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Bozeman, Montana

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Bozeman, Montana
City
Main Street Bozeman, 2011
Main Street Bozeman, 2011
Official seal of Bozeman, Montana
Seal
Location of Bozeman, Montana
Location of Bozeman, Montana
CountryUnited States
StateMontana
CountyGallatin
Government
 • MayorJeff Krauss
 • City ManagerChris Kukulski
Area
 • City20.3 sq mi (32.6 km2)
 • Land20.3 sq mi (32.6 km2)
 • Water0.0 sq mi (0 km2)
Elevation
4,820 ft (1,461 m)
Population
 (2009)
 • City37,280
 • Density1,358/sq mi (843.8/km2)
 • Metro
89,513
 • Demonym
Bozemanite
Time zoneUTC-7 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)
ZIP codes
59715, 59717-59719, 59771-59772
Area code406
FIPS code30-08950
GNIS feature ID0769173
Websitewww.bozeman.net

Bozeman is a city in and the county seat of Gallatin County, Montana, United States,Template:GR in the southwestern part of the state. The 2010 census put Bozeman's population at 37,280 making it the fourth largest city in the state.[2] It is the principal city of the Bozeman micropolitan area, which consists of all of Gallatin County.[3]

The city is named after John M. Bozeman who established the Bozeman Trail and was a key founder of the town in August 1864. The town became incorporated in April 1883 with a city council form of government and later in January 1922 transitioned to its current city manager/city commission form of government. Bozeman is located in one of the fastest-growing counties in the United States.[4] Bozeman was elected an All-America City in 2001 by the National Civic League.[5]

Bozeman is home to Montana State University - Bozeman. The local newspaper is the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, and the city is served by Gallatin Field Airport.

History

Early history

For thousands of years, Native Americans tribes including the Shoshone, Nez Perce, Blackfeet, Flathead, Crow Nation and Sioux traveled through the area, called the "Valley of the Flowers",[6] although the Gallatin Valley was primarily within the territory of the Crow people.

Nineteenth century

John Bozeman

William Clark visited the area in July 1806 as he traveled east from Three Forks along the Gallatin River. The party camped 3 miles (4.8 km) east of what is now Bozeman, at the mouth of Kelly Canyon. The journal entries from Clark's party briefly describe the future city's location.[7]

John Bozeman

In 1863, John Bozeman, along with a partner named John Jacobs, opened the Bozeman Trail, a new northern trail off the Oregon Trail leading to the mining town of Virginia City through the Gallatin Valley and the future location of the city of Bozeman.

John Bozeman, with Daniel Rouse and William Beall platted the town in August 1864, stating "standing right in the gate of the mountains ready to swallow up all tenderfeet that would reach the territory from the east, with their golden fleeces to be taken care of...".[8] Red Cloud's War closed the Bozeman Trail in 1868, but the town's fertile land attracted permanent settlers.

Nelson Story

In 1866, Nelson Story, a successful Virginia City, Montana, gold miner originally from Ohio entered the cattle business. Story braved the hostile Bozeman Trail to successfully drive ~1000 head of longhorn cattle into Paradise Valley just east of Bozeman. Eluding the U.S. Army, who tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from hostile Indians, Story's cattle formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.[9] Story established a sizable ranch in the Paradise Valley and holdings in the Gallatin Valley. He later donated land to the state for the establishment of Montana State University – Bozeman.[10]

Fort Ellis

Fort Ellis 45°39′16″N 110°56′35″W / 45.65444°N 110.94306°W / 45.65444; -110.94306 (Fort Ellis), el. 4,987 feet (1,520 m)[11] was established in 1867 by Captain R. S. LaMotte and two companies of the 2nd Cavalry, after the mysterious death of John Bozeman near the mouth of Mission Creek on Yellowstone River 45°42′52″N 110°23′20″W / 45.71444°N 110.38889°W / 45.71444; -110.38889 (Mission Creek),[12][13] and considerable political disturbance in the area led local settlers and miners to feel a need for added protection. The fort, named for Gettysburg casualty Colonel Augustus Van Horne Ellis, was decommissioned in 1886 and few remnants are left at the actual site, now occupied by the Fort Ellis Experimental Station of Montana State University.[14] In addition to Fort Ellis, a short-lived fort, Fort Elizabeth Meagher (also simply known as Fort Meagher), was established in 1867 by volunteer militiamen. This fort was located eight miles (13 km) east of town on Rocky Creek.45°38′30″N 110°55′05″W / 45.64167°N 110.91806°W / 45.64167; -110.91806 (Fort Elizabeth Meagher), el. 5,249 feet (1,600 m)[15]

The first issue of the weekly Avant Courier newspaper, the precursor of today's Bozeman Chronicle was published in Bozeman on September 13, 1871.[16]

Bozeman Main Street, 1875[17]

Bozeman's main cemetery, Sunset Hills Cemetery, was gifted to the city in 1872 when the English lawyer and philantropist William Henry Blackmore purchased the land after his wife Mary Blackmore died of pneumonia in Bozeman in July 1872.[18]

The first library in Bozeman was formed by the Young Men's Library Association in a room above a drugstore in 1872. It later moved to the mayor's office and was taken over by the city in 1890.[18]

The first Grange meeting in Montana Territory was held in Bozeman in 1873[19] The Northern Pacific Railway reached Bozeman from the east in 1883.[20] By 1900, Bozeman's population reached 3,500.

In 1892, the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries established a fish hatchery on Bridger Creek at the entrance to Bridger Canyon. The fourth oldest fish hatchery in the U.S., the facility ceased hatchery operations in 1966 and became the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Bozeman Fish Technology Center. The Center receives approximately 5000 visitors a year observing biologists working on diet testing, feed manufacturing technology, fish diseases, brood stock development and improvement of water quality.[21][22]

Montana State University - Bozeman was established in 1893 as the state's land-grant college, then named the Agricultural College of the State of Montana. By the 1920s, the institution was known as Montana State College, and in 1965 it became Montana State University.[23]

Twentieth century

Bozeman's first high school, the Gallatin Valley High School, was built on West Main Street in 1902. Later known as Willson School, named for notable Bozeman architect Fred Fielding Willson, son of Lester S. Willson, the building still stands today and functions as administrative offices for the Bozeman School District.[24]

In the early 20th century, over 17,000 acres of the Gallatin Valley were planted in edible peas harvested for both canning and seed.[25] By the 1920s, canneries in the Bozeman area were major producers of canned peas, and at one point Bozeman produced approximately 75% of all seed peas in the U.S.[26] The area was once known as the "Sweet Pea capital of the nation" referencing the prolific edible pea crop. To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners began a "Sweet Pea Carnival" that included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful sweet pea flower as an emblem of the celebration. In 1977, the "Sweet Pea" concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration, growing into a three-day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana.[25]

The first Federal Building and Post Office was built in 1915. Many years later, while empty, it was a film location, along with downtown Bozeman, in A River Runs Through It (1992) by Robert Redford, starring Brad Pitt. It is now used by HRDC, a community organization.

The Bridger Bowl Ski Area45°49′02″N 110°53′48″W / 45.81722°N 110.89667°W / 45.81722; -110.89667 (Bridger Bowl Ski Area)[27] operates as a 501(c)(4) organization by the Bridger Bowl Association, and is located on the northeast face of the Bridger Mountains, utilizing state and federal land.[28] Bridger Bowl was Bozeman's first ski area and opened to the public in 1955.[29] In 1973, news anchorman Chet Huntley created the Big Sky Ski Resort off Gallatin Canyon 40 miles (64 km) south of Bozeman. The resort has grown considerably since 1973 into a residential community and major winter tourist destination.45°16′51″N 111°24′24″W / 45.28083°N 111.40667°W / 45.28083; -111.40667 (Big Sky Ski Resort)[30]

In 1986, the 60 acre site of the Idaho Pole Co. on Rouse Ave, was designated a Superfund site and placed on the National Priorities List. Idaho Pole treated wood products with creosote and pentachlorophenol on the site between 1945 and 1997.[31]

The Museum of the Rockies was created in 1957 as the gift from Butte physician Caroline McGill and is a part of Montana State University and an affiliate institution of the Smithsonian. It is Montana's premier natural and cultural history museum and houses permanent exhibits on dinosaurs, geology and Montana history, as well as a planetarium and a living history farm. Paleontologist Jack Horner is the museum's curator of palentology and brought national notice to the museum for his fossil discoveries in the 1980s.[32]

Bozeman receives a steady influx of new residents and visitors in part due to its plentiful recreational activities such as fly fishing, hiking, whitewater kayaking, and mountain climbing. Additionally, Bozeman is a gateway community through which visitors pass on the way to Yellowstone National Park and its abundant wildlife and thermal features. The showcasing of spectacular scenery and the western way of life the area received from films set nearby, such as A River Runs Through It and The Horse Whisperer, have also served to draw people to the area.

Twenty-first century

Bozeman has grown at a noticeably rapid pace in comparison to the rest of Montana for the past 40 years, and has experienced particularly significant growth in recent years. The area continually attracts new residents due to quality of life factors, scenery, and nearby recreation. Growth in the Gallatin Valley prompted the Gallatin Airport Authority to authorize a major expansion of the Gallatin Field Airport from 6 to 14 gates, which is expected to be completed in June 2011.[33]

In August 2010, Bozeman was selected by Outside as the best place to live in the west for skiing.[34]

Geography and climate

Aerial view of Bozeman and surrounding area

Bozeman is located at an altitude of 4,820 feet (1,468m).[35] The Bridger Mountains are to the north-northeast, the Tobacco Root Mountains to the west-south-west, the Big Belt Mountains and Horseshoe Hills to the northwest, the Hyalite Peaks of the northern Gallatin Range to the south and the Spanish Peaks of the northern Madison Range to the south-southwest. Bozeman is east of the continental divide, and Interstate 90 passes through the city. It is 84 miles (135 km) east of Butte, 125 miles (201 km) west of Billings, and 93 miles (150 km) north of Yellowstone National Park.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.6 square miles (32.6 km²), all of it land.

Bozeman experiences a dry continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The climate in Bozeman and the surrounding area receives significantly higher rainfall than much of the state, up to 24 inches (610 mm) of precipitation annually vs. 8-12" (20–30 cm) common throughout much of Montana east of the Continental Divide.[36] Combined with fertile soils, plant growth is relatively lush. This undoubtedly contributed to the early nickname "Valley of the Flowers" and the establishment of MSU as the state's agricultural college.[37] Bozeman has cold, snowy winters and relatively warm summers, though due to elevation, temperature changes from day to night can be significant. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bozeman was 105 °F (41 °C) on July 31, 1892. The lowest recorded temperature, −43 °F (−42 °C), occurred on February 8, 1936.[38]

Climate data for Bozeman Montana State University
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 65
(18) 		64
(18) 		75
(24) 		83
(28) 		91
(33) 		96
(36) 		105
(41) 		99
(37) 		95
(35) 		88
(31) 		73
(23) 		63
(17) 		105
(41)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 33.4
(0.8) 		38.6
(3.7) 		46.0
(7.8) 		55.5
(13.1) 		64.5
(18.1) 		73.7
(23.2) 		81.8
(27.7) 		81.7
(27.6) 		71.0
(21.7) 		59.0
(15.0) 		41.8
(5.4) 		34.1
(1.2) 		56.8
(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 23.7
(−4.6) 		28.4
(−2.0) 		35.1
(1.7) 		43.5
(6.4) 		52.0
(11.1) 		60.1
(15.6) 		66.9
(19.4) 		66.2
(19.0) 		56.6
(13.7) 		46.1
(7.8) 		32.1
(0.1) 		24.4
(−4.2) 		44.6
(7.0)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 13.9
(−10.1) 		18.1
(−7.7) 		24.1
(−4.4) 		31.4
(−0.3) 		39.4
(4.1) 		46.4
(8.0) 		51.9
(11.1) 		50.7
(10.4) 		42.1
(5.6) 		33.2
(0.7) 		22.3
(−5.4) 		14.6
(−9.7) 		32.3
(0.2)
Record low °F (°C) −36
(−38) 		−43
(−42) 		−27
(−33) 		−10
(−23) 		16
(−9) 		26
(−3) 		32
(0) 		26
(−3) 		12
(−11) 		−10
(−23) 		−26
(−32) 		−36
(−38) 		−43
(−42)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.84
(21) 		0.70
(18) 		1.40
(36) 		2.06
(52) 		3.22
(82) 		2.85
(72) 		1.44
(37) 		1.48
(38) 		1.80
(46) 		1.61
(41) 		1.10
(28) 		0.79
(20) 		19.29
(491)
Source 1: NOAA (normals, 1971-2000) [39]
Source 2: The Weather Channel (Records) [40]

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870168—
1880894432.1%
18902,143139.7%
19003,41959.5%
19105,18751.7%
19206,18319.2%
19306,85510.9%
19408,66526.4%
195011,32530.7%
196013,36118.0%
197018,67039.7%
198021,64515.9%
199022,6604.7%
200027,50921.4%
201037,28035.5%
source:[41][42]

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 27,509 people, 10,877 households, and 5,014 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,183.8 people per square mile (843.0/km²). There were 11,577 housing units at an average density of 919.0 per square mile (354.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.73% White, 0.33% African American, 1.24% Native American, 1.62% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.59% of the population. The estimated population of Bozeman as of July 2009 was 39,282 making it the 4th largest city in the state. Gallatin County had an estimated population of 90,343.,[43][44]

There were 10,877 households out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city the population was spread out with 16.0% under the age of 18, 33.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 14.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females there were 111.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,156, and the median income for a family was $41,723. Males had a median income of $28,794 versus $20,743 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,104. About 9.2% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Original 1890 City Hall, fire station, and Opera House-demolished in 1966

Bozeman became an incorporated Montana city in April 1883 and adopted a city council form of government.[45] Currently, the City of Bozeman uses a City commission/City manager form of government which the citizens adopted on January 1, 1922[46] with an elected Municipal Judge. The City Commission is chaired by an elected Mayor. These three entities form the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government.[47]

Departments

  • Finance Department - Provides financial administration, treasury and accounting services, grant administration and sustainability management.[48]
  • Fire Department - Bozeman is served by the Bozeman Fire Department which is a full-time career fire department. There are currently 36 uniformed firefighters, 3 fire stations, 4 engines (1 reserve), 1 ladder truck, 1 brush truck, 1 HazMat unit, and 1 Medic Unit. The Bozeman Fire Department responded to approximately 2,794 emergency calls in 2009, 541 were classified as FIRE calls, 1323 EMS/Rescue calls and 178 service calls, along with other misc emergency type calls.[49]
  • Park, Recreation and Cemetery Department - Operates the Sunset Hills Cemetery, maintains public parks throughout the city to include the East Gallatin Recreation Area and conducts recreational programs for the citizens of Bozeman.[50]
  • Public Service Department - Provides engineering, forestry, signs and signals, solid waste, street, vehicle maintenance, water reclamation, water and sewer and water treatment services for the citizens of Bozeman.[51]

Schools

Public

  • The Bozeman School District operates one high school-Bozeman High School; two middle schools—Chief Joseph Middle School and Sacajawea Middle School; and seven elementary schools - Emily Dickinson Elementary School, Hawthorne Elementary School, Hyalite Elementary School, Irving Elementary School, Longfellow Elementary School, Morning Star Elementary School, and Whittier Elementary School.[52]
  • The district also operates the Bridger Alternative Program as a branch campus of Bozeman High School to serve "at-risk" secondary students.[53]
  • The former Emerson Elementary School is now a cultural community center. Willson School, originally a high school, then a middle school, then the base for an alternative high school, is still owned by the school district and houses a number of school district offices.

Private

Media

Newspapers and magazines

AM radio

[57]

FM radio

[57]

Television

[58]

Appearance in art, literature and media

The Bozeman area has served as a filming site for a number of films, including The Wildest Dream,[59] A River Runs Through It, A Plumm Summer and Amazing Grace and Chuck.[60] Aside from being shot in Bozeman, A Plumm Summer featured two local actors, Ben Trotter and John Hosking, as well as many local extras.  Films shot in the nearby Paradise Valley south of Livingston and Big Timber areas, such as The Horse Whisperer and Rancho Deluxe also headquartered out of Bozeman due to its status as the largest community in the local trade area.[61] 

In the Star Trek: First Contact Bozeman served as the location of the first contact between Humans and Vulcans, following Zephram Cochrane's first successful warp flight on April 5, 2063.

In popular music, the members of the noise rock group Steel Pole Bath Tub are originally from Bozeman, and wrote a song titled "Bozeman" on their third album, The Miracle of Sound in Motion.  The 1980s hard rock band Vixen also featured a former Bozeman resident, Janet Gardner, as lead singer.[62]

Literary references include the Bozeman area and real-life Bozeman artists Bob and Gennie DeWeese [63] as a key setting in Robert Pirsig's novel Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance; the narrator was a professor teaching English composition while developing his philosophical ideas, reflecting the author's own history - Pirsig himself taught at Montana State.[64] John Steinbeck passed through Bozeman via the former U.S. Route 10 as well as venturing into Yellowstone National Park, and recounted his impressions of Montana in Travels with Charley.[65]

Transportation

Bozeman straddles east-west Interstate 90 and is approximately 85 miles (137 km) east of north-south Interstate 15 in Butte, Montana. U.S. Highway 191 connects Bozeman with Big Sky and West Yellowstone to the south. Bozeman is serviced by Montana Rail Link, a privately held, Class II railroad that connects Spokane, Washington with Huntley, Montana. Bozeman has operated a free public bus transportation system called Streamline since 2006.[66] Streamline operates four routes covering the University, Bozeman-Deaconess Hospital, Gallatin Valley Mall, 7th street and 19th street shopping areas, and downtown. The system is funded by a variety of Federal, State, and local sources. The Gallatin Big Sky Transportation District has operated the Skyline between Bozeman and Big Sky since December 2006.[67]

One of the three major regional airports serving Southwestern Montana is Gallatin Field Airport 45°46′39″N 111°09′11″W / 45.77750°N 111.15306°W / 45.77750; -111.15306 (Gallatin Field Airport)[68] located 8 miles (13 km) west of Bozeman on the outskirts of Belgrade, Montana. It primarily serves travelers to Bozeman, Big Sky, West Yellowstone and Yellowstone National Park. A smaller commercial airport is located in West Yellowstone, 90 miles south of Bozeman.

Notable people

The following individuals are either notable current or former residents of Bozeman (R), were born or raised in Bozeman in their early years (B), or otherwise have a significant connection to the history of the Bozeman area (C).

Sports personalities
Military and pioneers
Arts, culture and entertainment
Science and academia
Politics, government and business
Philanthropy
Religion

Business and industry

Bozeman's largest employers include Montana State University – Bozeman 45°40′06″N 111°03′00″W / 45.66833°N 111.05000°W / 45.66833; -111.05000 (Montana State University-Bozeman) as well as at least eight high-tech companies which are engaged in research or production of laser optic equipment, over a dozen bio-tech companies, and several large software companies.[81] Nationally-known high tech companies based in Bozeman include RightNow Technologies, Ligocyte Pharmaceutical, Bacterin International, and ILX Lightwave Corporation.[82] Other nationally-known companies based in Bozeman include Gibson Guitar Corporation, Mystery Ranch Backpacks,[83] and Simm's Flyfishing.[84]

Non-profit foundations

Bozeman is home to a number of nationally recognized non-profit or 501(c)(3) organizations.

Points of interest

Museum of the Rockies

References

  1. ^ "Bozeman, Montana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  2. ^ http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn85.html
  3. ^ "Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  4. ^ "Gallatin County has lost thousands of jobs, but census is still at record high". Bozeman Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  5. ^ "Bozeman". Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  6. ^ Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. pp. 1–2. ISBN 1560445408.
  7. ^ "Lewis and Clark, Bozeman and the Museum of the Rockies". Travel Montana. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
  8. ^ Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. pp. 62–65.
  9. ^ Kennedy, Michael S. (1964). "Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory". Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History. New York: Hastings House Publishing. pp. 103–111.
  10. ^ Wellman, Paul I. (1939). "IX-Men Who Didn't Care". The Trampling Herd. Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippincott. pp. 94–106.
  11. ^ "Fort Ellis". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  12. ^ Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. pp. 102–103. ISBN 1560445408.
  13. ^ "Mission Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  14. ^ Siebel, Dennis. Fort Ellis, Montana Territory (1867-1886) - The Fort that Guarded Bozeman. Bozeman, Montana: Gallatin County Historical Association. p. 44. {{cite book}}: Text "year-1996" ignored (help)
  15. ^ "Fort Elizabeth Meagher". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  16. ^ Putnam, James Bruce (1988). The Evolution of a Frontier Town: Bozeman, Montana and Its Search For Economic Stability 1864-1887. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 28.
  17. ^ Thomas B. Brook. "Thomas Brook Photographs Collection 771 - Montana State University Libraries". Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  18. ^ a b Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society. p. 67.
  19. ^ Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. p. 129. ISBN 1560445408.
  20. ^ Mulvaney, Tom (2009). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9780738570846.
  21. ^ a b "Fish Technology Center-Outreach". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  22. ^ a b c "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Fish Technology Center". Montana River Action. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
  23. ^ Montana State University History "Montana State University History". Montana State History. Retrieved 2011-01-09. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  24. ^ Jenks, Jim (2007). A Guide to Historic Bozeman. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 26–33. ISBN 0972152237.
  25. ^ a b Hurlbut, Brian (2009). Insiders' Guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton. Globe Pequot. pp. 179–181. ISBN 9780762750412. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Jenks, Jim (2007). A Guide to Historic Bozeman. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0972152237.
  27. ^ "Bridger Bowl Ski Area". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  28. ^ "Bridger Bowl Association". Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  29. ^ Jenks, Jim (2007). A Guide to Historic Bozeman. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. p. 150. ISBN 0972152237.
  30. ^ "Big Sky Ski Resort". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  31. ^ "Superfund Program-Idaho Pole Co". Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
  32. ^ "Museum of the Rockies to become Smithsonian affiliate". Helena Independent Record. Retrieved 2010-01-23.
  33. ^ "Airport Expansion Ramping Up-October 28, 2009". Bozeman Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
  34. ^ "Best Towns 2010". Outside Magazine. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  35. ^ "Bozeman, Montana". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  36. ^ "Bozeman Series". National Cooperative Soil Survey. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
  37. ^ "Montana State University History". Montana State University. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
  38. ^ "Bozeman, Montana Period of Record Daily Climate Summary". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
  39. ^ "Climatography of the United States NO.81" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  40. ^ "Monthly Averages for Bozeman, MT". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
  41. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 128.
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Further reading

  • Burlingame, Merrill G. (1976). Gallatin County Heritage-A Report of Progress 1805-1976. Gallatin County Bicentennial Committee.
  • Putnam, James Bruce (1988). The Evolution of a Frontier Town: Bozeman, Montana and Its Search For Economic Stability 1864-1887. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society.
  • Freeman, Cortlandt L. (1988). The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983. Bozeman, MT: Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society.
  • Bates, Grace (1994). Gallatin County-Places and Things Present and Past. Gallatin County Historical Society. ISBN 0930401786.
  • Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman Names Have A History. Bozeman, MT: Gallatin County Historical Society.
  • Smith, Phyllis (1996). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishers. ISBN 1560445408.
  • Smith, Phyllis (1997). Sweet Pea Days: A History. Bozeman, MT: Gallatin County Historical Society.
  • Jenks, Jim (2007). A Guide to Historic Bozeman. Helena, MT: Montana Historical Society Press. ISBN 0972152237.
  • Malloy, Denise Glazer (2008). Images of America-Bozeman. Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738548449.
  • Mulvaney, Tom (2009). Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. Chicago, IL: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738570846.

External links

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