Southern Serbia". During this time, Yugoslav Macedonia became known as Vardar Banovina (Vardar province) and the language of public life, education and the church was Serbo-Croatian. In the other two states, Greece and Bulgaria, the respective national languages were imposed, in Bulgaria, the local dialects were described as dialects of Bulgarian.

During the second World War, Yugoslav Macedonia was occupied by the Bulgarians, who were allied with the Axis. The Bulgarian language was reintroduced in schools and liturgies. The Bulgarians were initially welcomed as "liberators" from Serbian domination. However, as a result of unpopular assimilation policies, reminiscent of what Serbian practice had been since the first World War, they were quickly seen as "conquerors".

There were a number of groups fighting the Bulgarian occupying force, some advocating independence and others union with Bulgaria. The eventual outcome was that almost all of Vardar Banovina (i.e. the areas which geographically became known as Vardar Macedonia) was incorporated into the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a constituent Socialist Republic with the Macedonian language holding official status within both the Federation and Republic. The Macedonian language was proclaimed the official language of the Republic of Macedonia at the First Session of the Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia, held on August 2, 1944. The first official Macedonian grammar was developed by Krume Kepeski. One of the most important contributors in the standardisation of the Macedonian literary language was Blaže Koneski. The first document written in the literary standard Macedonian language is the first issue of the Nova Makedonia newspaper in 1944. Makedonska Iskra (Macedonian Spark) was the first Macedonian newspaper to be published in Australia, from 1946 to 1957. A monthly with national distribution, it commenced in Perth and later moved to Melbourne and Sydney.

Examples

Lord's Prayer Template:MultiCol

Оче наш
Оче наш којшто си на небото,
да се свети името Твое,
да биде кралството Твое,
да биде волјата Твоја,
како на небото, така и на Земјата!
Лебот наш насушен дај ни го денес
и прости ни ги долговите наши
како што им проштеваме и ние
на нашите должници.
И не воведи нè во искушение,
но избави нè од лукавиот.
Амин!


| class="col-break " |

Oče naš
Oče naš, kojšto si na neboto
da se sveti imeto Tvoe,
da bide kralstvoto Tvoe,
da bide voljata Tvoja,
kako na neboto, taka i na Zemjata!
Lebot naš nasušen daj ni go denes
i prosti ni gi dolgovite naši
kako što im proštevame i nie
na našite dolžnici.
I ne vovedi nè vo iskušenie,
no izbavi nè od lukaviot.
Amin!

Template:EndMultiCol

Political views on the language

Main article: Political views on the Macedonian language

As with the issue of Macedonian ethnicity, the politicians, linguists and common people from Macedonia and neighbouring countries have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language.

According to the Macedonian view, now prevalent and official in the books in Republic of Macedonia, Macedonian was the first official language of the Slavs, thanks to the Saints Cyril and Methodius's introduction of Slavic literacy language through the Glagolitic script, that was based on the Southern Macedonian dialect of Thessaloniki [16].

Bulgaria recognised the Macedonian language between 1944 and 1948, the date of the Tito-Stalin split [17]. This date also coincided with the first references efforts of Bulgarian linguists to the Serbianisation of the Macedonian language [18]. Although Bulgaria was the first country to recognise the independence of the Republic of Macedonia, it has since refused to recognise the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and a separate Macedonian language. Unlike Bulgaria, since the end of the WWII Serbia ackgnowledges the separate Macedonian nation and its language.

Bulgarian linguists and scientists regard Macedonian as a dialect of the Bulgarian language. Although described as being dialects of Bulgarian prior to the establishment of the standard, the current academic consensus outside Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within the South Slavic dialect continuum [19], which is not contested by Serbia.

Alternative names

Main article: Macedonian language naming dispute

Bulgarian

In most sources before WWII, the dialects covered by the modern Macedonian language were referred to as Bulgarian dialects. This is based on the fact that until World War II, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia was referred to as Bulgarian by its speakers and by its non-speakers. After WWII the question about the "Macedonian language" was forgotten in the name of the Bulgaro-Yugoslavian friendship under the pressure of the Soviet Union

Greece

According to the linguistic publication Ethnologue, alternative names include Macedonian Slavic and (in Greece) Slavic [20]. The use of the name Macedonian for the language is considered offensive by Greeks, who assert that the ancient Macedonian language is the only "Macedonian language" and that it was a northern Greek dialect. Greeks object to the use of the "Macedonian" name in reference to the modern Slavic language, calling it "Slavomacedonian" (Macedonian: славомакедонски јазик, Greek: σλαβομακεδονική γλώσσα), a term introduced and accepted by the Slavic-speaking community of northern Greece itself,[21] or "Skopian", which, since the 1990s, are considered pejorative terms by ethnic Macedonians (i.e. people with that national identity).[22] Terms such as Slav Macedonian have also been used. [23]

See also

Macedonian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Macedonian

Notes

  1. ^ Although the precise number of speakers is unknown, figures of between 1.6 million [24] and 2-2.5 million have been cited, see Topolinjska (1998) and Friedman (1985). The general academic consensus is that there are approximately 2 million speakers of the Macedonian language, accepting that "it is difficult to determine the total number of speakers of Macedonian due to the official policies of the neighbouring Balkan states and the fluid nature of emigration" (Friedman 1985).
  2. ^ Hill, P. (1999) "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A comparative study of recent developments". Nationalities Papers. 27(1)
  3. ^ Poulton, Hugh (1995, 2000). Who Are the Macedonians?. United Kingdom: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd. pp. p. ix. ISBN 0253345987. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  4. ^ "Eurominority". The European Languages. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Template:Fr icon "Euromosaic". Le [slavo]macédonien / bulgare en Grèce. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Stallaerts, Robert (1999). Historiography in the Former and New Yugoslavia (PDF). pp. p.319. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  7. ^ Lumsden, Malvern (2003). Three Zones of Social Reconstruction in War-traumatized Societies (PDF). pp. p.12. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  8. ^ Joseph, Brian D. (1999). Romanian and the Balkans: Some Comparative Perspectives (PDF). pp. p.2. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  9. ^ Popis na Naselenie, Domaćinstva i Stanovi vo Republika Makedonija, 2002 - Vkupno naselenie na Republika Makedonija spored majčin jazik.
  10. ^ Преброяване 2001 - Окончателни резултати - Население към 01.03.2001 г. по области и етническа група
  11. ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor - Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
  12. ^ Topolinjska, Z. (1998). "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131. pp. 1-11
  13. ^ Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett. (2002) The Slavonic Languages (p. 247. The Macedonian Language) (New York: Routledge Publications)
  14. ^ Стойков, С. (2002) Българска диалектология, 4-то издание. стр. 143, 186. Also available online.
  15. ^ ibid. стр. 140, 143.
  16. ^ Lunt, H. (1952) Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language p. 1
  17. ^ Стойков, С. (2002) Българска диалектология, 4-то издание. стр. 127. Also available online.
  18. ^ Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC), p.17.
  19. ^ Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC), p.40.
  20. ^ Christina E. Kramer (1999), Makedonski Jazik (The University of Wisconsin Press);
  21. ^ Tomić, O. (2003) "Genesis of the Balkan Slavic Future Tenses" in Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics: The Ottawa Meeting 2003 (Michigan : Michigan Slavic Publications)
  22. ^ Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131. pp. 31-57
  23. ^ Lunt, H. (1953) "A Survey of Macedonian Literature" in Harvard Slavic Studies, Vol. 1, pp. 363-396
  24. ^ Seriot, P. (1997) "Faut-il que les langues aient un nom? Le cas du macédonien", in Andrée Tabouret-Keller (éd.) Le nom des langues. L'enjeu de la nomination des langues, Vol. 1, pp. 167-190 (Louvain : Peeters) (in French)
  25. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica - Old Church Slavonic
  26. ^ Mahon, M. (1998) "The Macedonian question in Bulgaria" in Nations and Nationalism Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 389-407
  27. ^ Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131. pp. 31-57
  28. ^ Trudgill, P. (1992) "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe" in International Journal of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167-177
  29. ^ Although acceptable in the past, current use of this name in reference to both the ethnic group and the language can be considered pejorative and offensive by ethnic Macedonians. In the past, the Macedonian Slavs in Greece seemed relieved to be acknowledged as "Slavomacedonians". A native of Greek Macedonia, a pioneer of ethnic Macedonian schools in the region and local historian, Pavlos Koufis, says in Laografika Florinas kai Kastorias (Folklore of Florina and Kastoria), Athens 1996, that, “[During its Panhellenic Meeting in September 1942, the KKE mentioned that it recognises the equality of the ethnic minorities in Greece] the KKE recognised that the Slavophone population was ethnic minority of Slavomacedonians]. This was a term, which the inhabitants of the region accepted with relief. [Because] Slavomacedonians = Slavs+Macedonians. The first section of the term determined their origin and classified them in the great family of the Slav peoples.” The Greek Helsinki Monitor reports: "... the term Slavomacedonian was introduced and was accepted by the community itself, which at the time had a much more widespread non-Greek Macedonian ethnic consciousness. Unfortunately, according to members of the community, this term was later used by the Greek authorities in a pejorative, discriminatory way; hence the reluctance if not hostility of modern-day Macedonians of Greece (i.e. people with a Macedonian national identity) to accept it."
  30. ^ In his most famous work "On the Macedonian Matters" (available online), Misirkov uses the word собитие (a cognate to the Bulgarian събитие) where настан is used today, though it still exists in some dialects.

References/Bibliography

  1. Kramer, Christina (2003), Macedonian: A Course for Beginning and Intermediate Students. Revised and expanded second edition. University of Wisconsin Press. May 2003. ISBN 9780299188047
  2. Dorian, Nancy, (1992), "Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death", ISBN 0-521-43757-1
  3. Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC)
  4. Lunt, H., (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language (Skopje)

References

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