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Alabama
State
CountryUnited States
Admitted to the UnionDecember 14, 1819 (22nd)
CapitalMontgomery
Largest cityBirmingham
(229,424, est. 2006)[1]
Largest metro and urban areasGreater Birmingham Area
Government
 • GovernorRobert R. Riley (R)
 • Upper house{{{Upperhouse}}}
 • Lower house{{{Lowerhouse}}}
U.S. senatorsRichard Shelby (R)
Jeff Sessions (R)
Population
 • Total4,447,100
 • Density84.83/sq mi (33.84/km2)
Language
 • Official languageEnglish
 • Spoken languageEnglish 96.17%,
Spanish 2.12%
Latitude30° 11′ N to 35° N
Longitude84° 53′ W to 88° 28′ W

The State of Alabama (/ˌæləˈbæmə/), is located in the southern region of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama ranks 30th in total land area and ranks second in the size of its inland waterways. The state ranks 23rd in population with almost 4.6 million residents in 2006.[3]

From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern States, suffered economic hardship. In the years following the war, Alabama experienced significant recovery as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and high technology. Today, the state is heavily invested in the aerospace, education, health care, banking, and various heavy industries including automobile manufacturing, mineral extraction, steel production and fabrication.

Alabama is unofficially nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, which is also the name of the state bird. Alabama is also known as the "Heart of Dixie". The state tree is the Longleaf Pine. The capital of Alabama is Montgomery, and the largest city is Birmingham.

Etymology of state name

The Alabama, an Upper Creek tribe which resided just below the confluence of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers on the upper reaches of the Alabama River,[4] served as the etymological source of the names of the river and state. The word Alabama is believed to have originated from the Choctaw language[5] and was later adopted by the Alabama tribe as their name.[6] The spelling of the word varies significantly between sources.[6] The first usage appears in three accounts of the Hernando de Soto expedition of 1540 with Garcilasso de la Vega using Alibamo while the Knight of Elvas and Rodrigo Ranjel wrote Alibamu and Limamu, respectively.[6] As early as 1702, the tribe was known to the French as Alibamon with French maps identifying the river as Rivière des Alibamons.[4] Other spellings of the appellation have included Alibamu, Alabamo, Albama, Alebamon, Alibama, Alibamou, Alabamu, and Allibamou.[6][7][8] The use of state names derived from Native American languages is common with an estimated 27 states having names of Native American origin.[9]

Although the origin of Alabama was evident, the meaning of the tribe's name was not always clear. An article without a byline appearing in the Jacksonville Republican on July 27, 1842 originated the idea that the meaning was "Here We Rest."[6] This notion was popularized in the 1850s through the writings of Alexander Beaufort Meek.[6] Experts in the Muskogean languages have been unable to find any evidence that would support this translation.[4][6] It is now generally accepted that the word comes from the Choctaw words alba (meaning "plants" or "weeds") and amo (meaning "to cut", "to trim", or "to gather").[6][5][10] This results in translations such as "clearers of the thicket"[5] or even "herb gatherers"[10][11] which may refer to clearing of land for the purpose of planting crops[7] or to collection of medicinal plants by medicine men.[11]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Alabama
See also: List of Alabama counties
Alabama terrain map: shows lakes, rivers, roads, with Mount Cheaha (right center) east of Birmingham.

Alabama is the 30th largest state in the United States with 52,423 square miles (135,775 km²) of total area: 3.19% of the area is water, making Alabama 23rd in the amount of surface water, also giving it the second largest inland waterway system in the United States.[12] About three-fifths of the land area is a gentle plain with a general descent towards the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. The North Alabama region is mostly mountainous, with the Tennessee River cutting a large valley creating numerous creeks, streams, rivers, mountains, and lakes.[13] Another natural wonder in Alabama is "Natural Bridge" rock, the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies, located just south of Haleyville, in Winston County.

Alabama generally ranges in elevation from sea level,[2] down at Mobile Bay, to over 1,800 feet (550 m) in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast. The highest point is Mount Cheaha[13] (see map), at a height of nearly 2,405 ft (733 m).

States bordering Alabama include Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama has coastline at the Gulf of Mexico, in the extreme southern edge of the state.[13]

National Parks in Alabama include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park near Alexander City; Little River Canyon National Preserve near Fort Payne; Russell Cave National Monument in Bridgeport; Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site in Tuskegee; and Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site near Tuskegee.[14]

Alabama also contains the Natchez Trace Parkway, the Selma To Montgomery National Historic Trail, and the Trail Of Tears National Historic Trail.

Suburban Baldwin County, along the Gulf Coast, is the largest county in the state in both land area and water area.[15]

A 5-mile (8 km)-wide meteorite impact crater is located in Elmore County, just north of Montgomery. This is the Wetumpka crater, which is the site of "Alabama's greatest natural disaster".[16] A 1,000-foot (300 m)-wide meteorite hit the area about 80 million years ago.[17] The hills just east of downtown Wetumpka showcase the eroded remains of the impact crater that was blasted into the bedrock, with the area labeled the Wetumpka crater or astrobleme ("star-wound") because of the concentric rings of fractures and zones of shattered rock that can be found beneath the surface.[18] In 2002, Christian Koeberl with the Institute of Geochemistry University of Vienna published evidence and established the site as an internationally recognized impact crater.[19]

Urban areas

Main article: List of Metropolitan areas of Alabama
See also: List of cities in Alabama
Rank Metropolitan Area Population
1 Birmingham-Hoover MSA 1,100,019
2 Mobile MSA 404,157
3 Huntsville MSA 374,557
4 Montgomery MSA 361,748
5 Tuscaloosa MSA 198,769
6 Decatur MSA 149,549
7 Florence-Muscle Shoals MSA 142,657
8 Dothan MSA 138,234
9 Auburn-Opelika MSA 125,102
10 Anniston-Oxford MSA 108,633
11 Gadsden MSA 104,782

Climate

The climate of Alabama is described as temperate with an average annual temperature of 64 °F (18 °C). Temperatures tend to be warmer in the southern part of the state with its close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern parts of the state, especially in the Appalachian Mountains in the northeast, tend to be slightly cooler.[20] Generally, Alabama has very hot summers and mild winters with copious precipitation throughout the year. Alabama receives an average of 56 inches (1,400 mm) of rainfall annually and enjoys a lengthy growing season of up to 300 days in the southern part of the state.[21]

Summers in Alabama are among the hottest in the United States, with high temperatures averaging over 90 °F (32 °C) throughout the summer in the entire state. Alabama is also prone to tropical storms and even hurricanes. Areas of the state far away from the Gulf are not immune to the effects of the storms, which often dump tremendous amounts of rain as they move inland and weaken.

South Alabama reports more thunderstorms than any part of the U.S. The Gulf Coast, around Mobile Bay, averages between 70 and 80 days per year with thunder reported. This activity decreases somewhat further north in the state, but even the far north of the state reports thunder on about 60 days per year. Occasionally, thunderstorms are severe with frequent lightning and large hail - the central and northern parts of the state are most vulnerable to this type of storm. Alabama ranks seventh in the number of deaths from lightning and ninth in the number of deaths from lightning strikes per capita.[22] Sometimes tornadoes occur - these are common throughout the state, although the peak season for tornadoes varies from the northern to southern parts of the state. Alabama shares the dubious distinction, with Kansas, of having reported more F5 tornadoes than any other state - according to statistics from the National Climatic Data Center for the period 1 January 1950 to 31 October 2006. An F5 tornado is the most powerful of its kind.[23] Several long - tracked F5 tornadoes have contributed to Alabama reporting more tornado fatalities than any other state except for Texas and Mississippi. The Super Outbreak of March, 1974, badly affected Alabama. The northern part of the state - along the Tennessee Valley - is one of the areas in the US most vulnerable to violent tornadoes. The area of Alabama and Mississippi most affected by tornadoes is sometimes referred to as Dixie Alley, as distinct from the Tornado Alley of the Southern Plains. Alabama is one of the few places in the world that has a secondary tornado season (November and December) in addition to the Spring severe weather season.

Winters are generally mild in Alabama, as they are throughout most of the southeastern United States, with average January low temperatures around 40 °F (4 °C) in Mobile and around 32 °F (0 °C) in Birmingham. Snow is a rare event in much of Alabama. Areas of the state north of Montgomery may receive a dusting of snow a few times every winter, with an occasional moderately heavy snowfall every few years. In the southern Gulf coast, snowfall is less frequent, sometimes going several years without any snowfall.

Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities[24]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
City temp °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C
Birmingham high 53 12 58 14 66 19 74 23 81 27 88 31 91 33 90 32 85 29 75 24 64 18 56 13
low 32 0 35 2 42 6 48 9 58 14 65 18 70 21 69 21 63 17 51 11 42 6 35 2
Huntsville high 49 9 55 13 63 17 72 22 80 27 86 30 89 32 89 32 83 28 73 23 62 17 52 11
low 31 −1 34 1 41 5 48 9 58 14 65 18 70 21 68 20 62 17 50 10 41 5 34 1
Mobile high 61 16 64 18 71 22 77 25 84 29 89 32 91 33 91 33 87 31 79 26 70 21 63 17
low 40 4 42 6 49 9 55 13 63 17 69 21 72 22 72 22 68 20 56 13 48 9 42 6
Montgomery high 58 14 62 17 70 21 78 26 85 29 91 33 93 34 92 33 88 31 79 26 69 21 60 16
low 36 2 39 4 45 7 51 11 60 16 67 19 71 22 70 21 65 18 52 11 44 7 38 3

History

Main article: History of Alabama
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18001,250—
18109,046623.7%
1820127,9011,313.9%
1830309,527142.0%
1840590,75690.9%
1850771,62330.6%
1860964,20125.0%
1870996,9923.4%
18801,262,50526.6%
18901,513,40119.9%
19001,828,69720.8%
19102,138,09316.9%
19202,348,1749.8%
19302,646,24812.7%
19402,832,9617.1%
19503,061,7438.1%
19603,266,7406.7%
19703,444,1655.4%
19803,893,88813.1%
19904,040,5873.8%
20004,447,10010.1%
2006 (est.)4,599,030

Among the Native American people once living in the area of present day Alabama were Alabama (Alibamu), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Koasati, and Mobile.[25] Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-AD 700) and continued until European contact.[26] Meso-American influence is evident in the agrarian Mississippian culture that followed.

The French founded the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of Mobile in 1702.[27] Southern Alabama was French from 1702 to 1763, part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763 to 1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood was delayed by the lack of a coastline; rectified when Andrew Jackson captured Spanish Mobile in 1814.[28] Alabama was the twenty-second state admitted to the Union, in 1819.

The economy of the central "Black Belt" featured large cotton plantations whose owners built their wealth on the labor of enslaved African Americans. It was named for the dark, fertile soil.[29] Elsewhere poor whites were subsistence farmers. According to the 1860 census, enslaved African Americans comprised 45% of the state's population of 964,201. There were only 2,690 free persons of color.

Alabama seceded from the Union in 1861 to join the Confederate States of America. Following the Civil War Alabama was readmitted to the Union in 1868. While not many battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. All the slaves were freed by 1865.[30]

After the period of Reconstruction, the state was still chiefly rural and tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor and sought to re-establish controls over African Americans. They used Jim Crow laws and segregation to reduce rights of African Americans and restore their own dominance. By the turn of the century, whites effectively disfranchised African Americans. Whites underfunded schools and services for African Americans, but did not relieve them of the need to pay taxes.[29] Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek out opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the Great Migration to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia and New York. What had been rapid population growth in Alabama (see table) dropped by half from 1910-1920, reflecting the migration of African Americans out of the state.

At the same time as the migration of the Black population from the Alabama Black Belt to the northern industrial United States, the city of Birmingham experienced such rapid growth that it was nicknamed "The Magic City." By the 1920s, Birmingham was the 19th largest city in the U.S and held more than 30% of the population of the state.

In order to retain political power, the Black Belt-controlled legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population after 1901. Jefferson County, the home of Birmingham, was contributing more than one-third of all tax revenue to the state. It received only 1/67th of the tax money, as taxes were distributed equally to each county regardless of population. In addition, the state legislature gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to ensure election by persons living outside of Birmingham. In 1965, under the Voting Rights Act, federal courts forced Alabama to properly redistrict by population both the state legislature House and Senate. They thus enforced a major section the Alabama Constitution for the first time since 1901.[citation needed]

Because of the long disfranchisement of African Americans, the state continued as one-party Democratic for decades. It produced a number of national leaders. World War II brought prosperity.[29] Cotton faded in importance as the state developed a manufacturing and service base. In the 1960s under Governor George Wallace, many whites in the state opposed integration efforts. By the moral crusade of the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans achieved a restoration of voting and other civil rights through the passage of the national Civil Rights Laws of 1964 and 1965. De jure segregation ended in the states as Jim Crow laws were invalidated or repealed.[31] After 1972, the state's voting pattern shifted to the Republican Party in presidential elections (as occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the state has voted increasingly Republican in state elections.[32]

Demographics

Alabama Population Density map
Main article: Demographics of Alabama

As of 2005, Alabama has an estimated population of 4,557,808,[33] which is an increase of 32,433, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 110,457, or 2.5%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,418 people (that is 319,544 births minus 242,126 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 36,457 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 25,936 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 10,521 people.

The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).

The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside of the town of Jemison, an area known as Jemison Division.[34]

Race and ancestry

The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:

Demographics of Alabama (csv)
By race White Black AIAN* Asian NHPI*
2000 (total population) 72.56% 26.33% 1.00% 0.89% 0.07%
2000 (Hispanic only) 1.48% 0.18% 0.04% 0.02% 0.01%
2005 (total population) 72.14% 26.70% 0.98% 1.02% 0.07%
2005 (Hispanic only) 2.08% 0.17% 0.05% 0.03% 0.01%
Growth 2000–05 (total population) 1.90% 3.95% -0.06% 17.43% 4.90%
Growth 2000–05 (non-Hispanic only) 1.02% 3.97% -0.55% 17.47% 6.67%
Growth 2000–05 (Hispanic only) 43.85% 1.05% 11.46% 16.20% -2.17%
* AIAN is American Indian or Alaskan Native; NHPI is Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: American (17.0%), English (7.8%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%). 'American' does not include those reported as Native American.

Religion

In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.[35] In a 2007 poll, 92% of Alabamians reported having at least some confidence in churches in the state.[36][37]

Economy

Alabama's quarter depicting famous resident Helen Keller along with the longleaf pine branch and Camellia blossoms from the 50 State Quarters program. Released March 19 2003.

According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2006 total gross state product was $160 billion, or $29,697 per capita for a ranking of 44th among states. Alabama's GDP increased 3.1% from 2005, placing Alabama number 23 in terms of state level GDP growth. The single largest increase came in the area of durable goods manufacturing.[38] In 1999, per capita income for the state was $18,189.[39]

Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eight and ten in national cotton production, according to various reports,[40][41] with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, which is home of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Missile Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.

Alabama is also home to the largest industrial growth corridor in the nation, including the surrounding states of Tennessee, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. Most of this growth is due to Alabama's rapidly expanding automotive manufacturing industry which in Alabama alone since its birth in 1993 (and has spread to other states), has generated over 67,800 new jobs. Alabama currently ranks 2nd in the nation behind Detroit in automobile output, but with recent expansions at sites in Alabama, the state by the first of 2009 will surpass Detroit, and become the largest builder of automobiles in North America.

In May 2007, a site north of Mobile was selected by German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp for a $3.7 billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.[42]

The city of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, and with inland waterway access to the Midwest via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5% personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.[43] The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.[44]

Alabama as recently as 2003 had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million, yet is one of only a few handful of states to turn around into large surpluses with its current state's budget surplus at nearly $1.2 billion for 2007, and estimated over $2.1 billion for 2008.

Transportation

Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross it: I-65 runs north-south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 goes from the border of Georgia and ends in Montgomery, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, I-22, is currently under construction. When completed (est. 2012), it will connect Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee.

Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham International Airport (BHM), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Muscle Shoals - Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL), Tuscaloosa Regional Airport (TCL), and Pryor Field Regional Airport (DCU).

Water ports

Aerial view of the port of Mobile

Listed from north to south

Port name Location Connected to
Port of Guntersville Guntersville, on Lake Guntersville Tennessee River
Port of Birmingham Birmingham, on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway
Port of Decatur Decatur, on Wheeler Lake Tennessee River
Port of Muscle Shoals Florence/Muscle Shoals, on Wilson Lake Tennessee River
Port of Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa, on Black Warrior River Tenn-Tom Waterway
Port of Montgomery Montgomery, on Woodruff Lake Alabama River
Port of Mobile Mobile, on Mobile Bay Gulf of Mexico

Law and government

Main article: Government of Alabama
The State Capitol, built in 1850

State government

The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the U.S. Constitution.[45][46] There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution.[2] This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism.

Alabama is divided into three equal branches:

The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation.

The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the Alabama State Auditor.

The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama.

Local and county government

Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the County Commission, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.

Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.

State politics

Alabama Governor Bob Riley

The current governor of the state is Bob Riley. The lieutenant governor is Jim Folsom Jr. The Democratic Party currently holds a large majority in both houses of the Legislature. Due to the Legislature's power to override a gubernatorial veto by a mere simple majority (most state Legislatures require a 2/3 majority to override a veto), the relationship between the executive and legislative branches can be easily strained when different parties control the branches.

During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans. After 1890, a coalition of whites passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents. The state became part of the "Solid South", a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.

In the 1982 Democratic primary election, the then incumbent Lieutenant Governor lost the Democratic nomination for Governor. The state Democratic party invalidated the election and placed the Lieutenant Governor's name on the ballot as the Democratic candidate instead of the candidate chosen in the primary. The voters of the state revolted at what they perceived as disenfranchisement of their right to vote and elected the Republican challenger Guy Hunt as Governor. This was the first Republican Governor elected in Alabama since Reconstruction. Since then, Republicans have been increasingly elected to state offices until in 2006 Democrats were barely holding a majority in the state legislature. And since 1982, only one Democrat has managed to win the Governors office and he failed to win re-election.

Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the American Civil Rights Movement, when it bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. The state's governor during the period, George Wallace, remains a notorious and controversial figure. However, in 2007, the Alabama legislature passed, and the Governor signed, a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. The bill was signed in the Alabama state house which served as the first Capital of the Confederate States of America.[47]

National Politics

Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democrat
2004 62.46% 1,176,394 36.84% 693,933
2000 56.47% 944,409 41.59% 695,602
1996 50.12% 769,044 43.16% 662,165
1992 47.65% 804,283 40.88% 690,080
1988 59.17% 815,576 39.86% 549,506
1984 60.54% 872,849 38.28% 551,899
1980 48.75% 654,192 47.45% 636,730
1976 42.61% 504,070 55.73% 659,170
1972 72.43% 728,701 25.54% 256,923
1968* 13.99% 146,923 18.72% 196,579
1964 69.45% 479,085 30.55% 210,732
1960 42.16% 237,981 56.39% 318,303
*State won by George Wallace
of the American Independent Party,
at 65.86%, or 691,425 votes

From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by large margins. 1960 was a curious election. The Democrats won with John F. Kennedy on the ballot, but the Democratic electors from Alabama gave 6 of their 11 electoral votes as a protest to Harry Byrd. In 1964, Republican Barry Goldwater carried the state, in part because of his opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which restored the franchise for African Americans.

In the 1968 presidential election, Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace over both Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey. In 1976, Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter from Georgia carried the state, the region, and the nation, but Democratic control of the region slipped thereafter.

Since 1980, Alabama voters have increasingly voted for Republican candidates at the Federal level, especially in Presidential elections. By contrast, Democratic candidates are elected to many state-level offices and comprise a longstanding majority in the Alabama Legislature.

In 2004, George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote. The only 11 counties that voted Democratic were Black Belt counties, where African Americans are in the majority.

The state's two current U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby, both Republicans.

In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, five of whom are Republicans: (Jo Bonner, Terry Everett, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, and Spencer Bachus) and two are Democrats: (Bud Cramer and Artur Davis).

Further information: [[:U.S. presidential election, 2004, in Alabama]]

Health and education

Primary and secondary education

Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the oversight of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.[48]

Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006-2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.[48]

In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law. In 2004, only 23 percent of schools met AYP.[49]

Colleges and universities

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Alabama
Harrison Plaza at the University of North Alabama in Florence. The University of North Alabama was originally chartered as LaGrange College by the Alabama Legislature in 1830.

Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, numerous two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from 2-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs. [50]

Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges as well as a variety of subject focused national and international accreditation agencies.[51]

Professional Sports teams

Club Sport League
Birmingham Barons Baseball Southern League
Huntsville Stars Baseball Southern League
Mobile BayBears Baseball Southern League
Montgomery Biscuits Baseball Southern League
Huntsville Havoc Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League
Alabama Renegades Football National Women's Football Association
Tennessee Valley Vipers Arena football af2
Alabama Steeldogs (suspended operations) Arena football af2
Birmingham Stallions (defunct) Football United States Football League
Birmingham Americans/Vulcans (defunct) Football World Football League
Birmingham Barracudas (defunct) Football Canadian Football League
Birmingham Fire (defunct) Football World League of American Football
Birmingham Thunderbolts (defunct) Football XFL
Birmingham Bulls (defunct) Ice Hockey World Hockey Association
Huntsville Blast (defunct) Ice Hockey East Coast Hockey League
Huntsville Channel Cats (defunct) Ice Hockey Southern Hockey League
Birmingham Magicians (defunct) Basketball American Basketball Association
Southern Alabama Bounce (defunct) Basketball American Basketball Association

Miscellaneous topics

  • The phrase The Heart of Dixie (originating from Montgomery being the first capital of the Confederate States during the Civil War) is required by state law to be included on standard state vehicle license plates, but has recently been reduced to a very small size and eclipsed by the phrase Stars Fell on Alabama. As of October 2006, Alabama also provides an alternative "God Bless America" license plate at no additional charge.[52] Both plates are considered the standard plate for the state.[53]
  • The world's first Electric Trolley System was introduced in Montgomery in 1886.[54]
  • 911 and its use as the standard emergency number was first used in Haleyville, Alabama.[55]

See also

Cultural sites

File:Saxes-4.jpg
The Old State Bank in Decatur

Events

Venues

References

  1. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Alabama, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006" (CSV). 2007 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 28 2007. Retrieved June 28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |year= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c "Elevations and Distances in the United States". U.S Geological Survey. 29 April 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |accessmonthday= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ census.gov "Alabama Quick Facts". State and County Quick Facts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-09-08. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  4. ^ a b c Read, William A. (1984). Indian Place Names in Alabama. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0231-X.
  5. ^ a b c Rogers, William W. (1994). Alabama: The History of a Deep South State. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0712-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h "Alabama: The State Name". All About Alabama. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  7. ^ a b Wills, Charles A. (1995). A Historical Album of Alabama. The Millbrook Press. ISBN 1-56294-591-2.
  8. ^ Griffith, Lucille (1972). Alabama: A Documentary History to 1900. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0371-5.
  9. ^ Weiss, Sonia (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names. Mcmillan USA. ISBN 0-02-863367-9.
  10. ^ a b Swanton, John R. (1953). "The Indian Tribes of North America". Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145: 153–174. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
  11. ^ a b Swanton, John R. (1937). "Review of Read, Indian Place Names of Alabama". American Speech (12): 212–215.
  12. ^ "GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density (areas ranked by population): 2000". Geographic Comparison Table. US Census Bureau. Census Year 2000. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ a b c "The Geography of Alabama". Geography of the States. NetState.com. 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  14. ^ "National Park Guide". Geographic Search. National Park Service - U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  15. ^ "Alabama County (geographies ranked by total population) date= Census year 2000". Geographic Comparison Table. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-05-14. {{cite web}}: Missing pipe in: |title= (help); Unknown parameter |ST-2S&-_lang= ignored (help)
  16. ^ "Wetumpka Impact Crater" Wetumpka Public Library, accessed Aug. 21, 2007.
  17. ^ "Wetumpka Impact Crater" Wetumpka Public Library, accessed Aug. 21, 2007.
  18. ^ "The Wetumpka Astrobleme" by John C. Hall, Alabama Heritage, Fall 1996, Number 42.
  19. ^ "Wetumpka Impact Crater" Wetumpka Public Library, accessed Aug. 21, 2007.
  20. ^ "Alabama Climate", Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved May 7 2007
  21. ^ "Alabama Climate", Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved May 7 2007
  22. ^ Lightning Fatalities, Injuries and Damages in the United States, 1990-2003, [1] Retrieved 8 May 2007
  23. ^ Tornadoproject.com, Fujita scale. Retrieved 3 September 2007
  24. ^ US Travel Weather
  25. ^ "Alabama Indian Tribes". Indian Tribal Records. AccessGenealogy.com. Updated 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "Alabama". The New York Times Almanac 2004. The New York Times. 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "Alabama State History". theUS50.com. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  28. ^ "AL-Alabama". Landscapes and History by state. StateMaster.com. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  29. ^ a b c "The Black Belt". Southern Spaces Internet Journal. Emory University. 2004-04-19. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)". Historical Documents. HistoricalDocuments.com. 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  31. ^ "Voting Rights". Civil Rights: Law and History. US Department of Justice. 2002-01-09. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "The New South Rises, Again". Civil Rights: Law and History. Southerner.net. Spring 1999. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  33. ^ "Alabama QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". US Census Bureau. US Census Bureau. 2006-06-08. Retrieved 2006-09-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ "http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt". {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  35. ^ Campbell, Kirsten (2007-03-25). "Alabama rates well in biblical literacy". Mobile Register. Advance Publications, Inc. p. A1. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  36. ^ "Confidence in State and Local Institutions Survey" (PDF). Capital Survey Research Center (PDF). {{cite web}}: Text "accessdate 2007-006-02" ignored (help)
  37. ^ White, David (2007-04-01). "Poll says we feel good about state Trust in government, unlike some institutions, hasn't fallen". Birmingham News. Birmingham News. p. 13A. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  38. ^ "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State, 2006" (HTML). Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Accounts. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
  39. ^ "United States Census Bureau" (HTML). State and County Quick Facts. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  40. ^ "Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change" (PDF). Alabama Business. Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama. Q4 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "State Highlights for 2004-2005" (PDF). Alabama Cooperative Extension System. USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office. 2005. Retrieved 2006-09-23.
  42. ^ "ThyssenKrupp's Alabama incentive package tops $811 million". Press register. 2007-05-11. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
  43. ^ http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/sl_sales.html Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes, July 2004 Retrieved on 25 May 2007
  44. ^ "Alabama State Local Tax Burden Compared to U.S. Average (1970-2007)" (PDF). Tax Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  45. ^ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (2004-11-28). "Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-09-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ^ "Constitution of Alabama - 1901". The Alabama Legislative Information System. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  47. ^ Rawls, Phillip. "Alabama offers an apology for slavery". The Virginian Pilot. Landmark Communications. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Text "date-2007-06-01" ignored (help)
  48. ^ a b "Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  49. ^ "Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-11.
  50. ^ [www.ache.state.al.us/Acadaffr/ProInv/Degreeabbr.htm "Degree titles and abbreviations"]. Alabama Commission on Higher Education (html). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Text "accessdate 3007-09-03" ignored (help)
  51. ^ [www.ache.state.al.us/Colleges&Universities/Accreditation/index.htm "Accreditation"]. Alabama Commission on Higher Education (html). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Text "accessdate 2007-09-03" ignored (help).
  52. ^ Matt Dischinger. "'God Bless America' license plate debuts in October, offers new option for drivers". Archived from the original on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  53. ^ "New God Bless America License Plate".
  54. ^ A history of Montgomery's mass transit system
  55. ^ Letter establishing 911 emergency number in Haleyville, AL, February 15, 1968.

Further reading

For a detailed bibliography, see the History of Alabama.
  • Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994)
  • Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004)
  • Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921.
  • Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004)
  • Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243-274. ISSN 0002-4341
  • Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
  • Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979.
  • WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939)


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